   Experiment and experience in the phototextual projects of Sophie Calle Born in ,Sophie Calle is both a writer and a photographer,and rarely one without the other.This double focus is accommodated in two main forms.The first,and the one that usually appears first,is the installation exhibited in an art gallery or museum,where photos hung at eye level or sometimes simply leaning against a wall are juxtaposed with framed printed texts.But Calle has also found a rewarding outlet in the form of book publications based on the same kind of text–photo juxtaposition – and,given the scope and objectives of this particular volume of essays,it is above all on the published work that I focus here.By virtue of being com- pacted into and redistributed across a sequence of pages,the published work tends all the more strongly to bear out the description of herself that Calle is said to favour: that of ‘narrative artist’(which neatly sidesteps the more frequently bestowed label of ‘conceptual artist’).1 Calle’s work has become renowned for the stimulating and often controversial ways in which it crosses the boundary lines between public and private,detach- ment and involvement,life and art.In crossing such lines,Calle’s work comes to bear a high degree of self-implication,a quality it shares with the work of many other contemporary artists, such as Christian Boltanski, Annette Messager and Orlan.What does it mean to be ‘implicated in’one’s work,as opposed,say,to being ‘expressed by’it? In order to address this question,we first need to set Calle’s work in its historical context: that of the shift from the modernist project of art to a postmodernist art of the project. The term ‘project’may be used to describe the activities providing the raw material of Calle’s installations and published works. A project involves thinking up and then setting up a situation that will be allowed to Johnnie Gratton - 9781526137999 Downloaded from manchesterhive.com at 01/20/2023 12:07:03AM via free access  Transgressions and transformation run its course under certain conditions.The external boundaries of the sit- uation will be defined by preordained limits of time and/or space,while its internal dynamics will be defined by a further set of ground rules or proto- cols.The photographer remains acutely aware of limits,for delimitation accounts for every photograph,being a condition at once imposed (by the rectangular edges of the shot when first taken,edges themselves dictated by the format of the film in the camera) and assumed,changed into something chosen (by framing,trimming,cropping,etc.).In this respect,Calle may well be a postmodernist,but in her work thus far she has remained stead- fastly pre-digital,an artist who likes to play with evidentiality rather than virtuality or computer-manipulated imagery. As something ‘set up’or staged,the project–situation is artificial,a quality reflected in Calle’s use of terms such as rituel (ritual) or pseudo- enquête(pseudo-inquiry)todescribecertainofherprojects.Bythesame token,moreorlessallofherprojectsmayalsobedescribedasexperiments: experimentsrunnotwithaviewtotestinganyparticularhypothesis,but, farlessteleologically,inorderto‘seewhathappens’.ThisItaketobeasud- denlyresonantphraseasappliedtoCalle,givenbothherstatusasaphotog- rapher(‘tosee...’)andherself-definitionasa‘narrative’artist(‘...what happens’).Ishallargueinthischapterthat,forCalle,‘seeingwhathappens’ alwaysincludesseeingwhathappenstoherself,trackingherownexperience asprimedandpromptedbythecontextoftheexperiment.Her‘own’expe- riencehereis,wemightsay,an‘experimentalexperience’,anexperienceof thekindmadeaccessibleinandthroughthepromotionofwhatCeliaLury calls‘experimentalindividualism’.Conceivedasacontemporaryalterna- tivetothenormof‘possessiveindividualism’,thisisamodeinwhichthe individuality,identityorbiographyofthepersoncanbeprostheticallydis- assembled and reassembled using various forms of technological medi- ation.2AsLuryherselfremarks,inacommentthatsoundstailor-madeto evokethecaseofSophieCalle:‘theprostheticbiographyrequiressignifi- cantnewformsofauthorisationand,inthisrespect,theimageiscombin- ingwithnarrativetoproducetechniquesoftheselfinnewways’(p.). Calle’s most compelling projects have typically taken the form of experiments in approaching the other,in ‘entering into the life’of the other, as she herself put it when writing in La Filatureabout the private detective who tailed her around Paris on  April  – a detective she had per- suaded her mother to hire for this purpose as part of another engineered, experimental situation.3The book includes not only her own notes taken over the course of the day as she was being followed,but