Experimental Thermodynamics Volume X Non-equilibrium Thermodynamics with Applications Experimental Thermodynamics Series Titles in this Series: 1: Calorimetry of Non-Reacting Systems Edited by J. P. McCullough and D. W. Scott Butterworths, London, 1968. 2: Experimental Thermodynamics of Non-Reacting Fluids Edited by B. Le Neindre and B. Vodar Butterworths, London, 1975 3: Measurement of the Transport Properties of Fluids Edited by W. A. Wakeham, A. Nagashima, and J. V. Sengers Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 1991 4: Solution Calorimetry Edited by K. N. Marsh and P. A. G. O’Hare Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 1994 5: Equations of State for Fluids and Fluid Mixtures Edited by J. V. Sengers, R. F. Kayser, C. J. Peters, and H. J. White, Jr. Elsevier, Amsterdam, 2000 6: Measurement of the Thermodynamic Properties of Single Phases Edited by A. R. H. Goodwin, K. N. Marsh, W. A. Wakeham Elsevier, Amsterdam, 2003 7: Measurement of the Thermodynamic Properties of Multiple Phases Edited by R. D. Weir and T. W. de Loos Elsevier, Amsterdam, 2005 8: Applied Thermodynamics of Fluids Edited by A. R. H. Goodwin, J. V. Sengers, C. J. Peters Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge, 2010 9: Experimental Thermodynamics Volume IX: Advances in Transport Properties of Fluids Edited by M. J. Assael, A. R. H. Goodwin, V. Vesovic and W. A. Wakeham Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge, 2014 10: Experimental Thermodynamics Volume X: Non-equilibrium Thermodynamics with Applications Edited by Dick Bedeaux, Signe Kjelstrup and Jan V. Sengers Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge, 2016 Experimental Thermodynamics Volume X Non-equilibrium Thermodynamics with Applications Edited by Dick Bedeaux Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway Email: [email protected] Signe Kjelstrup Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway Email: [email protected] Jan V. Sengers University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA Email: [email protected] ISBN:978-1-78262-024-2 PDFeISBN:978-1-78262-254-3 AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary rInternationalUnionofPureandAppliedChemistry2016 Allrightsreserved Apartfromfairdealingforthepurposesofresearchfornon-commercialpurposesorfor privatestudy,criticismorreview,aspermittedundertheCopyright,DesignsandPatents Act1988andtheCopyrightandRelatedRightsRegulations2003,thispublicationmaynot bereproduced,storedortransmitted,inanyformorbyanymeans,withouttheprior permissioninwritingofTheRoyalSocietyofChemistryorthecopyrightowner,orinthe caseofreproductioninaccordancewiththetermsoflicencesissuedbytheCopyright LicensingAgencyintheUK,orinaccordancewiththetermsofthelicencesissuedbythe appropriateReproductionRightsOrganizationoutsidetheUK.Enquiriesconcerning reproductionoutsidethetermsstatedhereshouldbesenttoTheRoyalSocietyof Chemistryattheaddressprintedonthispage. TheRSCisnotresponsibleforindividualopinionsexpressedinthiswork. Theauthorshavesoughttolocateownersofallreproducedmaterialnotintheirown possessionandtrustthatnocopyrightshavebeeninadvertentlyinfringed. PublishedbyTheRoyalSocietyofChemistry, ThomasGrahamHouse,SciencePark,MiltonRoad, CambridgeCB40WF,UK RegisteredCharityNumber207890 Visitourwebsiteatwww.rsc.org/books PrintedintheUnitedKingdombyCPIGroup(UK)Ltd,Croydon, CR04YY,UK List of Contributors J. Armstrong F. E. Genceli Gu¨ner Department of Chemistry, Imperial I_stanbul Teknik U¨niversitesi Kimya College, Room 160, Exhibition Road, Mu¨hendisli˘gi Bo¨lu¨mu¨, 34469, London SW7 2AZ, UK I_stanbul, Turkey [email protected] [email protected] A. Bardow W. Hendriksen Lehrstuhl fu¨r Technische Delft University of Technology, Thermodynamik, RWTH Aachen Department of Chemical Technology, University, Schinkelstr. 