READING ESSENTIALS AND NOTE-TAKING GUIDE STUDENT WORKBOOK Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without prior permission of the publisher. Send all inquiries to: Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 8787 Orion Place Columbus, OH 43240-4027 ISBN: 978-0-07-877602-1 MHID: 0-07-877602-3 Printed in the United States of America. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 045 10 09 08 07 Contents Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. iii To The Student . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii Chapter 1 Using Geography Skills Section 1 Thinking Like a Geographer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Section 2 The Earth in Space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Chapter 2 Earth’s Physical Geography Section 1 Forces Shaping the Earth. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Section 2 Landforms and Water Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Section 3 Climate Regions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Section 4 Human-Environment Interaction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 Chapter 3 Earth’s Human and Cultural Geography Section 1 World Population . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Section 2 Global Cultures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 Section 3 Resources, Technology, and World Trade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 Chapter 4 Physical Geography of the United States and Canada Section 1 Physical Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 Section 2 Climate Regions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 Chapter 5 History and Cultures of the United States and Canada Section 1 History and Governments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 Section 2 Cultures and Lifestyles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 Chapter 6 The United States and Canada Today Section 1 Living in the United States and Canada Today . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 Section 2 Issues and Challenges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 Chapter 7 Physical Geography of Latin America Section 1 Physical Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 Section 2 Climate Regions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 Chapter 8 History and Cultures of Latin America Section 1 History and Governments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 Section 2 Cultures and Lifestyles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 Chapter 9 Latin America Today Section 1 Mexico . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 Section 2 Central America and the Caribbean . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 Section 3 South America. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 Chapter 10 Physical Geography of Europe Section 1 Physical Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 Section 2 Climate Regions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 iv Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Chapter 11 History and Cultures of Europe Section 1 History and Governments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 Section 2 Cultures and Lifestyles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 Chapter 12 Europe Today Section 1 Northern Europe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 Section 2 Europe’s Heartland. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 Section 3 Southern Europe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 Section 4 Eastern Europe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 Chapter 13 Physical Geography of Russia Section 1 Physical Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 Section 2 Climate and the Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 Chapter 14 History and Cultures of Russia Section 1 History and Governments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 Section 2 Cultures and Lifestyles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 Chapter 15 Russia Today Section 1 A Changing Russia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 Section 2 Issues and Challenges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 Chapter 16 Physical Geography of North Africa, Southwest Asia, and Central Asia Section 1 Physical Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 Section 2 Climate Regions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112 Chapter 17 History and Cultures of North Africa, Southwest Asia, and Central Asia Section 1 History and Religion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 Section 2 Cultures and Lifestyles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 Chapter 18 North Africa, Southwest Asia, and Central Asia Today Section 1 North Africa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 Section 2 Southwest Asia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124 Section 3 Central Asia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 Chapter 19 Physical Geography of Africa South of the Sahara Section 1 Physical Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130 Section 2 Climate Regions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 Chapter 20 History and Cultures of Africa South of the Sahara Section 1 History and Governments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136 Section 2 Cultures and Lifestyles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 Contents Contents Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. v Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Chapter 21 Africa South of the Sahara Today Section 1 West Africa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142 Section 2 Central and East Africa. