Explicit generators of some pro-p groups via Bruhat-Tits theory Benoit Loisel February 21, 2017 7 1 0 2 Abstract b e Given a semisimple group over a local field of residual characteristic p, its F topological group of rational points admits maximal pro-p subgroups. Quasi- 0 split simply-connected semisimple groups can be described in the combinato- 2 rialtermsofvaluedrootgroups,thankstoBruhat-Titstheory. Inthiscontext, it becomes possible to compute explicitly a minimal generating set of the (all ] R conjugated)maximalpro-psubgroupsthankstoparametrizationsofasuitable G maximal torus and of corresponding root groups. We show that the minimal . number ofgeneratorsis then linearwith respectto the rankof a suitable root h t system. a m [ Contents 2 v 1 Introduction 2 4 1.1 Minimal number of generators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 9 1.2 Pro-p Sylows and their Frattini subgroups . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 1 2 1.3 Structure of the paper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 0 1. 2 Rank 1 subgroups inside a valued root group datum 6 0 2.1 Valued root groups datum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 7 2.1.1 Root groups datum. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 1 2.1.2 The -action on the absolute root system and splitting : v ∗ extension fields of root groups. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 i X 2.1.3 Parametrizationof root groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 r 2.1.4 Valuation of a root groups datum. . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 a 2.1.5 Set of values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 2.2 The reduced case . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 2.3 The non-reduced case . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 3 Bruhat-Tits theory for quasi-split semisimple groups 24 3.1 Numerical description of walls and alcoves . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 3.1.1 Walls of an apartment of the Bruhat-Tits building . . . 24 3.1.2 Description of an alcove by its panels . . . . . . . . . . 26 3.1.3 Counting alcoves of a panel residue . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 3.2 Action on a combinatorial unit ball . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 1 4 Computation in higher rank 34 4.1 Commutationrelationsbetweenrootgroupsofaquasi-splitgroup 35 4.2 Generation of unipotent elements thanks to commutation rela- tions between valued root groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 4.2.1 Lower bounds for positive root groups . . . . . . . . . . 42 4.2.2 Lower bounds for negative root groups . . . . . . . . . . 43 4.2.3 LowerboundsforvaluedrootgroupsoftheFrattinisub- group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 5 Generating set of a maximal pro-p subgroup 52 5.1 The Frattini subgroup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 5.2 Minimal number of generators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 1 Introduction Inthis paper,asmoothconnectedaffinegroupschemeoffinitetypeovera fieldK willbecalledaK-group. GivenabasefieldK andanK-groupdenoted by G, we get an abstract group called the group of rational points, denoted by G(K). When K is a non-Archimedean local field, this group inherits a topology from the field. In particular, the topological group G(K) is totally disconnected and locally compact. The maximal compact or pro-p subgroups of such a group G(K), when they exist, provide a lot of examples of profinite groups. Thus,onecaninvestigatemaximalpro-psubgroupsfromtheprofinite group theory point of view. 1.1 Minimal number of generators When H is a profinite group, we say that H is topologically generated byasubsetX ifH isequaltoitssmallestclosedsubgroupcontainingX;such a set X is called a generating set. We investigate the minimal number of generators of a maximal pro-p subgroup of the group of rational points of an algebraic group over a local field. Suppose thatK =F ((t)) isa nonzerocharacteristiclocalfield, whereq = q pm andGisasimpleK-splitsimply-connectedK-groupofrankl. Byarecent resultofCapdeboscqandRémy[CR14,2.5],weknowthatanymaximalpro-p subgroup of G(K) admits a finite generating set X; moreover, the minimal number of elements of such a X is m(l+1). InthegeneralsituationofasmoothalgebraicK-groupschemeG,weknow by[Loi16,1.4.3]thatanalgebraicgroupoveralocalfieldadmitsmaximalpro- psubgroups(calledpro-pSylows)if,andonlyif,itisquasi-reductive(thesplit unipotent radical is trivial). When K is of characteristic 0, this corresponds to reductive groups because a unipotent group is always split over a perfect field. To provide explicit descriptions of a pro-p Sylow thanks to Bruhat-Tits theory, we restrict the study to the case of a semisimple group G over a local field K. SuchagroupGcanbe decomposedasanalmostdirectproductofalmost- K-simple groups. Moreover, by [BoT65, 6.21], we know that for any almost- K-simple simply connected group H, there exists a finite extension of local fields K′/K and anabsolutely simple K′-groupH′ such that H is isomorphic to the Weil restriction R (H′), that means H′ seen as a K-group. Since K′/K 2 H(K) = H′(K′) by definition of the Weil restriction, we can assume that G is absolutely simple. In the Bruhat-Tits theory,givena reductive K-groupG, we define a poly- simplicial complex X(G,K) (a Euclidean affine building), called the Bruhat- Tits building of G over K together with a suitable action of G(K) onto X(G,K). Thereexistsanon-ramifiedextensionK′/K suchthattheK-group G quasi-splits over K′. There are two steps in the theory. The first part, cor- responding to chapter 4 of [BrT84], provides the building X(G′,K′) of G K′ by gluing together affine spaces, called apartments. The second part, corre- spondingtochapter5of[BrT84],appliesaGaloisdescenttothebasefieldK, using fixed point theorems. Inthenonquasi-splitcase,thegeometryofthebuildingdoesnotfaithfully reflectthestructureofthegroup. Thereisananisotropickerneloftheactionof G(K)onX(G,K). Asanexample,when GisanisotropicoverK,its Bruhat- Tits building is a point; the Bruhat-Titstheory completely fails to be explicit in combinatorial terms for anisotropic groups. Thus, the general case may require, moreover, arithmetical methods. Hence, to do explicit computations with a combinatorial method based on Lie theory, we have to assume that G contains a torus with enough characters over K. More precisely, we say that a reductive group G is quasi-splitif it admits a Borel subgroup defined over K or, equivalently, if the centralizer of any maximal K-split torus is a torus [BrT84, 4.1.1]. Now,assumethatK isanynon-Archimedeanlocalfieldofresidualcharac- teristic p=2 and residue field κ F where q =pm. Let G be an absolutely- q 6 ≃ simple simply-connected quasi-split K-group. 1.1.1 Theorem. Denote by l the rank of the relative root system of G, and by n the rank of the absolute root system of G. Assume that l 2. If G has ≥ a relative root system Φ of type G or BC , assume that p = 3. Let P be 2 l 6 a maximal pro-p subgroup of G(K). Denote by d(P) the minimal number of generators of P. Then, we have: d(P)=m(l+1) or m(n+1) depending on whether the minimal splitting field extension of short roots is ramified or not. This theorem is formulated more precisely and proven in Corollary 5.2.2. According to [Ser94, 4.2], we know that d(P) can also be computed via coho- mological methods: d(P)=dimZ/pZH1(P,Z/pZ)=dimZ/pZHom(P,Z/pZ). From now on, we need to be more explicit. In the following, given a local field L, we denote by ω the discrete valuation on L, by the ring of L L O integers,by m its maximal ideal, by ̟ a uniformizer, and by κ = /m L L L L L O the residue field. Because we have to compare valuations of elements in L∗, we will normalize the discrete valuation ω : L∗ Q so that ω (L∗) = Z. L L → When l R, we denote by l the largest integer less than or equal to l and ∈ ⌊ ⌋ by l the smallest integer greater than or equal to l. ⌈ ⌉ If it is clear in the context, we can omit the index L in these notations. When L/K is an extension, we denote by G the extension of scalars of G L from K to L. When H is an algebraic L-group, we denote by R (G) the L/K K-groupobtainedby the Weil restrictionfunctor R defined in [DG70, I§1 L/K 6.6]. 