8, Julianalaan 136, 2628 BL Delft, 52062 Aachen, Germany The Netherlands [email protected] [email protected] E. Johannessen V. M. Barrag´an Department of Chemistry, Norwegian Department of Applied Physics, University of Science and Technology, Universidad Complutense, 7491 Trondheim, Norway 28040 Madrid, Spain [email protected] [email protected] T. R. Kirkpatrick D. Bedeaux Institute for Physical Science and Department of Chemistry, Norwegian Technology, University of Maryland, University of Science and Technology, College Park, Maryland, 7491 Trondheim, Norway MD 20742-2431, USA [email protected] [email protected] F. Bresme S. Kjelstrup Department of Chemistry, Imperial Department of Chemistry, Norwegian College, Room 160, Exhibition Road, University of Science and Technology, London SW7 2AZ, UK 7491 Trondheim, Norway [email protected] [email protected] v vi ListofContributors G. J. M. Koper J. M. Rub´ı Delft University of Technology, Department of Physics, Universitat Department of Chemical Technology, de Barcelona, Diagonal 647, Julianalaan 136, 2628 BL Delft, 08028 Barcelona, Spain The Netherlands [email protected] [email protected] L. Sagis Physics and Physical Chemistry of A. Lervik Foods, Agrotechnology and Food Department of Chemistry, Norwegian Sciences Group, Wageningen University of Science and Technology, University, Bomenweg 2, 6703 HD 7491 Trondheim, Norway Wageningen, The Netherlands [email protected] [email protected] J. M. Ortiz de Z´arate J. V. Sengers Department of Applied Physics, Institute for Physical Science and Universidad Complutense, Technology, University of Maryland, 28040 Madrid, Spain College Park, Maryland, [email protected] MD 20742-2431, USA [email protected] I. Pagonabarraga Department of Fundamental Physics, J.-M. Simon Universitat de Barcelona, Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire Carnot Diagonal 647, 08028 Barcelona, de Bourgogne, Universit´e de Spain Bourgogne, BP 47870, 21078 Dijon, [email protected] France [email protected] C. Peters J. P. G. Villaluenga Lehrstuhl fu¨r Experimentalphysik III, Department of Applied Physics, RWTH Aachen University, Universidad Complutense, Schinkelstr. 8, 52062 Aachen, 28040 Madrid, Spain Germany [email protected] [email protected] T. J. H. Vlugt D. Reguera Delft University of Technology, Department of Physics, Universitat de Process & Energy Laboratory, Barcelona, Diagonal 647, Leeghwaterstraat 39, 2628 CA Delft, 08028 Barcelona, Spain The Netherlands [email protected] [email protected] ListofContributors vii Ø. Wilhelmsen L. Wolff Department of Chemistry, Lehrstuhl fu¨r Technische Norwegian University of Science and Thermodynamik, RWTH Aachen Technology, 7491 Trondheim, University, Schinkelstr. 8, Norway 52062 Aachen, Germany [email protected] ludger.wolff@ltt.rwth-aachen.de Dedication Anthony Robert Holmes Goodwin (1961–2014) Ourfriendandcolleague Anthony(Tony)Goodwin completedtheForeword to this volume in November 2014 but passed away suddenly in December 2014 before he could see its completion. Tony had been the inspiration for the latest volumes on the Transport PropertiesofFluidsaswellasforseveralearliervolumesinthelong-running IUPACSeriesonExperimental Thermodynamics.Inthatserieshehadbeen variously, author, editor and driving-force. His activities within science in the broad field of Thermodynamics are widely recognised and his role for the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry within the Physical Chemistry Division and beyond were much appreciated. His work on this particularvolumeillustratedvividlyhiscommitmenttothecompletionofa task undertaken in a timely manner and I know that he would have been pleased by the adherence of the current editors to his timescale. Tony Goodwin will be sadly missed but we hope that this volume will represent one of the reminders of the quality and breadth of his scientific contribution. W. A. Wakeham ExperimentalThermodynamicsVolumeX:Non-equilibriumThermodynamicswithApplications EditedbyDickBedeaux,SigneKjelstrupandJanV.Sengers rInternationalUnionofPureandAppliedChemistry2016 PublishedbytheRoyalSocietyofChemistry,www.rsc.org ix