a copy of the Johnnie Gratton - 9781526137999 Downloaded from manchesterhive.com at 01/20/2023 12:07:03AM via free access Calle’s phototextual projects  detective’s report and reproductions of the photos he had been instructed to take as evidence of his subject’s movements and activities while under surveillance.Thus the auto-portraitis counterpointed by a kind of allo- portrait.Calle’s own notes record how she recurrently found herself won- dering whether the detective felt attracted to her: a show of affect which nods knowingly towards the romanticism of the mass-market photo-roman. Contrary to the scripts and scenarios of the photo-roman,however,there is never any question in La Filatureof wanting actually to meet the man.The experience of feeling a ‘personal’connection with him,to the point where the day in question is described by Calle with hollow poignancy as ‘notre journée’(p.) (our day),is a product of the experiment,an ‘experimen- tal experience’,which,as such,remains tied to the provisional,prosthetic identity of the woman under surveillance,and cannot therefore be trans- ported outside the limits and protocols of the experiment. By constantly making us unsure about the face value of her textual and photographic statements,Calle seems to encourage in those who read and view her work a sense of its own incipient fictionality,even where its most overt claims are documentary or,in photographic terms,indexical.At the same time,however,it continues to sound as though it could still be ‘true’: the effect of truth,whether autobiographical or ethnographic in its generic force,is not cancelled out.We are thus left suspended,uncertain.There are many reasons one could adduce for both the suspicion of fictionality in Calle’s work and the sense of its ultimately uncertainstatus.I would like to suggest here that one of the most pervasive triggers of both responses is the recurrent instance of what I have chosen to call ‘experimental experience’. Experimental experience takes the form of feelings,emotions,reactions, etc.,which are not so much in and of an underlying self as signs announc- ing what Celia Lury,echoing Roland Barthes,calls the ‘advent’,indeed the ‘adventure’,of oneself as other (p.).And this sense of a self coming into view as other,at a remove from what it was,is easily – and often accurately – construed as a process of generating a fictional character out of autobio- graphical material.The principle of uncertainty is restored,however,if, along Barthesian lines,the strategy of ‘experimental experience’is under- stood to offer a more self-protective way of reconstituting the division between public and private.In other words,might this strategy not provide Calle with a technique for fulfilling what was also Barthes’s desire as a writer in La Chambre claire: ‘Je veux énoncer l’intériorité sans livrer l’intimité’ (I want to utter interiority without yielding intimacy)?4 Anotherway of making the same point might be to say that the subject of Johnnie Gratton - 9781526137999 Downloaded from manchesterhive.com at 01/20/2023 12:07:03AM via free access  Transgressions and transformation ‘experimental experience’in La Filature is not in fact the one I referred to earlier as the woman under surveillance,but,more precisely,the woman who knowsshe is under surveillance,the woman with the upper hand.In ethnographic terms,the ‘observer’has merged with the ‘participant’.What I call ‘experimental experience’,therefore,may well involve stepping into a role,but does not escape the self-implication of the one playing that role. And, ultimately, the romantic script which Calle finds herself reading aloud,and which superimposes an image of vulnerability onto that of the woman with the upper hand,must probably be read as something that joins the role to the player,something that is not played out in a purely ironic spirit.More generally,this is one example of the way experimental experi- ence implicates Calle herself as the subject of certain fantasies,indeed as the subject of a certain kind of madness. Since the late s,Calle has explored more open,empathic and col- laborative ways of ‘entering into the life’of the other,notably by using inter- views in order to garner raw material for the textual component of certain projects.Surprisingly,however,this more recent vein was illustrated by only one of the eleven phototextual projects included in ‘Doubles-jeux’,a major exhibition of Calle’s work shown in at the Centre National de la Photographie in Paris. A boxed set of seven books representing the exhibited works,and bearing the same title,was published simultaneously by Actes-Sud.5The exhibition was itself the fruit