3 1.2 Pro-p Sylows and their Frattini subgroups In a general context, let K be a global field and its set of places (i.e. V valuations of K). Let R K be a Dedekind domain bounded except over a ≤ finite set of places. For any v , we consider the v-completion S ⊂ V ∈ V \S ] R of R. We get a first completion G(R)= G(R ). We get a second v v∈V\S v [ completion of G(R) by considering its profinQite completion denoted by G(R). [ The congruence subgroup problem is to know when the natural map G(R) → ] G(R) is surjective with finite kernel. For example, when G=SL with n 2 n ≥ andR=Z,byatheoremofMatsumoto[Mat69],thesurjectivemapS\L (Z) n → SL (Z ) has finite kernel if, and only if, n 3. p n p ≥ Here, we focus on a single factor and, more precisely, on a pro-p Sylow of Q a factor G(R ). More precisely, K is a non-Archimedean local field and G is v a semisimple K-group. We consider a maximal pro-p subgroup P of G(K). When G is simply connected, we know by [Loi16, 1.5.3], that there exists a model providedbyBruhat-Titstheory,thatmeansa -groupwithgeneric K G O fiber = G, such that we can identifies P with the kernel of the natural K G surjective quotient morphism ( ) / (κ). In another words, K κ u κ G O → G R G the pro-p Sylow P is the inverse image(cid:16)of a p-(cid:0)Sylo(cid:1)w(cid:17) among the surjective homomorpshism ( ) (κ). K G O →G To compute the minimal number of generators, the theory of profinite groupsprovidesamethodconsistingofcomputingtheFrattinisubgroup. The Frattini subgroup of a pro-p groupP consists of non-generatingelements and canbe written asFrat(P)=[P,P]Pp, the smallestclosedsubgroupgenerated by p-powers and commutators of elements of P [DdSMS99, 1.13]. Once the group Frat(P) has been determined, it becomes immediate to provide a min- imal topologically generating set X of P, arising from finite generating set of P/Frat(P). From this writing, we observe that the computation of the Frattini sub- group of P is mostly the computation of its derived subgroup. Despite P is close to be an Iwahori subgroup I of G(K) (in fact, I = (P) is an G(K) N Iwahori subgroup and P has finite index in I), we cannot use the results of [PR84, §6] because there are less toric elements in P than in I. However, computationsofSection4havesomesimilaritieswithcompurationsofPrasad and Raghunathan. We say that P is finitely presented as pro-p group if there exists a closed p normalsubgroupR of the free pro-p group F generatedby n elements such n p that P F /R and R is finitely generated as a pro-p group. Let r(P) n ≃ be the minimum of all the d(R) among thecR and n d(P). According to ≥ [Ser94, 4.3],cP is finitely presentedas pro-p groupif, and only if H2(G,Z/pZ) is finite. In this case, we get r(P)=dimZ/pZH2(G,Z/pZ) and, for any R, we have d(R)=n d(P)+r(P). Note that r(P) does not depend on the choice − of a generating set and we can choose simultaneously a minimal generating set and a minimal family of relations. More generally, Lubotzky has shown [Lub01, 2.5]that anyfinitely presentedprofinite groupP canbe presentedby aminimalpresentationasaprofinitegroup. IfwecanshowthatH2(G,Z/pZ) is finite, then, by [Wil99, 12.5.8], we get the Golod-Shafarevich inequality r(P) d(G)2. This has to be the case according to study of -standard ≥ 4 OK groups of Lubotzky and Shalev [LS94]. Here, the main result is a description of the Frattini subgroup of P, de- 4 noted by Frat(P), in terms of valued root groups datum. We assume that K is a non-Archimedean local field of residue characteristic p and that G is a semisimple and simply-connected K-group. To simplify the statements, we assume, moreover, that G is absolutely almost simple; this is equivalent to assuming that the absolute root system Φ is irreducible. We know that it is possibleto describe a maximalpro-psubgroupP ofG(K)interms ofthe val- uedrootgroupsdatum[Loi16,3.2.9]. Ameaximalpoly-simplexofthebuilding