fEYES AND NO EYES WITH NUMEROUS ILLUSTRATIONS • • ARABELLA B BUCKLEY FISHER) (Mrs. u 1 Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2010 with funding from Ontario Council of University Libraries http://wwW.archive.org/details/eyesnoeyesOObuck No Eyes and Eyes Vol. I By Arabella B. Buckley (Mrs. Fisher) With Forty-Eight Full Page Coloured Plates and other Illustratioaa :^^' CASSELL AND COMPANY, LTD London, Toronto, Melbourne and Sydney Printed in Great Britain PREFACE These books are intended to interest children in country life. They are written in the simplest language, so as to be fit for each class to read aloud. But the information given in them requires explanation and illustration by the teacher. I have, in fact, tried to make each lesson the groundwork for oral teaching, in the course of which the children should be en- couraged to observe, to bring in specimens, and to ask questions. Then when the chapter is read and re-read, as is the case with most school books, it will become part of the child's own knowledge. No one can be more aware than I am how very slight these outlines arc, and how much more might have been given if space permitted. But I hope that rnuch is suggested, and a teacher who loves nature wjll fill in the gaps. V The charming illustrations will enable the children to\identify the animals and plants mentioned. ARABELLA BUCKLEY B. (Mrs. Fisheh). CONTENTS. LESSON Book I.—WILD LIFE IN WOODS AND FIELDS PAOB INTBODUCTION 5 . I. Spiders on the Common . 6 II. The AYoodpecker's Nest . 10 III. Spring Flowers 14 IV. A Family of Squirrels , 17 V. The Skylark and her Enemy 1? VI. Nuts and Nut-eaters 23 VII. The Mouse and the Shrew ... 29 VIII. The Ant-hill • , 32 IX. The Humble Bee's Nest 35 X. Peters Cat 39 XI. The Greedy Stranger 43 XII. The Mole and his Home 46 Book IL—BY POND AND RIVER. t. A FRoa's Life 5 IL The Dragon-fly and his Companionship 8 IIIVI.. TDhoewnStBiecklloewback's.Nes.t .. , . . 1135 V. The Kingfisher 19 VI. The Water-rat, or Water-vole 22 VII. The Water-hen and the Coot ... 27 VIII. The Water-bugs 30 IX. Along the River 33 X. The Otter Family 38 XL Flowers for the Show 41 XII. Peggy's Water-plants 45 Book IIL—PLANT LIFE IN FIELD AND GARDEN. I. The Shepherd's Purse 5 II. The Work Done by Leaves 7 IIL The Story op a Turnip 13 IV. How a Seed Grows 17 V. Making New Seeds 22 VI. How Insects Help 26 VII. Seed-boxes which we Eat as Vegetables . . . .32 VIII. The Cabbage Plant 38 IX. How Plants Defend Themselves -40 XXL. WTihledRoFsleowFeahmsilaynd Garden Flowers .... .. ......5407 XII. The Dead-nettle and the Pea-flower 56 XIII. Climbing Plants 59 XIV. How Plants Store Food 66 XV. Underground Vegetables . 70 XVI. How SEBD3 Travel 7H . 17 CONTENTS. LES30N Book IV.—BIEDS OF THE AIR. paqb I. Birds "We Know ... 5 ' II. The Song of Birds 8 III. The Nests of Birds 13 IV. Birds' Eggs 17 V. Baby Birds 23 VI. Birds Feeding their Young . , 27 VII. Where do Birds Sleep? . , 33 VIII. Feeding in Summer 30 IX. Migrating in Autumn 44 X. Bird-food in Winter 50 XI. Other Small Birds 56 XII. Birds of Prey 60 XIII. Rooks and their Companions 65 XIV. Web-footed Birds 70 XV. Bird Enemies 76 Book V.—TREES AND SHRUBS. I. The Value of Trees 5 II. How a Tree Starts .... 11 III. How a Tree Grows—The Hokse-Chestnut 16 IV. Trees with Catkin Flowers 21 V. The British Oak 26 VI. Guests of the Oak 32 VII. The Beech and the Sweet Ches.tnut...... 38 VIII. Trees which bear Conks 43 IX. Hedgerow Shrubs and Trees 50 X. Garden Shrubs in Bloom 57 XI. The Ash and the Elm 63 XII. In the Park 69 XIII. Leaves—Their Shape and Position 75 Book VI.—INSECT LIFE. I. What is an Insect? 5 II. Parts of a Caterpillar 12 III. Familiar Moths 16 IV. Familiar Butterflies ...... 23 V. Injurious Beetles.... .. 27 VI. Useful Beetles 34 VII. Wasps and their Ways ... 