of a kind of meta-project inspired by the activities of Calle’s fictional double, Maria Turner, the eccentric character from Paul Auster’s novel,Leviathan ().Eight of the component works of the exhibition correspond,as Calle herself puts it, to rituals that Auster ‘borrowed’from her to shape the character of Maria. Calle also used the exhibition as an opportunity to produce two new works based on rituals attributed to Maria for which she herself had not been the direct inspiration.Finally,Calle took this ‘double-play’or ‘double-ploy’ one stage further by inviting Auster to do with her whatever he wished for a period of up to one year,as though she were no longer just a real model for a fictional character,but his own fictional creation.As she explains in the text repeated at the start of each of the seven volumes of the book Doubles-jeux,Auster declined her invitation,preferring instead to send her some ‘personal instructions’for the improvement of life in New York.The resulting project eventually yielded Gotham handbook– the one compo- nent of Doubles-jeuxthat reflects,albeit in a rather jaundiced manner,the new,ethically correct Calle. This,perhaps,is an appropriate point at which to offer a justification Johnnie Gratton - 9781526137999 Downloaded from manchesterhive.com at 01/20/2023 12:07:03AM via free access Calle’s phototextual projects  for the fact that,in a book about women’s writing in French in the s,I should have chosen to devote the remainder of this essay to an analysis of Suite vénitienneand L’Hôtel,two works by Calle first exhibited and pub- lished in the s.I leave aside,for the time being,my contention that,in engaging with the other on a non-collaborative or intrusive basis,Calle’s s projects raise questions that were once more being strongly echoed in the late s.What concerns me here is the question,or questioning, of temporal location.The project documented in La Filaturetook place in  but did not become available as a published document until , when it appeared as a component of the book Doubles-jeux.Somewhat differently,Suite vénitienneand L’Hôtel already existed in bookform and were recycled in Doubles-jeux.There is no doubt,however,that,for many readers and spectators previously unfamiliar with Calle,all components of the exhibition and book had a ‘firstness’– and indeed a sense of late s contemporaneity – about them.Moreover,the ‘doubleness’of Doubles-jeux arises not only through the phototextual interplay of document and fiction, experience and experiment, ‘Sophie Calle’ and ‘Maria Turner’, but through a temporal interplay of past and present.This occurs most obvi- ously at the chronological level,where the inclusion of new work ensures that Doubles-jeuxcannot be pigeon-holed into the comfortable format of the ‘retrospective’.But it can also be seen to occur within individual com- ponents of the work.For example,in the book Doubles-jeux,the ver- sions of both Suite vénitienne and L’Hôtel show changes in textual and photographic content,as well as general layout,when compared with the ‘original’versions.Similar changes can even be noted when one moves from the ‘original’French paperback version of Doubles-jeuxto the larger, more lavishly produced English-language version, Double Game, pub- lished as a single hardback volume.6Different book formats will affect what Calle decides to select from her own archive and how she decides to present that selection, just as the different physical settings offered by different museums and galleries will affect the precise content and layout of her exhibitions.Calle’s enthusiasm for demonstrating the permutability of her previously published or exhibited phototextual sequences indicates clearly that, for her, as for numerous other contemporary artists (and, increasingly,writers),there is no such thing as a definitive,unproblemati- cally date-bound,realisation of a given project. The phototextual projects that yielded Suite vénitienneand L’Hôtel take the form of essentially furtive attempts to engage with the life of a sin- gular or serial other.One insight into this furtiveness is offered by Jean Johnnie Gratton - 9781526137999 Downloaded from manchesterhive.com at 01/20/2023 12:07:03AM via free access  Transgressions and transformation Baudrillard when discussing Suite vénitiennein a interview: ‘Pas de psychologie,mais une façon énigmatique d’entrer dans la vie de l’autre, non pas au sens où vous la violez,mais au sens où vous en êtes le secret’ (No psychology,but an enigmatic way of entering into another’s life,not in the sense that you violate it,but in the sense that you are its secret).7‘Being the other’s secret’is a form of words prompted