X(G,K), seen as poly-simplicial complex, is called an alcove. We denote by c a well-chosen alcove to be a fundamental domain of the action of G(K) af on X(G,K). Any maximal pro-p subgroup ofG(K) fixes a unique alcove. Up to conjugation, we can assume that c = c is the only alcove fixed by P. It af is then possible to describe the Frattini subgroup in terms of the valued root groups datum, as stated in the following two theorems: 1.2.1 Theorem. We assume that p = 2 and, if Φ is of type G or BC , we 2 l 6 assume that p 5. ≥ Then the pro-p group P is topologically of finite type and, in particular, Frat(P) = Pp[P,P]. Moreover, when K is of characteristic p > 0, we have Pp [P,P]. ⊂ TheFrattinisubgroupFrat(P)canbewrittenasadirectlygeneratedproduct in terms of the valued root groups datum. When Φ is reduced (that means is not of type BC ), then Frat(P) is the l maximal pro-p subgroup of the pointwise stabilizer in G(K) of the combinato- rial ball centered at c of radius 1. For a more precise version, see Theorems 5.1.1 and 5.1.2. 1.3 Structure of the paper We assume that G is a simply-connected quasi-split semisimpe K-group. We fix a maximal Borel subgroup B of G defined over K. In particular, this choice determines an order Φ+ of the root system and a basis ∆. By [Bor91, 20.5, 20.6 (iii)], there exists a maximal K-split torus S in G such that its centralizer, denoted by T = (S), is a maximal K-torus of G contained in G Z B. We fix a separableclosureK of K;by [Bor91, 8.11],there exists a unique s smallestGaloisextensionofK,denotedbyK,splittingT,hencealsosplitting Gby[Bor91,18.7]. Wecalltherelativerootsystem,denotedbyΦ,theroot system of G relatively to S. We call the aebsolute root system, denoted by Φ, the root system of G relatively to T . In Section 2.1.2, we define K K a Gal(K /K)-action on Φ wheich preserves thee Dynkin diagram structure of s Dyne(∆)andonitsbasis∆correspondingtotheBorelsubgroupB. According to [BrT84, 4.2.23],wheneG is absolutely simple (hence Dyn(∆) is connected), the greoup Aut Dyn(∆) eis a finite group of order d 6. As a consequence, ≤ the degree ofeach splitting field extensionis smalland does neotinteract a lot (cid:0) (cid:1) with Lie theory. Oneecan note that a major part of proofs in this paper is taken by the non-reduced BC cases and the trialitarian D cases. l 4 Fromthisactionandthankstoarank1consideration,wedefine,according to [BrT84, §4.2], a coherent system of parametrizations of root groups in Section2.1.3togetherwithafiltrationoftherootgroupsinSection2.1.4. This provides us a generating valued root groups datum T(K), U (K),ϕ a a a∈Φ builtfrom(G,S,K,K). Thisfiltrationcorrespondsto(cid:16)apresc(cid:0)ribedaffini(cid:1)satio(cid:17)n ofthesphericalrootsystemΦ. Fromthis,wecompute,inSections2.2and2.3, e 5 variouscommutation relations betweenunipotent and semisimple elements in rank 1. This will be useful to describe, in Section 3.2, the action of P onto a combinatorialballcenteredatcofradius1. ThiswillalsobeusefulinSection 5.1 to generate semisimple elements of Frat(P). We denote by A = A(G,S,K) the “standard” apartment and we choose a fundamental alcove c A, to be a fundamental domain of the action af ⊂ of G(K) on X(G,K). Those objects will be described in Section 3.1.1 and 3.1.2 respectively thanks to the sets of values, defined in Section 2.1.5, which measure where the gaps between two terms of the filtration are and, in the non-reducedcase,whatkindofgapswemustdealwith. Fromthis,wededuce, inSection3.1.3,thegeometricaldescriptionofthecombinatorialballcentered at c of radius 1. Consequently, the geometric situation provides, in Section 3.2, an upper bound for Frat(P), that means a group Q containing Frat(P). Thus,weseekageneratingsetofQcontainedinFrat(P). Fromthewriting Frat(P)=Pp[P,P], we seek such a generating set by commuting elements of P. InSection4.1,weinvertthecommutationrelationsprovidedby[BrT84,A] inthequasi-splitcasefromwhichwededuce,inSection4.2,alistofunipotent elements contained in [P,P]. From these unipotent elements and fromsemisimple elements