FACTORS AFFECTING ICT ADOPTION FOR EDUCATIONAL SUPPORT ACTIVITIES IN SECONDARY SCHOOLS IN KENYA A SURVEY OF THIKA DISTRICT DAVID MBABU NCHUNGE MASTER OF SCIENCE (ICT Policy and Regulation) JOMO KENYATTA UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY 2013 Factors affecting ICT adoption for educational support activities in secondary schools in Kenya a survey of Thika District David Mbabu Nchunge A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment for the degree of master Of Science ICT Policy and Regulation in the Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology 2013 ii DECLRATION This thesis is my original work and has not been presented for a degree in any other University. Signature: ................................................ Date: ............................................. David Mbabu Nchunge This thesis has been submitted for examination with our approval as the University Supervisors: Signature: ................................................. Date: ........................................... Dr . Maurice M. Sakwa JKUAT , Kenya Signature: ............................................... Date: ............................................ Dr . Waweru Mwangi JKUAT , Kenya ii DEDICATION This thesis is dedicated to my parent’s Mr Benson Nchunge Kujoga and Mrs Nchunge Eunice for their encouragement and continued positive inspiration and moral support. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Honor and glory be to the Almighty God for his sufficient provision, grace and un ebbing love that inspired me and gave me patience to endure to this end. I express my gratitude to my able supervisor’s; Dr. Maurice M. Sakwa and Dr. Waweru Mwangi for their good guidance, patience, critique and moral support. I am thankful to Dr. Waititu of statistics for his analytical contribution and all my colleagues and friends who have been a source of motivation and encouragement. My appreciation also is to the head ICT section of ministry of education, all the respondents who wilfully provided the valuable data and Thika District DEO’s office staff for their cooperation and assistance they accorded for realization of this work. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS DECLARATION ..........................................................................................................iii DEDICATION ..............................................................................................................iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ............................................................................................ iv TABLE OF CONTENTS .............................................................................................. v LIST OF TABLES...................................................................................................... viii LIST OF FIGURES ....................................................................................................... x LIST OF APPENDICES .......................................................................................... ......xi LIST OF ACRONYMS ............................................................................................... xii DEFINITIONS OF TERMS ...................................................................................... xiii ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................ xiv CHAPTER ONE ......................................................................................................... xiv INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................... 1 1.0 Background information .................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Problem Statement ............................................................................................................. 6 1.2 Objectives of the Study ...................................................................................................... 7 1.3 Research Questions ............................................................................................................ 8 1.4 Significance of the Study ................................................................................................... 8 1.5 Scope of the Study.............................................................................................................. 9 1.6 Limitations of the Study..................................................................................................... 9 CHAPTER TWO ......................................................................................................... 10 LITERATURE REVIEW ........................................................................................... 10 2.0 Introduction.......................................................................................................................10 v 2.1 Empirical Review .............................................................................................................10 2.2 Theoretical Framework ....................................................................................................25 2.2.4 Conceptual Framework .................................................................................................31 2.3 Critique of Existing Literature.........................................................................................33 2.4 Research Gaps ..................................................................................................................34 CHAPTER THREE…………………………………………………………………… 36 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY……………………………………….…………….. 35 3.0 Introduction.......................................................................................................................35 3.1 Research Design ...............................................................................................................35 3.2 Population .........................................................................................................................35 3.3 Sampling Frame ...............................................................................................................36 3.4 Data Collection Instruments ............................................................................................37 3.5 Data Collection Procedure ...............................................................................................38 3.6 Pilot Test ...........................................................................................................................38 3.7 Data Processing and Analysis .........................................................................................39 CHAPTER FOUR ………………….…………………………………………………. 41 RESEARCH FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION…………………….………..………. 40 4.0 Introduction.......................................................................................................................40 4.1 Background Information ..................................................................................................40 4.2 Initial Cost of ICT Installation and Running ..................................................................45 4.3 Users’ Perception .............................................................................................................50 4.4 Competency in Information Technology ........................................................................57 4.5 Technological Infrastructure ............................................................................................68 4.6 ICT Adoption in Secondary Schools ............................................................................74 vi CHAPTER FIVE ………………………………………………………………….. 83 SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS……………………82 5.0 Introduction.......................................................................................................................82 5.1 Summary of the Findings .................................................................................................82 5.2 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................92 5.3 Recommendations ............................................................................................................92 5.4 Suggestions for Further Research ...................................................................................94 REFERENCES ............................................................................................................ 95 APPENDICES ........................................................................................................... 100 vii LIST OF TABLES Table 3.1 Sampling Frame ………………………………………………... 36 Table 4.1 Age Category of the Respondents ……………………………. 41 Table 4.2 Gender of the Respondent …………………………………….. 42 Table 4.3 Level of Education of the Respondent ………………………... 43 Table 4.4 Duration of Working in the School ……………………………. 45 Table 4.5 Total Number of Teachers in the school ……………………….. 45 Table 4.6 Source of Funds for ICT Programmes in the school …………… 47 Table 4.7 ICT Cost Items ………………………………………………….. 48 Table 4.8 Mean for ICT Cost ……...……………………………………… 50 Table 4.9 ANOVA Test for ICT Cost …..……………………………….. 50 Table 4.10 Users’ Perception on the Adoption of ICT .……………………. 52 Table 4.11 Attendance of E-learning Workshops and Conferences……..... 53 Table 4.12 Frequency of ICT Equipment Maintenance ……………………. 54 Table 4.13 User attitude Items …………………………………………… 56 Table 4.14 ICT Literacy Training for Teachers ………………………..…. 58 Table 4.15 Ease of Use of Computer Applications …………………….… 59 Table 4.16 Adequacy of Computer Literacy Course for Students ………. 61 Table 4.17 Satisfaction with the school Policy on Computer Literacy …….. 62 Table 4.18 Computer-Aided Educational Activities ………………….….. 63 Table 4.19 Appropriateness of Use of E-mail as a means of Communication . 66 Table 4.20 Number of Qualified IT personnel in the School …………. 67 Table 4.21 Speed of Internet Connectivity in the School ………………… 70 Table 4.22 Criteria for Placing ICT Infrastructure in Schools ……………. 71 Table 4.23 Connectivity Items …………………………………………… 72 viii Table 4.24 Pace of ICT adoption and age category ….……………………. 75 Table 4.25 Pace of ICT adoption and gender ….…………………………….. 76 Table 4.26 Pace of ICT adoption and level of education ……….………… 76 Table 4.27 Correlations for Public Schools ……………………………… 77 Table 4.28 Correlations for Private Schools ……………………………... 79 Table 4.29 Overall Correlations for Secondary Schools ………………….. 81 ix