by Baudrillard’s theory of seduction, but at the same time a euphemism meaning that the other remains unaware of being followed or spied on.The boundary lines separ- ating private from public,and life from art,are variously crossed in most of Calle’s work, but nowhere more dramatically, intrusively and therefore controversially,than in her projects of the early s.These projects are not necessarily motivated by a humanist impulse of ‘being-towards-the- other’,as advocated by a Levinas or a Ricœur,and they are therefore not necessarily set up in any expectation of finally ‘meeting’ the other. Furtiveness is necessitated,if never fully justified,by the idea of entering into the life of another person without their knowledge,obliquely,by indi- rect means.In so doing,Calle also typically lays herself open to the advent of the aleatory within the situation established by her own ground rules. What I have called ‘experimental experience’often results from striking interactions of choice and chance. In turning now to Suite vénitienne andL’Hôtel,my analysis will focus not only on the ‘furtive’nature of Calle’s entry into the life of the other,but on the way she represents the modalities of her own self-implication in each project.I shall also try to highlight how Calle’s propensity for thinking through photography impacts on the experimental and experiential dimensions of either project. Suite vénitienne consists of the photographic and textual record, packaged as an illustrated diary,of two weeks Calle spent in Venice in , first of all hunting down a man she had first met in Paris,and subsequently shadowing him.In so doing,she plays out what Whitney Chadwick calls ‘an elaborate transference of agency,appropriating the “male gaze”and producing the woman,traditionally the object of others’looks in public,as the viewing subject’.8Venice itself,of course,is a charged site,guaranteed to intensify whatever is at stake in the project for Calle herself.By a happy coincidence,carnival time is approaching and masks are very much in evi- dence.In order to conceal her identity from her prey,Calle too has decided to disguise herself for the duration of the project by wearing a blonde wig (she assures us that in reality she is a brunette). The whole artistic and literary mythology of Venice infects Calle from Johnnie Gratton - 9781526137999 Downloaded from manchesterhive.com at 01/20/2023 12:07:03AM via free access Calle’s phototextual projects  the outset,and indeed affects very directly the way she represents her own self-implication in this project. Calle’s more personal comments in her diary are,rather unusually,given prominence and added urgency by being set in italics.One of the first occurrences of such italicised text is also one of the most dramatic: ‘Arrivée place Saint-Marc,je m’assieds contre une colonne.Je regarde.Je me vois aux portes d’un labyrinthe, prête à me perdre dans la ville et dans cette histoire. Soumise’(I arrive at Piazza San Marco and sit against a column.I look around.I see myself at the gates of a labyrinth, ready to get lost in the city and in this story. Submissive).9Calle imagines she is on the threshold of a loss of self,an entering-in and giving-in to the labyrinthine destiny whose parameters are a city and a story.The city and story in which one volunteers to lose oneself,or to advene as other,are thus the site of an unusually intense ‘experimental experience’,a kind of danger zone.Indeed,the reflexive doubling of ‘Je me vois...’(I see myself) briefly distinguishes experimental subject from experiential subject,the overseer from the undergoer,only to confirm at the same time that the two positions are co-referential.Given this image of seeing oneself,and the fact that the figure of self advening as other has its roots in one of Barthes’s comments from La Chambre claireconcerning our reactions to photographs of our- selves,it is clear that Calle’s propensity for thinking throughphotography strongly informs the question of ‘experimental experience’– as both envis- aged and enacted. Still two days before she eventually catches sight of the man called Henri B.,Calle finds herself struggling to keep experimental experience at an appropriate remove,a safe distance: h .Je vais me promener sur la plage du Lido.Je pense à lui et à cette phrase de Proust: ‘Dire que j’ai gâché des années de ma vie, que j’ai voulu mourir et que j’ai eu mon plus grand amour, pour une femme qui ne me plaisait pas, qui n’était pas mon genre.’ Je ne dois pas oublier que je n’éprouve aucun sentiment amoureux pour Henri B. Ces symptômes, l’impatience avec laquelle j’attends sa venue, la peur de cette rencontre, ne m’appartiennent pas en propre.