41 VIII. SOUTARY Beks 49 IX. Hive-Bees 55 X. The Two-winged Flies . - 63 XI. Crickets and Grasshoppebs .67 XII. Ants and their Honey-cows 76 Scientific Names op Orders ok Insects, with Explanation - : 80 CASSELL'S AND NO '^BYES EYES'' WILD LIFE IN WOODS AND FIELDS. INTRODUCTION. We three friends, Peter, Peggy, and Paul, We walk to school together every day. all love flowers and animals, and each day we try to find something new. Peter is a little boy. He can only just read. But he has sharp eyes. He sees most things in the hedges. Peggy's father is a gamekeeper. She knows the birds and where to find their nests. Paul comes from the farm. He is a big boy and will soon be a teacher. We meet at the big pond under the elm trees. Then we walk along a narrow lane, across the common, through the wood, and over three fields to the village school. In the pond we find all kinds of creatures. In the lane are beetles and mice, flowers and berries, biids' nests and wasps' nests. On the m 6 WILD LIFE WOOPS AND FIELDS. common the spiders spin their webs on the yellow gorse. In the ploughed field the lark hides her nest. In the grass field there are buttercups and daisies. In the cornfield there are poppies and cornflowers. Paul is going to write down for us aU we see and put it in a book. LESSON I. SPIDERS ON THE COMMON. When we cross the common on a fine summer morning, we see many spiders' webs sparkling in the sun. The webs on the gorse bushes are round. They are fastened to the gorse prickles by long silk threads, and each web has spokes like a wheel. These spokes are joined together with rings of silk. There are drops of gum all over the rings. It is these drops which sparkle like diamonds, and make the web so pretty. The spider spins a little tent in the centre of the web. In this tent she hides, till some insect flies against the gummy threads. Then she feels the web shake, and darts out to catch the fly before it breaks the threads. We saw a little bee to-day fly right against the web on the gorte bush. Out came the spider from her tent. She bit the bee with her sharp fangs, tore off its wings, and then sat and sucked the juice out of its bodv. SPIDEHis ON THE OOMMVN. 7 Paul caught her, while she was busy, and showed us the two fangs with sharp points, which hang down in front of her head. Above them are her eight eyes, four large ones and four small ones. She has eight legs with such strange claws Each one is like a comb. ! What do you think they are- for ? She uses ^ I] HEAD, LEG, CLAW AND SPINNERETS OF A SPIDER, MUCH MAGNIFIED. •. them to guide the silk threads as she makes her web. We turned her on her back and saw, undei her body, six little pockets, out of which she pulls the silk. It comes out through tiny holes. She draws it through the combs on her legs, and so makes her web as she runs along. Besides the webs on the gorse, there are webs all over the common close to the ground These are not made with spokes like the round 8 WILD LIFE IN WOODS AND FIELDS. webs. The threads are mixed up Hke wool. For a long time we could not find the spider= At last one day Paul said, " Here is a hole right in the middle of the web. It goes down into the ground." This hole was lined with silk threads. Just then a beetle crawled on to the web, and shook it. At once the spider darted out from the tunnel in the ground and seized the beetle. She was so quick that she had carried him down into HUNTING SPIDER WITH HER ^^^ ^^^^^ ^^^0^^ ^^ EGO-BAG. could catch her. There are many spiders on the common which do not spin webs, though they hang from a thread. They spring on the flies and beetles on the ground, and are called "hunting-spiders." The mother hunting-spiders carry their eggs about with them in a round bag. Peter caught one of these as she was running along with this white ball under her body. He took the ball away and put it on the ground. When he let her go, she ran up and seized it. He took it away three times. Each time she caught it up again, and at last ran away before we could catch her.