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145 Section 3 Southern Africa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148 Chapter 22 Physical Geography of South Asia Section 1 Physical Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151 Section 2 Climate Regions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154 Chapter 23 History and Cultures of South Asia Section 1 History and Governments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157 Section 2 Cultures and Lifestyles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160 Chapter 24 South Asia Today Section 1 India . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163 Section 2 Muslim Nations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166 Section 3 Mountain Kingdoms, Island Republics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169 Chapter 25 Physical Geography of East Asia and Southeast Asia Section 1 Physical Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172 Section 2 Climate Regions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175 Chapter 26 History and Cultures of East Asia and Southeast Asia Section 1 History and Governments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178 Section 2 Cultures and Lifestyles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181 Chapter 27 East Asia and Southeast Asia Today Section 1 China. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184 Section 2 Japan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187 Section 3 The Koreas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190 Section 4 Southeast Asia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193 Chapter 28 Physical Geography of Australia, Oceania, and Antarctica Section 1 Physical Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196 Section 2 Climate Regions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199 Chapter 29 History and Cultures of Australia, Oceania, and Antarctica Section 1 History and Governments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202 Section 2 Cultures and Lifestyles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205 Chapter 30 Australia, Oceania, and Antarctica Today Section 1 Australia and New Zealand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208 Section 2 Oceania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211 Section 3 Antarctica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214 Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. To The Student The Importance of Graphic Organizers First, many graphic organizers appear in this Reading Essentials and Note-Taking Guide. Graphic organizers allow you to see important information in a visual way. Graphic organizers also help you understand and summarize information, as well as remember the content. The Cornell Note-Taking System Second, you will see that the pages in the Reading Essentials and Note-Taking Guide are arranged in two columns. This two-column format is based on the Cornell Note-Taking System, developed at Cornell University. The large column on the right side of the page contains the essential information from each section of your textbook, Exploring Our World. The column on the left side of the page includes a number of note-taking prompts. In this column, you will per- form various activities that will help you focus on the important information in the lesson. You will use recognized reading strategies to improve your reading-for- information skills. Vocabulary Development Third, you will notice that vocabulary words are bolded throughout the Reading Essentials and Note-Taking Guide. Take special note of these words. You are more likely to be successful in school when you have vocabulary knowledge. When researchers study successful stu- dents, they find that as students acquire vocabulary knowledge, their ability to learn improves. Writing Prompts and Note-Taking Finally, a number of writing exercises are included in this Reading Essentials and Note-Taking Guide. You will see that many of the note-taking exercises ask you to practice the critical-thinking skills that good readers use. For example, good readers make connections between their lives and the text. They also summarize the information that is presented and make inferences or draw conclusions about the facts and ideas. At the end of each section, you will be asked to respond to two short-answer questions and one essay. The essays prompt you to use one of four writing styles: informative, descriptive, persuasive, or expository. The information and strategies con- tained within the Reading Essentials and Note-Taking Guide will help you better understand the concepts and ideas dis- cussed in your social studies class. They also will provide you with skills you can use throughout your life. Taking good notes helps you become more successful in school. Using this book helps you remember and understand what you read. You can use this Reading Essentials and Note-Taking Guide to improve your test scores. Some key parts of this booklet are described below. vii Chapter 1, Section 1 (Pages 14–17) The Five Themes of Geography (page 15) Chapter 1, Section 1 1 Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Geography is the study of Earth and its people. Scientists who do this work are geographers. They use five main themes to describe people and places. The five themes of geography are location, place, human-environment interaction, movement, and regions. The position of a place on Earth’s surface is its location, which can be described in two ways. Absolute location refers to the exact spot on Earth where a place or feature is found. Relative location explains where a feature is in relation