Conference Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Mechanics Series Series Editor Tom Proulx Society for Experimental Mechanics, Inc., Bethel, CT, USA For furthervolumes: http://www.springer.com/series/8922 Carlos E. Ventura (cid:129) Wendy C. Crone (cid:129) Cosme Furlong Editors Experimental and Applied Mechanics, Volume 4 Proceedings of the 2012 Annual Conference on Experimental and Applied Mechanics Editors CarlosE.Ventura WendyC.Crone UniversityofBritishColumbia UniversityofWisconsin Vancouver,BC,Canada Madison,WI,USA CosmeFurlong WorcesterPolytechnicInstitute Worcester,MA,USA ISSN2191-5644 ISSN2191-5652(electronic) ISBN978-1-4614-4225-7 ISBN978-1-4614-4226-4(eBook) DOI10.1007/978-1-4614-4226-4 SpringerNewYorkHeidelbergDordrechtLondon LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2012948609 #TheSocietyforExperimentalMechanics,Inc.2013 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpartofthematerialisconcerned,specificallytherightsof translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or informationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilarmethodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped. 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Printedonacid-freepaper SpringerispartofSpringerScience+BusinessMedia(www.springer.com) Preface ExperimentalandAppliedMechanics,Volume4:Proceedingsofthe2012AnnualConferenceonExperimentalandApplied MechanicsrepresentsoneofsevenvolumesoftechnicalpaperspresentedattheSocietyforExperimentalMechanicsSEM 12th International Congress & Exposition on Experimental and Applied Mechanics, held at Costa Mesa, California, June 11–14,2012.ThefullsetofproceedingsalsoincludesvolumesonDynamicBehaviorofMaterials,ChallengesinMechanics of Time-Dependent Materials and Processes in Conventional and Multifunctional Materials, Imaging Methods for Novel MaterialsandChallengingApplications,MechanicsofBiologicalSystemsandMaterials,MEMSandNanotechnology,and CompositeMaterialsandJoiningTechnologiesforComposites. Eachcollectionpresentsearlyfindingsfromexperimentalandcomputationalinvestigationsonanimportantareawithin ExperimentalMechanics.TheconferencetrackExperimentalandAppliedMechanicswasorganizedby:CarlosE.Ventura, University of British Columbia; Wendy C. Crone, University of Wisconsin–Madison; and Cosme Furlong, Worcester PolytechnicInstitute. Thisbookcoversawidevarietyofsubjectsthatarerelatedtothebroadfieldofexperimentalorappliedmechanics.Itis SEM’s mission to disseminate information on a good selection of subjects. To this end, research and application papers relate to the broad field of experimental mechanics. The current volume on experimental and applied mechanics includes studieson: (cid:129) FractureandFatigue (cid:129) MicroscaleandMicrostructuralEffectsonFatigueandFracture (cid:129) MaterialApplications (cid:129) CompositeCharacterizationUsingDigitalImageCorrelationTechniques (cid:129) Multi-scaleSimulationandTestingofComposites (cid:129) ResidualStress (cid:129) InverseProblems/HybridMethods (cid:129) Nano-composites (cid:129) MicrostructureMaterialCharacterization (cid:129) ModelingandUncertaintyQuantification (cid:129) ImpactBehaviorofComposites Theorganizerswouldliketothankthesessionorganizersandchairs,presenters,andauthorsfortheirparticipation. The opinions expressed herein are those of the individual authors and not necessarily those of the Society for ExperimentalMechanics,Inc. Vancouver,BC,Canada CarlosE.Ventura Madison,WI,USA WendyC.Crone Worcester,MA,USA CosmeFulong v Contents 1 CorrelationofStructuralStraintoTipVorticityandLiftforaMAVPliantMembraneWing............ 1 TrentonCarpenter,CodyRay,andRobertoAlbertani 2 DeformationMappingattheMicrostructuralLengthScale................................................... 15 AdamKammersandSamanthaDaly 3 MolecularTailoringofInterfacialAdhesionUsingSelf-AssembledMonolayers............................. 