(p.) (:p.m.I take a walk along the beach of the Lido.I think about him and about that sentence of Proust: ‘To think that I’ve wasted years of my life, that I wanted to die and had my greatest love for a woman who gave me no pleasure, who was not my type’. I must not forget that I have no feelings of love toward Henri B. These symptoms – my impatience as I await his arrival, my fears about our meeting – don’t really belong to me.) Johnnie Gratton - 9781526137999 Downloaded from manchesterhive.com at 01/20/2023 12:07:03AM via free access  Transgressions and transformation Her impatience and fear,she tries to persuade herself,are ‘symptoms’that do not belong to her as such.By this,she presumably means that these symptoms are no more than effects produced by the experimental situa- tion,little more than fictional implants.(Curiously,it is of course a fiction, Proust’s Un Amour de Swann,that helps her see this.) By attempting to dis- tance and disavow any feelings of amorous involvement with Henri B.,the subject perhaps forgets that the experiencer is co-referential with the experimenter,and that co-reference implies both discontinuity and conti- nuity.Baudrillard has argued tirelessly that Calle’s work,as exemplified in the case of Suite vénitienne,has left psychology behind,abandoning the ‘degraded’alterity of inter-subjective encounters and altercations in favour of something called ‘pure’alterity (p.).It is no accident that Baudrillard hardly ever discusses the work as a concrete realisation.By contrast,what interests me is precisely the trace,at certain crux moments,of something like ‘psychology’in Calle’s efforts to manage the notion of experimental experience.Paradoxically,this trace is nowhere more evident than in her very efforts to escape ‘psychology’.Psychology,or inter-subjectivity,deter- mines here that,both before and during the time she first glimpses Henri B.,both before and during the time he identifies and confronts her in a Venice street,the story launched by the experimental project is,as Calle writes in the penultimate sentence of the diary framing the photographs of Suite vénitienne,‘notre histoire’(p.) (our story).Irony swarms around this phrase,but never quite manages to sting it to death,even when we learn through the good offices of Baudrillard writing some fourteen years after the event that,due to legal objections lodged on behalf of the filmmaker Henri B.,Calle was in fact obliged before publishing or exhibiting her work to return to the scene of her potential crime and restage all her photos fea- turing Henri B.and his female companion,but now with two stand-ins (p. ).To be privy to such information is to appreciate that the temporal staggering of Calle’s work from its initial completion as project to its even- tual,multiple and frequently remixed realisations in exhibited and pub- lished form can be more complex than at first appears to be the case. What does effectively cancel out the story qua‘our’story is the deci- sion to discontinue the experiment.‘Our’story will have no future beyond the limits of the project,outside the space of disguise,carnival and laby- rinth,which proved so conducive to the cultivation of experimental expe- rience.Such,it seems to me,is the import of Calle’s parting words in Suite vénitienne: ‘Je le photographie une dernière fois alors qu’il franchit l’en- ceinte de la gare.Je n’irai pas plus loin.Il s’éloigne,je le perds de vue.Après Johnnie Gratton - 9781526137999 Downloaded from manchesterhive.com at 01/20/2023 12:07:03AM via free access Calle’s phototextual projects  ces treize jours passés avec lui, notre histoire s’achève.h .Je cesse de suivre Henri B.’ (p. ) (I photograph him one last time as he passes through the station gate.I shall go no further.He walks away,I lose sight of him.After these last thirteen days with him, our story comes to an end.: a.m.I stop following Henri B.). First published as a book in ,L’Hôtelis the phototextual record of a project undertaken by Calle,again in Venice,and once more around carnival time,between February and March .This book too,moreover, is presented in the form of an illustrated diary.And yet another common feature with other works of the early s is that L’Hôtelopens with a brief outline of the nature of the project behind the book.Here,Calle explains how,in February ,she finally managed to find a temporary three-week job as a chambermaid in the ‘Hotel C.’