Extraction Technologies for Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Opinions expressed in the present publication do not necessarily refl ect the views of the United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) or the International Centre for Science and High Technology (ICS). Mention of the names of fi rms and commercial products does not imply endorsement by UNIDO or ICS. No use of this publication may be made for resale or for any other commer- cial purpose whatsoever without prior permission in writing from ICS. This is not a formal document and has been produced without formal editing. Coverpage insets include pictures of: Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don Taxus baccata L. ICS-UNIDO is supported by the Italian Ministry of Foreign Affairs © United Nations Industrial Development Organization and the International Centre for Science and High Technology, 2008 Earth, Environmental and Marine Sciences and Technologies International Centre for Science and High Technology ICS-UNIDO, AREA Science Park Padriciano 99, 34012 Trieste, Italy Tel.: +39-040-9228108 Fax: +39-040-9228136 E-mail: [email protected] Extraction Technologies for Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Scientifi c Editors: Sukhdev Swami Handa Suman Preet Singh Khanuja Gennaro Longo Dev Dutt Rakesh INTERNATIONAL CENTRE FOR SCIENCE AND HIGH TECHNOLOGY Trieste, 2008 Contributors Chapter 1 An Overview of Extraction Techniques for Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Sukhdev Swami Handa Senior Specialist, Industrial Utilization of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Earth, Environmental and Marine Sciences and Technologies, ICS-UNIDO, AREA Science Park, Bldg. L2, Padriciano 99, 34012 Trieste, Italy Chapter 2 Role of Process Simulation to Extraction Technologies for Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Maurizio Fermeglia DICAMP-CASLAB, University of Trieste and Scientifi c Consultant for Process Simulation, ICS-UNIDO, AREA Science Park, Bldg. L2, Padriciano 99, 34012 Trieste, Italy Chapter 3 Maceration, Percolation and Infusion Techniques for the Extraction of Me- dicinal and Aromatic Plants Janardan Singh Scientist E II, Botany and Pharmacognosy, Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, P. O. CIMAP, Lucknow, India Chapter 4 Hydrolytic Maceration, Expression and Cold Fat Extraction Anil Kumar Singh Scientist F, Essential Oil Analysis Laboratory, Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, P. O. CIMAP, Lucknow, India Chapter 5 Decoction and Hot Continuous Extraction Techniques Sudeep Tandon and Shailendra Rane Scientist EI, Chemical Engineer, Process and Product Development Division, Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, P. O. CIMAP, Lucknow, India CONTRIBUTORS Chapter 6 Aqueous Alcoholic Extraction of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants by Fermentation Chander Kant Katiyar Director, Herbal Drug Research, Ranbaxy Research Labs, R&D-II, Plot 20, Sector 18, Udyog Vihar Industrial Area, Gurgaon, India Chapter 7 Distillation Technology for Essential Oils Sudeep Tandon Scientist EI, Chemical Engineer, Process and Product Development Division, Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, P. O. CIMAP, Lucknow, India Chapter 8 Microdistillation, Thermomicrodistillation and Molecular Distillation Techniques Vishwas Govind Pangarkar Professor, University Institute of Chemical Technology, Nathalal Parekh Marg Manunga (East) Mumbai 400 019, India Chapter 9 Solid Phase Micro-extraction and Headspace Trapping Extraction Rama Kant Harlalka Director, Nishant Aromas 424, Milan Industrial Estate, Cotton Green Park, Mumbai 200 033, India Chapter 10 Supercritical Fluid Extraction of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants: Fundamen- tals and Applications Alberto Bertucco1 and Giada Franceschin2 1Professor, Dipartimento di Principi ed Impianti di Ingegneria Chimica “I. Sor- gato”, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 9, 35131 Padova, Italy 2DIPIC - Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Padova, via Mar- zolo 9, 35131 Padova, Italy Chapter 11 Process-scale HPLC for Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Madan Mohan Gupta1 and Karuna Shanker2 1Head, Analytical Chemistry Division, Central Institute of Medicinal and Aro- matic Plants, P. O. CIMAP, Lucknow, India 2Scientist, Analytical Chemistry Division, Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, P. O. CIMAP, Lucknow, India Chapter 12 Flash Chromatography and Low Pressure Chromatographic Techniques for Separation of Phytomolecules Sunil Kumar Chattopadhyay Scientist F, Process and Product Development Division, Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, P. O. CIMAP, Lucknow, India 4 EXTRACTION TECHNOLOGIES FOR MEDICINAL AND AROMATIC PLANTS Chapter 13 Counter-current Chromatography Santosh Kumar Srivastava Scientist E II, Phytochemistry, Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, P. O. CIMAP, Lucknow, India Chapter 14 Quality Control of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants and their Extracted Prod- ucts by HPLC and High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography Karan Vasisht Professor of Pharmacognosy, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Scienc- es, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160 014, India 5 EXTRACTION TECHNOLOGIES FOR MEDICINAL AND AROMATIC PLANTS Preface Medicinal plants are the richest bioresource of drugs for tra- ditional systems of medicine, modern medicines, nutraceuticals, food sup- plements, folk medicines, pharmaceutical intermediates and chemical enti- ties for synthetic drugs. Aromatic plants are a source of fragrances, fl avors, cosmeceuticals, health beverages and chemical terpenes. Medicinal and aromatic plants (MAPs) are traded as such in bulk from many developing countries for further value addition in developed countries. The fi rst step in the value addition of MAP bioresources is the production of herbal drug preparations (i.e. extracts), using a variety of methods from simple tradi- tional technologies to advanced extraction techniques. Extraction (as the term is pharmaceutically used) is the separa- tion of medicinally active portions of plant (and animal) tissues using selec- tive solvents through standard procedures. Such extraction techniques sep- arate the soluble plant metabolites and leave behind the insoluble cellular marc. The products so obtained from plants are relatively complex mixtures of metabolites, in liquid or semisolid state or (after removing the solvent) in dry powder form, and are intended for oral or external use. These include classes of preparations known as decoctions, infusions, fl uid extracts, tinc- tures, pilular (semisolid) extracts or powdered extracts. Such preparations have been popularly called galenicals, named after Galen, the second cen- tury Greek physician. The purpose of standardized extraction procedures for crude drugs (medicinal plant parts) is to attain the therapeutically desired portions and to eliminate unwanted material by treatment with a selective solvent known as menstruum. The extract thus obtained, after standardiza- tion, may be used as medicinal agent as such in the form of tinctures or fl uid extracts or further processed to be incorporated in any dosage form such as tablets and capsules. These products all contain complex mixture of many medicinal plant metabolites, such as alkaloids, glycosides, terpenoids, fl a- vonoids and lignans. In order to be used as a modern drug, an extract may be further processed through various techniques of fractionation to isolate individual chemical entities such as vincristine, vinblastine, hyoscyamine, hyoscine, pilocarpine, forskolin and codeine. The industrial processing of MAPs starts with the extraction of the active components using various technologies. The general techniques of medicinal plant extraction include maceration, infusion, percolation, di- gestion, decoction, hot continuous extraction (Soxhlet), aqueous-alcoholic extraction by fermentation, counter-current extraction, microwave-assisted extraction, ultrasound extraction (sonication), supercritical fl uid extraction, and phytonic extraction (with hydrofl uorocarbon solvents). For aromatic plants, hydrodistillation techniques (water distillation, steam distillation, water and steam distillation), hydrolytic maceration followed by distillation, expression and enfl eurage (cold fat extraction) may be employed. Some of 7