21 MarthaE.Grady,MarkD.Losego,PaulV.Braun,andNancyR.Sottos 4 MicromechanicalCharacterizationofDuctileDamageinDPSteel........................................... 29 J.P.M.Hoefnagels,C.C.Tasan,F.J.Peters,andM.G.D.Geers 5 MEMSDeviceforFatigueTestingof25mmThickAluminumSpecimens................................... 37 L.A.Liew,D.T.Read,andN.BarbosaIII 6 HighConfidenceLevelCalibrationforAFMBasedFractureTestingofNanobeams....................... 43 ScottGrutzik,RichardGates,YvonneGerbig,RobertCook,MelissaA.Hines,andAlanZehnder 7 HighStrainRateCharacteristicsofFiberBraggGratingStrainSensors.................................... 51 Wun-JhengLin,LirenTsai,Cia-ChinChiang,andShih-HanWang 8 DynamicShapeandStrainMeasurementsofRotatingTireinTime-Series.................................. 57 MotoharuFujigakiandKousukeShimo 9 MeasurementofMetallicAdhesionForce-to-ElongationProfileUnderHigh Separation-RateConditions....................................................................................... 67 D.Bortoluzzi,M.Benedetti,C.Zanoni,andJ.W.Conklin 10 PredictionofConstraintParametersAlongthe3DCrackFrontUnderNegativeBiaxialLoadings....... 75 RagupathyKannusamyandK.Ramesh 11 StressIntensityFactorsforViscoelasticAxisymmetricProblemsAppliedtoWood......................... 89 RostandMoutouPitti,ClaudeChazal,FlorenceLabesse-Jied,andYuriLapusta 12 RoleofViscoelasticityinPredictingtheShapeMemoryEffectofPolymers.................................. 97 DianiJulie,GilorminiPierre,Fre´dyCarole,andA.R.Ingrid 13 DamageAssessmentinSyracuseLimestoneSpecimensbyFrequencyAnalysisofElasticEmissions...... 105 A.Schiavi,G.Niccolini,A.Carpinteri,andG.Lacidogna 14 PhotogrammetryMeasurementsDuringaTankingTestontheSpaceShuttle ExternalTank,ET-137............................................................................................ 111 JustinLittell,TimSchmidt,JohnTyson,StanOliver,MattMelis,CharlesRuggeri, andDuaneRevilock 15 Experimental,NumericalandAnalyticalEvaluationofStructuralIntegrity ofExperimentContainerSubjectedtoReducedGravityFlightTesting...................................... 125 MujahidUmar,MichaelG.Jenkins,andThomasL.Nguyen vii viii Contents 16 UseofFiberBraggGratingStrainGagesonaPipelineSpecimenRepaired withaCFRECompositeSystem.................................................................................. 133 J.L.F.Freire,V.A.Perrut,A.M.B.Braga,R.D.Vieira,A.S.A.Ribeiro,andM.A.P.Rosas 17 MicrostructureintheFSWButtJointofAluminumAlloyAA5083........................................... 143 ThaipingChen,Wei-BangLin,andChang-MaoHung 18 LoadHistoryDependencyofPlasticCollapseBehaviorofCrackedPiping.................................. 149 R.Suzuki,M.Matsubara,M.Suzuki,T.Shiraishi,S.Yanagihara,K.Sakamoto,andS.Izawa 19 ProductionofMetalMatrixCompositesUsingThixoinfiltrationTechniques................................ 157 M.H.Robert,L.M.P.Ferreira,A.F.Jorge,andE.Bayraktar 20 UseofVision-BasedMethodsforMeasurementofMechanicalProperties ofExhaustCatalysts............................................................................................... 165 AndrewP.Dickinson,PaulJ.Gloeckner,RandyJ.Stafford,andKevinB.Golovin 21 ReviewofMethodsforDeterminingResidualStressesinBiologicalMaterials.............................. 173 DrewNelson 22 AComparisonofResidualStressMeasurementsonaLinearFrictionWeld UsingtheContourMethodandNeutronDiffraction........................................................... 183 AdrianT.DeWald,DairaLegzdina,BjørnClausen,DonaldW.Brown, ThomasA.Sisneros,andMichaelR.Hill 23 ExperimentalStudyofHighSpeedBallEndMillingofTitaniumAlloy(Ti-6Al-4V)........................ 191 M.-H.Baccar,E.Bayraktar,T.Rickert,M.Boujelbene,andD.Katundi 24 VeryHigh-CycleFatigueResistanceofShotPeenedHigh-StrengthAluminiumAlloys..................... 203 M.Benedetti,V.Fontanari,andM.Bandini 25 TheApplicationoftheCombinedCreepandRate-IndependentPlasticityModel toTurbineComponentsLifePrediction.......................................................................... 