.Having been entrusted with twelve rooms on the fourth floor,she then tells us how she proceeded to examine the ‘personal effects’(in context,a very resonant phrase) of the occupants of those rooms,furtively observing in a detailed way ‘des vies qui me restai- ent étrangères’(lives that remained foreign to me).10 The precise details anticipate a key quality of the diary,for it is written not only day by day,but room by room.In ascribing sequences of days to each room visited within the delimited experimental field of three weeks and twelve rooms,Calle invites us to perceive the structure of both the book and the project in terms of a grid.As for the accessibility of the rooms in question,what better way to gain indirect entry into the lives of others than to get oneself hired as a hotel chambermaid? These others will be available to Calle only through their ‘personal effects’and through a variety of ‘signs’left behind in their rooms.Present effects,absent causes; signs unaccompanied,and in a sense unburdened,by the makers or leavers of those signs.Hence the delicate balance of intimacy and distance in the assertion of having observed in detail ‘lives that remained foreign to me’.Hence also,perhaps,our uncer- tainty as to whether,for Calle,this enduring strangeness represents a frus- tration or a kind of ideal. Just how Calle carried out her inquiry is something we only discover as we read on.Each day,we soon learn,she concealed a camera and a tape recorder in her bucket,smuggling these into the various rooms she was due to clean.This is how she came to take the photos and compile the often detailed on-the-spot observations that would merge into the form of an illustrated diary.The diary reveals how Calle not only observed what was on display,but searched in drawers and rummaged through suitcases,fre- quently removing articles and spreading them on the floor or bed in order Johnnie Gratton - 9781526137999 Downloaded from manchesterhive.com at 01/20/2023 12:07:03AM via free access  Transgressions and transformation to photograph them as if they constituted some kind of forensic evidence. She delves into diaries,letters,passports and other identity papers,often recording whole pages verbatimfor later transcription into her own diary and eventual exhibition and publication. Another group of signs that catches her eye,and her lens,is that made up of crumpled bedsheets,items of clothing strewn across chairs or hung in wardrobes,and shoes.What these signs have in common for Calle is suggested when, on her last working day at the hotel,she reflects on the sight of a dented pillow.Before viewing the pillow symbolically as ‘un signe d’adieu’(a sign of farwell),she sees in it ‘l’empreinte arrondie d’une présence’ (p. ) (the rounded imprint of a presence).In other words,she reads it semiotically as an index, a sign whose relationship with its object is one of causal,sequential or spatial contiguity.Indexicality,of course,has long been recognised and the- orised as the most fundamental sign-quality of the photograph insofar as the camera mechanically registers a configured influx of light reflected by the objects placed before it.The pillow,like the bedsheets,and to a lesser extent like the shoes and items of clothing Calle constantly snaps,is a body- graph.The body-graph provides another example of Calle not just taking photos,but thinking photographically. How applicable is the notion of ‘experimental experience’to the case of L’Hôtel? Calle is obviously once more disguised,and,to the extent that the employee to whom she hands over her responsibilities is described in the text as a ‘vraie femme de chambre’(p.) (real chambermaid),she admits to having herself been a falsechambermaid.But does her experi- ence within this experiment draw upon that of a chambermaid? Here,it would seem,the role of chambermaid is basically a pretext,a cover: it’s the only way to get into the rooms in the first place.Calle does occasionally advene as other,the most notable example being when,having received a ‘nice smile’ from a man in the corridor outside Room  (one of ‘her’ rooms),she records her reaction as follows: ‘Fabrice en personne? Pour la première fois,j’imagine durant quelques secondes un client se penchant sur mon sort de femme de chambre et me proposant de tout lâcher,de partir avec lui.A Paris peut-être...’(p.) (Fabrice in the flesh? For the first time,I briefly imagine a patron taking an interest in my plight as a chambermaid and inviting me to drop everything and go away with him. Maybe to Paris...).Here,a very conventional romantic script involving knight on horseback and damsel in distress has implanted itself in the subject aschambermaid.In most other respects,the experiential dimen- sion seems to build on the opportunity that being a chambermaid has Johnnie Gratton - 9781526137999 Downloaded from manchesterhive.com at 01/20/2023 12:07:03AM via free access