to the features around it. Place refers to the characteristics of a location that make it unique. One way to define a place is by its physical features— landforms, plants, animals, and weather patterns. A place also can be defined by its human characteristics, such as its language. The environment is one’s natural surroundings. Human- environment interaction explores how people affect, and are affected by, their environment. People affect the environment by changing it to meet their needs. People, in turn, are influenced by environmental factors they cannot control, such as tempera- ture and natural disasters. Explain the differ- ence between abso- lute location and relative location. Thinking Like a Geographer Geography is used to interpret the past, understand the present, and plan for the future. As you read, complete the chart below by identifying two examples for each topic. Themes of Geography 1. 2. Types of Geography 1. 2. Geographers’ Tools 1. 2. A Geographer’s Tools (pages 16–17) 2 Chapter 1, Section 1 The Five Themes of Geography (continued) Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. What region do you live in? Movement explores how and why people, ideas, and goods move from one place to another. For example, people might move to flee from a country that is at war. Movement causes cultural change. Regions are areas of the Earth’s surface that have features in common. These features may be land, natural resources, or pop- ulation. For example, the Rocky Mountain region of the United States is known for ranching and mining. Write down the four long periods of his- tory from the earliest to the most recent. 1. 2. 3. 4. What types of information do satellites provide to mapmakers? Types of Geography Geographers study Earth’s physical and human features. Physical geographers study land areas, bodies of water, plant life, and other physical features. They also examine natural resources and the ways people use them. Human geographers study people and their activities. They examine religions, languages, and ways of life. Human geogra- phers can focus on a specific location or look at broader areas. They often make comparisons between different places. Places in Time Geographers study history to learn about changes that have occurred over time. History is divided into blocks of time called periods. A decade is a period of 10 years. A century is a period of 100 years. A millennium is a period of 1,000 years. In Western society, history is commonly grouped into four long periods. Prehistory is the time before writing was developed. This period ended about 5,500 years ago. The next period, which lasted until 1,500 years ago, is Ancient History. That period was followed by the Middle Ages, which lasted about 1,000 years. Modern History is the period from about 500 years ago through the present. Map Systems Geographers use maps to study different types of information about a place. Some maps are created from information collected by satellites that circle the Earth. For example, satellites provide photographs and can measure changing temperatures and pollu- tion. A specific group of satellites makes up the Global Position- ing System (GPS). This system uses radio signals to record the precise location of every place on Earth. GPS devices are installed in cars and trucks and used by hikers so they do not get lost. A Geographer’s Tools (continued) Chapter 1, Section 1 3 Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 1. Distinguishing Explain the difference between place and location. 2. Making Connections Complete this chart with examples of what physical geographers and human geographers study. Physical Geographers Human Geographers Think about the different career options for geographers. On a separate sheet of paper, write a paragraph about a job in geography that you might enjoy. a p p r W U - Answer these questions to check your understanding of the entire section. What is the differ- ence between GPS and GIS? Geographic Information Systems (GIS) are computer hard- ware and software that collect geographic data and display the data on a screen. GIS provides more detailed information that does not usually appear on maps, such as types of soil and water quality. Careers in Geography Careers for geographers exist at all levels of government and in private businesses. Governments hire geographers to help determine how land and resources are best put to use. Geographers also study population trends and help plan cities. Businesses hire geographers to locate resources, decide where to set up new offices, and provide information about places and cultures that companies deal with. I n f o r m ative I n f o r m ative I n f o r m ative Chapter 1, Section 2 (Pages 34–38) The Solar System (pages 35–36) 4 Chapter 1, Section 2 Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Name the eight major planets in our solar system. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Eight major planets, including Earth, revolve around the sun. Thousands of smaller bodies also circle the sun. All of these, together with the sun, form our solar system. Major Planets The eight major planets differ from each other in size and form. The four inner planets closest to the sun are Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars. They are relatively small and solid. Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune are the four outer planets. They are larger and formed mostly or entirely of gases. Pluto, once considered a major planet, is now classified as a minor planet. Each planet follows its own orbit, or path, around the sun. Some orbits are almost circular, whereas others are oval shaped. The lengths of the orbits also vary, from 88 days for Mercury to 165 years for Neptune. Earth’s Movement Earth makes a revolution, or complete circuit, around the sun every 365¼ days. This time period is defined as one year. Tropics High Latitudes The Earth in Space Physical processes shape Earth’s surface. As you read, complete the diagram below. Explain the effects of latitude on Earth’s temperature. Sun and Seasons (pages 37–38) Chapter 1, Section 2 5 The Solar System (continued) Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Why do people not feel Earth move? Every four years is a leap year, when the extra fourths of a day are combined and added to the calendar as February 29. Earth rotates, or spins, on its axis as it orbits the sun. The axis is an imaginary line that passes through the center of Earth from the North Pole to the South Pole. Earth rotates in an east- erly direction. It takes 24 hours for Earth to complete a single rotation. As it rotates, different parts of Earth are in sunlight, which is defined as daytime. Those parts facing away from the sun are in darkness and experience night. A layer of oxygen and gases, called the atmosphere, surrounds Earth. As Earth rotates, the atmosphere moves with it, so people do not feel Earth moving. What causes Earth to experience changing seasons? Fill in the blanks. The day with the of sunlight is the beginning of sum- mer. The first day of winter is the day with the of sunlight. Earth is tilted 23½ degrees on its axis. This tilt causes seasons to change as Earth orbits the sun. The tilt determines whether or not an area will receive direct rays from the sun. When a hemisphere receives direct rays, it has summer. When a hemi- sphere receives indirect, or slanted, rays, it experiences the cold of winter. Solstices and Equinoxes The North Pole is tilted toward the sun on or about June 21, and the sun is directly over the Tropic of Cancer (23½˚N latitude). This day is called the summer solstice. In the Northern Hemi- sphere, June 21 has the most hours of sunlight and marks the beginning of summer. On the same day, the Southern Hemisphere has the fewest hours of sunlight, and winter begins there. Six months later, on or about December 22, the North Pole is tilted away from the sun and the sun’s direct rays hit the Tropic of Capricorn (23½˚S latitude). This is the winter solstice for the Northern Hemisphere—the day with the fewest hours of sunlight and the beginning of winter. It is the first day of summer in the Southern Hemisphere, however. Midway between the two solstices are the equinoxes, when day and night are of equal length in both hemispheres. The equinoxes mark the beginning of spring and fall. The spring equinox occurs on or about March 21, and the fall equinox occurs around September 23. On both days, the noon sun shines directly over the Equator. Sun and Seasons (continued) 6 Chapter 1, Section 2 Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 1. Explaining How long is Earth’s orbit? How long is Earth’s rotation? 2. Organizing Complete this chart of seasons in the Northern Hemisphere. Add the approximate date when each season begins and the name of the first day for each season. Season Date Season Begins Name of First Day Winter Spring Summer Fall Answer these questions to check your understanding of the entire section. Identify each latitude region. 1. 2. 3. Effects of Latitude The Tropics is the low-latitude region near the Equator between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn. The sun’s rays hit this area directly year-round, so temperatures in the Tropics tend to be warm. In contrast, the sun’s rays are always indirect at the high-latitude areas near the North and South Poles. These polar regions are always cool or cold. The areas between the Tropics and the polar regions are called the midlatitudes. Temperatures, weather, and the seasons vary widely in these areas. a p p r W U - On a separate sheet of paper, explain why day and night are not always the same length throughout the year. E x p o s i tory E x p o s i tory E x p o s i tory [ [ 1. 1. 2. 2. 3. Chapter 2, Section 1 (Pages 44–48) Inside the Earth (page 45) Chapter 2, Section 1 7 Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. The ground feels solid when you walk on it. But Earth is not a large, solid rock. Earth has several layers, like a melon or a baseball. The three main layers of the Earth are the core, the mantle, and the crust. Scientists divide the core into the inner core and the outer core. At the center of the Earth is a solid inner core of iron and nickel. It is about 3,200 miles below the surface. Scientists think the inner core is under great pressure. The next layer, the outer core, is so hot that the metal has melted into a liquid. The mantle surrounds the core. It is a layer of hot, thick rock. The section of the mantle nearest the core—the inner mantle—is solid. However, the rock in the outer mantle can be moved, shaped, and even melted. The melted rock is called magma. It flows to the surface of the Earth when a volcano erupts. Magma is called lava when it reaches the surface. The thin, outside layer of the Earth is the crust. It is a rocky shell that forms the Earth’s surface. The crust includes the ocean floors. It also includes seven large land areas known as continents. The continents are North America, South America, Europe, Asia, Africa, Australia, and Antarctica. Forces Effects As you read, write the name of each layer of Earth beside the correct number. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 5. 1. 2. 3. 4. Forces Shaping the Earth Physical processes shape the Earth’s surface. As you read, complete this diagram by listing the forces shaping Earth and the effects of each.