213 AlexanderStaroselskyandBriceN.Cassenti 26 ModifiedConstitutiveRelationErrorStrategyforElasticPropertiesIdentification......................... 221 M.BenAzzouna,P.Feissel,andP.Villon 27 IdentificationoftheAnisotropicPlasticBehaviourofSheetMetalsatLargeStrains........................ 229 MarcoRossi,FabricePierron,MichaelaSˇtamborska´,andFrantisˇekSˇimcˇa´k 28 CohesiveZoneLawExtractionfromanExperimentalPeelTest.............................................. 237 ChristopherKovalchick,ShumanXia,andGuruswamiRavichandran 29 ApplicationofaNewExperimentalMethodtoDetermineBi-Material InterfaceBondingStrength....................................................................................... 247 M.A.K.ChowdhuriandZ.Xia 30 CalibrationofBarkhausenNoiseforResidualStressMeasurement.......................................... 255 C.Casavola,C.Pappalettere,andF.Tursi 31 FilmResidualStressAssessmentMethodviaTemporarilyThermalRelaxation............................. 267 Xin-XinChengandChen-WuWu 32 DeterminingResidualStresseswiththeAidofOpticalInterferenceTechniques............................ 277 D.FindeisandJ.Gryzagoridis 33 InterfacialFractureToughnessandResidualStressofThermallySprayedCoatings....................... 285 YoshifumiOkajima,ToshioNakamura,andSanjaySampath 34 DesignofUltrasonicProbeConfigurationUsingFinite-Difference TimeDomainSimulation.......................................................................................... 293 RahulSharma,ShyamsunderBaskaran,andH.Murthy Contents ix 35 AbsorbedVersusReleasedEnergyintheCrackingProcess ofHeterogeneousMaterialsUnderCompression................................................................ 303 G.Lacidogna,M.Corrado,andA.Carpinteri 36 DetailedMeasurementsofThreadDeformationandFailureinThinWalled AluminumAlloyJoints............................................................................................ 313 BonnieR.Antoun,SpencerGrange,GeraldW.Wellman,andJ.FranklinDempsey 37 SimulationofInterferenceFittedJointStrengthasUsedinHotRollingWorkRolls....................... 319 MartinMcMillan,JulianBooker,andDavidSmith 38 ModellingofNosingfortheAssemblyofAerospaceBearings................................................. 327 JohnpaulWoodheadandJulianBooker 39 Multi-axialQuasi-staticStrengthofaClinchedSheetMetalAssembly....................................... 339 S.Coppieters,P.Lava,H.Sol,P.VanHoutte,andD.Debruyne 40 DevelopmentofaTestSimulatortoPerformOptimizedExperimentDesign................................ 345 MarcoRossi,FabricePierron,LavaPascal,andDebruyneDimitri 41 SimplifiedCalculationMethodoftheTorsionEffectontheSeismicBehaviour ofTimberBuilding................................................................................................. 349 ThanhKienVu,EricFournely,RostandMoutouPitti,andAbdelhamidBouchair 42 ExperimentalAnalysisofSemi-rigidityJointintheStandardizedTimberBeam............................ 357 EricFournely,RostandMoutouPitti,AbdelhamidBouchair,andFre´de´ricDubois 43 Nano-MacroCorrelationofNano-SilicaConcrete.............................................................. 367 JoanSchoepferandArupMaji 44 ExperimentalResultsofGreenWoodSliceUnderNaturalDrying........................................... 371 RostandMoutouPitti,FredericDubois,andEricFournely 45 ThicknessEffectonCross-PlyGLARE5FMLBeamsSubjectedtoBallisticImpact....................... 379 AliSeyedYaghoubiandB.Liaw 46 Hole-DrillingResidualStressMeasurementinanIntermediateThicknessSpecimen....................... 389 ColinAbrahamandGaryS.Schajer 47 EffectsofStrain’sErroronResidualStressesCalculatedbyHDM........................................... 395 C.Casavola,G.Pappalettera,C.Pappalettere,andF.Tursi 48 Hole-DrillingResidualStressMeasurementwithArtifactCorrectionUsingFull-FieldDIC............... 403 G.S.Schajer,B.Winiarski,andP.J.Withers 49 AnisotropicandPressure-DependentPlasticityModelingforResidualStressPrediction................... 