obtainedby therank1case,weobtain,inSection5.1,ageneratingsetandadescriptionof the Frattinisubgroupas a directly generatedproduct. InSection 3.1.3, we go a bit further than Bruhat-Tits in the study of quotient subgroups of filtered root groups. From this, we can compute the finite quotient P/Frat(P) and deduce, in Section 5.2, a minimal generating set of P. The minimal number of elements of such a family is stated in Corollary 5.2.2. We summarize this in the following graph: 2.1 3.1.1 2.2 3.1.3 4.1 3.1.2 2.3 3.2 4.2 5.2 5.1 2 Rank 1 subgroups inside a valued root group datum We keep notations of Section 1.3. In particular, we always denote by K a field and by G a semisimple K-group. From Section 2.1.4, we will assume thatK isanon-Archimedeanlocalfield,andwewillassumethatGissimply- connected, almost-K-simple. In order to compute the Frattini subgroup of a maximal pro-p subgroup of G(K), we adopt the point of view of valued root groups datum. In Section 2.1, we recall how we define a valuation on root groups, and how these groups can be parametrized. Thanks to these 6 parametrizations,giveninSection2.1.3,wecomputeexplicitly,inSections2.2 and 2.3, the various possible commutators, and the p-powers of elements in a rank 1 subgroup corresponding to a given root. The rank 1 case is not only useful to define filtrationsof rootgroups,but alsouseful to compute elements in the Frattini subgroup corresponding to elements of the maximal torus T. Thereareexactlytworootsystems,uptoisomorphism,whosetypesarenamed A and BC , corresponding to groups SL (Section 2.2) and SU(h) SL 1 1 2 3 ⊂ (Section 2.3) respectively. We denote by T(K) the maximal bounded subgroup of T(K), defined in b [BrT84,4.4.1]. We denote byT(K)+ the (unique)maximalpro-psubgroupof b T(K) . b 2.1 Valued root groups datum We want to describe precisely the derived group of a maximal pro-p sub- group. We do it in combinatorial terms, thanks to a filtration of root groups. Becausewehavetodealwithnon-reducedrootsystems,werecallthefollowing definitions: 2.1.1 Definition. Let Φ be a root system. A root a Φ is said to be ∈ multipliable if 2a Φ; otherwise, it is said to be non-multipliable. A ∈ root a Φ is said to be divisible if 1a Φ; otherwise, it is said to be ∈ 2 ∈ non-divisible. The set of non-divisible roots, denoted by Φ , is a root system; the set of nd non-multipliable roots, denoted by Φ , is a root system. nm 2.1.1 Root groups datum For each root a Φ, there is a unique unipotent subgroup U of G whose a ∈ Liealgebraisaweightsubspacewithrespecttoa. Inordertodefineanaction of G(K) on a spherical building with suitable properties, it suffices to have suitable relations of the various root groups U (K). These required relations a arethe axiomsgiveninthe definitionofarootgroupsdatum. Moreprecisely: 2.1.2 Definition. [BrT72,6.1.1]LetGbe anabstractgroupandΦbe aroot system. A root groups datum of G of type Φ is a system (T,(U ,M ) ) a a a∈Φ satisfying the following axioms: (RGD 1) T isasubgroupofGand,foranya Φ,thesetU isanon-trivial a ∈ subgroup of G, called the root group of G associated to a. (RGD 2) Foranya,b Φ,thegroupofcommutators[U ,U ]iscontainedin a b ∈ the groupgeneratedby the groups U where r,s N∗ andra+sb ra+sb ∈ ∈ Φ. (RGD 3) If a is a multipliable root, we have U U and U =U . 2a a 2a a ⊂ 6 (RGD 4) For any a Φ, the set M is a right coset of T in G and we have a ∈ U 1 U M U . −a a a a \{ }⊂ (RGD 5) For any a,b Φ and n M , we have nU n−1 = U where ∈ ∈ a b ra(b) r W(Φ) is the orthogonal reflection with respect to a⊥ and W(Φ) is a ∈ the Weyl group of Φ. (RGD 6) We have TU U = 1 where Φ+ is an order of the root Φ+ Φ− ∩ { } system Φ and Φ− = Φ+ =Φ Φ+. − \ 7 A root groups datum is said to be generating if the groups U and T a generate G. Now,givenareductivegroupGoverafieldK,witharelativerootsystem Φ, we provide a root groups datum of G(K). Let a Φ. By [Bor91, 14.5 and ∈ 21.9], there exists a unique closed K-subgroup of G, denoted by U , which is a connected,unipotent,normalizedbyT andwhoseLiealgebraisg +g . This a 2a group U is called the root group