415 MichaelB.Prime 50 SimulationofTriaxialResidualStressMappingforaHollowCylinder...................................... 429 MitchellD.Olson,WilsonWong,andMichaelR.Hill Chapter 1 Correlation of Structural Strain to Tip Vorticity and Lift for a MAV Pliant Membrane Wing TrentonCarpenter,CodyRay,andRobertoAlbertani Abstract Thelastdecadehaswitnessedasurgeofscientificinterestinflightatthemicroairvehicle(MAV)scale.Todate, a MAV utilizing an adaptable, flexible smart wing design has yet to come to fruition. While highly flexible aerodynamic surfaceshaverepeatedlydemonstratedimprovedperformancethroughpassiveadaptation,limitedstructuralandflowstate knowledgepreventstheinclusionofactivecontrolstrategieswhichcouldimproveperformanceofsuchdesigns. Inthiswork,aflexiblemembranewingconstructedoflatexwasconsidered.Thegoalofestimatingliftwasapproached through experimental and theoretical correlation of wing strain state due to flow-induced pressure. Using visual image correlation, elastic deformations, strains and membrane pretensions of the wing were measured in the Oregon State Universitywindtunnel.Inaddition,asix-degree-of-freedomstingbalancewasusedtodetermineaerodynamicloads. Alinearmembranewingformulationwasutilizedtocorrelate thewing’sstructuralstraintoliftandwing-tipvorticity. Results of the forces measured by a sting balance were then compared to those predicted by flow simulation. This work describes experimental results that illustrate the effectiveness of low fidelity models in predicting and estimating useful informationforflexiblewingdesigns. Keywords MAV•Membranewing•Tipvorticity•Loadidentification•Liftestimation•Visualimagecorrelation•Digital imagecorrelation•Windtunneltesting 1.1 Introduction Scientific and engineering interest in small unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) and micro aerial vehicles (MAVs) has increasedsubstantiallyinthelastdecade.Suchcraftareexpectedtobenefitmilitary,law,andsearchandrescueoperations inavarietyofways.However,todate,aMAVutilizinganadaptable,robust,flexiblesmartwingdesignhasyettocometo fruition.Whilestructuralknowledgeofsuchdesignsiswellknownanddescribedinliterature,theproblemsofcontroland estimationofrelevantstatesonboardsuchsmallcraft(withlimitedcomputationalpower)is,asofyet,restrictingtheactual implementationofsuchcraftinthefield. Flexible aerodynamic surfaces have repeatedly demonstrated improved performance through passive adaptation to incident flow and disturbances. This passive behavior and proprioceptive sensing is utilized throughout the natural world by biological fliers such as birds, bats and insects. However, from a control design perspective, such wings present a challengeintraditionalactuationapproaches.Furthermore,limitedstructuralandflowstateknowledgepreventtheinclusion ofactivecontrolstrategieswhichcouldimproveperformanceofsuchdesigns.Inresponsetothesedifficulties,astudyofa flexiblemembranewingconstructedoflatexwasconsidered.Throughexperimentalandtheoreticalcorrelationofwingstrain state due to flow-induced pressure resultants, the goal of estimating lift was approached. Using visual image correlation (VIC), elasticdeformations, strains and membranepretensions ofthe wingwere measured inthe Oregon State University (OSU)windtunnelalongwithtruevaluesforliftanddragobtainedviaasixdegree-of-freedomstingbalance.Alinearpartial differential equation relating pressuredistribution tomembranedeflectionwasused torelateandcorrelate wingstructural straintoliftandwing-tipvorticityviaapproximatingliftresultantandapplyingbasiclinearaerodynamicprinciples. T.Carpenter(*)•C.Ray•R.Albertani SchoolofMechanical,IndustrialandManufacturingEngineering(MIME),OregonStateUniversity,Corvallis,OR,USA e-mail:[email protected] C.E.Venturaetal.(eds.),ExperimentalandAppliedMechanics,Volume4:Proceedingsofthe2012AnnualConference 1 onExperimentalandAppliedMechanics,ConferenceProceedingsoftheSocietyforExperimentalMechanicsSeries34, DOI10.1007/978-1-4614-4226-4_1,#TheSocietyforExperimentalMechanics,Inc.2013