of G associated to a. By [BrT84, 4.1.19], a thereexistscosetsM suchthat T(K), U (K),M isageneratingroot a a a a∈Φ groups datum of G(K) of type Φ(cid:16). (cid:0) (cid:1) (cid:17) 2.1.2 The -action on the absolute root system and splitting ∗ extension fields of root groups From now on, G is a quasi-split semisimple group. As in Section 1.3, we denote by K the minimal splitting field of G over K (uniquely defined in a given separable closure K of K). s In a geneeral context, there is a canonical action of the absolute Galois group Σ = Gal(K /K) on the algebraic group G. When G is quasi-split, we s canchooseamaximalK-splittorusS andwegetamaximaltorusT = (S) G Z of G defined over K. Thus, we define an action of Σ on X∗(T ) by: Ks σ Σ, χ X∗(T ), σ χ=t σ χ σ−1(t) ∀ ∈ ∀ ∈ Ks · 7→ (cid:16) (cid:0) (cid:1)(cid:17) In the same way,thanks to conjugacy of minimal parabolic subgroups (which are Borel subgroups when G is quasi-split), we define an action of Σ on the type of parabolic subgroups, from which we deduce an action on the (simple) absolute roots. 2.1.3 Notation (The -action on the absolute root system). This is a sum- ∗ mary of [BoT65, §6] for a quasi-split group G. In particular, there exists a BorelsubgroupB ofGdefinedoverK. Denoteby∆thesetofabsolutesimple roots and by Dyn(∆) its associated Dynkin diagram. There exists an action of the Galois group Σ = Gal(K/K) on Dyn(∆) wehich preserves the diagram structure. This actieoniscalledthe -actionanditcanbe extended, bylinear- ∗ ity, to an action of Σ on V∗ =eX∗(T ) ZR,eand on Φ. The restriction mor- K ⊗ phism j = ι∗ : X∗(T) X∗(S), wheere ι : S T is the inclusion morphism, → ⊂ can be extended to an enedomorphism of the Euclideaen space ρ : V∗ V∗. → This morphism ρ is the orthogonal projection onto the subspace V∗ of fixed points by the action of Σ on V∗. From a geometric realization oef Φ in ethe Euclidean space V∗, we deduce a geometric realization of Φ = ρ(Φ) in V∗. The orbits of the action of Σ oen Φ are the fibers of the map ρ:Φ eΦ. → e e 2.1.4 Notation (Somefieldextensions). Accordingto[BrT84, 4.1.2],bydef- e e initionofK as minimalsplitting extension,the -actionofΣ=Gal(K/K)on ∗ Dyn(∆) is faithful. Assume that G is almost-K-simple, so that the relative root systeme Φ is irreducible. Consider a connected component of eDyn(∆). Denotee by Σ its pointwise stabilizer in Σ. Denote by Σ its setwise stabi- 0 d lizer, where d N∗ is defined by d = [Σd : Σ0]. We denote Ld = KΣd aend ∈ L0 = KΣ0, so that L0/Ld is a Galois extension of degree d. Because of the classification of root systems, the index d is an element of 1,2,3,6 .e { } If de= 2, we let L′ = L ; we fix τ Gal(L /L ) to be the non-trivial 0 0 d ∈ element. 8 Ifd 3,weletL′ beaseparablesub-extensionofL (possiblynon-Galois) 0 ≥ of degree 3 over L ; we fix τ Gal(L /L ) to be an element of order 3. d 0 d ∈ Thus, we denote d′ =[L′ :L ] 1,2,3 . In practice, d′ =min(d,3). d ∈{ } 2.1.5Remark. Accordingto[BoT65,6.21],wecanwriteG=R (G′)where Ld/K G′ is an absolutely simple L -group. Hence G(K) G′(L ). Because, in this d d ≃ paper, we prove some results on rational points, we could assume that G is absolutely simple. Under this assumption, the root system Φ is irreducible; K = L and L = K. Despite this, we will only assume that G is K-simple 0 d in order to have more intrinsic statements. e e 2.1.6 Definition. Let α Φ be an absolute root. Denote by Σ be the α ∈ stabilizer of α for the -action. The field of definition of the root α is the ∗ subfield of K fixed by Σα, deneoted by Lα =KΣα. Leta=α . Thesplittingfieldextensionclassofaistheisomorphism S | class of theefield extension L /K, denoted byeL /K. α a Proof that this definition makes sense. Weknow,by[BoT65,§6],thattheset α Φ, a = α is a non-empty orbit of the -action on Φ. Hence, by S { ∈ | } ∗ abuse of notation, we denote a= α Φ, a=α . Thus, given any relative S { ∈ | } root ae Φ, the field extension class L /K does not depend ofethe choice of α ∈ α a. e ∈ 2.1.7 Remark. If a Φ is a multipliable root, then there exists α,α′ a such ∈ ∈ that α+α′ Φ. Because a is an orbit, we can write α′ =σ(α) where σ Σ. ∈ ∈ As a consequence, the extension of fields L /L is quadratic. By abuse of α α+α′ notation, we deenote this extension class by L /L ; the ramification of this a 2a extension will be considered later. 2.1.3 Parametrization of root groups In order to value the root groups (we do it in Section 2.1.4) thanks to the valuation of the local field, we have to define a parametrization of each root group. Moreover, these valuations have to be compatible. That is why we furthermore have to get relations between the parametrizations. Let(x ) beaChevalley-SteinbergsystemofG . Thisisaparametriza- α α∈Φ K tion of the abseolute root groups xα : Ua Ga satisfeying some compatibility → relationse, that will be exploited to get commutation relations in Section 4.1. We recall the precise definition aned that such a system exists in Section 4.1). Let a Φ be a relative root. To compute commutators between ele- ∈ ments of opposite root groups, or between elements of a torus and of a root group, it is sufficient to compute inside the simply-connected semisimple K- group U ,U generated by the two opposite root groups U and U . Let −a a −a a h i π :Ga U ,U be the universalcoveringofthe quasi-splitsemisimple K- −a a →h i subgroupofrelativerank1generatedbyU andU . ThegroupGa splitsover a −a L (thisexplainstheterminologyof“splittingfield” ofaroot). Aparametriza- a tion of the simply-connected group Ga is givenby [BrT84, 4.1.1 to 4.1.9]. We now recall notations and the matrix realization that we will use later. The non-multipliable case: Leta Φbearelativerootsuchthat2a ∈ 6∈ Φ. By[BrT84,4.1.4],therank1groupGa isisomorphictoR (SL ). It Lα/K 2,Lα canbe writtenasGa =R (Gα)withanisomorphismξ :SL ≃ Gα. Lα/K α 2,Lα −→ e e 9 Inside the classical group SL , a maximal L -split torus of SL can 2,Lα α 2,Lα be parametrized by the following homomorphism: z : G SL m,Lα → 2,Lα t 0 t 7→ 0 t−1 (cid:18) (cid:19) The corresponding root groups can be parametrized by the following homo- morphisms: y : G SL y : G SL − a,Lα → 2,Lα + a,Lα → 2,Lα 1 0 and 1 u v u 7→ v 1 7→ 0 1 (cid:18)− (cid:19) (cid:18) (cid:19) According to [BrT84, 4.1.5], there exists a unique L -group homomorphism, α denoted by ξ :SL Gα, satisfying x =π ξ y . α 2,Lα → ±α ◦ α◦ ± Thus, we define a K-homomorphism x = π R (ξ ) which is a K- a ◦ Lα/K α groupisomorphismbetweeneRLa/K(Ga,Lae)andUa. Wealsodefinethe follow- ing K-group isomorphism: a=π R (ξ z):R (G ) Ta ◦ Lα/K α◦ Lα/K m,Lα → where Ta =T Ga. ∩e The multipliable case: Let a Φ be a relative root such that 2a Φ. ∈ ∈ Letα abeanabsoluterootfromwhichaarises,andletτ Σbeanelement ∈ ∈ of the Galois group such that α+τ(α) is again an absolute root. To simplify notations, we let (up to compatible isomorphisms in Σ) L = L = L and a α L = L = L . By [BrT84, 4.1.4], the K-group Ga is isomorphic to 2 2a α+τ(α) R (SU(h)), wherehdenotesthehermitianformonL L Lgivenbythe L2/K × × formula: 1 h:(x ,x ,x ) x τx −1 0 1 i −i 7→ i=−1 X ThegroupGa canbewrittenasGa = Gσ(α),σ(τ(α))whereeach L2 L2 σ∈Gal(L2/K) Gσ(α),σ(τ(α)) denotes a simple factor isomorphic to SU(h), so that SU(h) Q L e ≃ SL . 3,L e We define a connected unipotent L -group scheme by providing the L - 2 2 subvariety H (L,L ) = (u,v) L L, uτu=v+τv of L L with the 0 2 a a { ∈ × } × following group law: (u,v),(u′,v′) (u+u′,v+v′+uτu′) 7→ Then, we let H(L,L ) = R (H (L,L )). For the rational points, we get 2 L2/K 0 2 H(L,L )(K)= (u,v) L L, uτu=v+τv and the group law is given by 2 { ∈ × } x (u,v)x (u′,v′)=x (u+u′,v+v′+uτu′). a a a 2.1.8 Notation. For any multipliable root a Φ, in [BrT84, 4.2.20] are ∈ furthermore defined the following notations: • L0 = y L, y+τy =0 , this is an L -vector space of dimension 1; 2 { ∈ } • L1 = y L, y+τy =1 , this is an L0-affine space. { ∈ } Indeed,ifK isnotofcharacteristic2,thenL0 =ker(τ+id)isofdimension 1 because L = ker(τ id) is of dimension 1 and 1 are the eigenvalues of 2 − ± τ GL(L ). Moreover, the affine space L1 is non-empty because it contains a ∈ 1. If K is of characteristic 2, then L0 =ker(τ +id)=L . 2 2 10