Exile Memories and the Dutch Revolt Studies in Medieval and Reformation Traditions Edited by Andrew Colin Gow (Edmonton, Alberta) In cooperation with Sylvia Brown (Edmonton, Alberta) Falk Eisermann (Berlin) Berndt Hamm (Erlangen) Johannes Heil (Heidelberg) Susan C. Karant-Nunn (Tucson, Arizona) Martin Kaufhold (Augsburg) Erik Kwakkel (Leiden) Jürgen Miethke (Heidelberg) Christopher Ocker (San Anselmo and Berkeley, California) Founding Editor Heiko A. Oberman † Volume 199 The titles published in this series are listed at brill.com/smrt Exile Memories and the Dutch Revolt The Narrated Diaspora, 1550–1750 By Johannes Müller LEIDEN | BOSTON Cover illustration: Pieter Jalhea Furnius, The Calling of Abraham. The Letter to the Hebrews, Chapter 11: Faith of the Ancients. Period: 1550–1625. Courtesy Rijksmuseum Amsterdam (public domain). The Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available online at http://catalog.loc.gov LC record available at http://lccn.loc.gov/2016005312 Want or need Open Access? Brill Open offers you the choice to make your research freely accessible online in exchange for a publication charge. Review your various options on brill.com/brill-open. Typeface for the Latin, Greek, and Cyrillic scripts: “Brill”. See and download: brill.com/brill-typeface. issn 1573-4188 isbn 978-90-04-31166-4 (hardback) isbn 978-90-04-31591-4 (e-book) Copyright 2016 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Brill Hes & De Graaf, Brill Nijhoff, Brill Rodopi and Hotei Publishing. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Koninklijke Brill NV provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. Fees are subject to change. This book is printed on acid-free paper and produced in a sustainable manner. A Syrian ready to perish was my father . . .  Deuteronomy 26:5 . . . When you look at the world is there a point in time when the seen becomes the remembered? How are they separate? It is that which we have no way to show. It is that which is missing from our map and from the picture that it makes. And yet it is all we have. Cormac McCarthy, Cities of the Plain ∵ Contents Acknowledgements ix List of Illustrations x Introduction 1 The Revelation of the Past 1 Memories and the Continuation of the Diaspora 9 Migration and Memory 13 Transmigration and Its Multiple Ties 16 Diasporic Imagination and Patriotic Discourse 22 Exile Memories and Their Changing Meanings 25 1 Imagining the Diaspora 27 The Formation of Diaspora Narratives 27 In Defense of the Diaspora 28 ‘Exile Theology’ and Confessional Identity 32 Making Sense of Exile 37 Punishing the Wicked—Chastising the Elect 41 Exile and Persecution as the Marks of God’s True Children 46 Exile as God’s Command 49 At Home in the Diaspora 54 2 Recapturing the patria 59 Memory and the Anticipation of the Future 59 ‘Hot’ and ‘Cold’ Memory 64 Keeping the Past Alive 66 Exile and the Reclaiming of the Homeland 69 ‘Memoria Magistra Vita’ 74 Remapping the Netherlands 78 3 Strangers, Burghers, Patriots 84 Re-imagining Southern Netherlandish Identity in the Exile Towns 84 The Social and Political Position of Southern Migrants in the Dutch Republic 86 Leiden and Haarlem as Exile Towns 89 Haarlem and the Memory of the London Martyrs 92 Remembering Flemish Radicalism 95 viii contents Rich or Poor Immigrants? 98 Memory as ‘A Salutary Warning’ 101 Managing Counter-Memory 107 Disseminating Inclusive Exile Identities 110 Inscribing Migrant Memories into the Local Memory Canon 116 Fragmentary Discourses 122 4 The Reinvention of Family History 124 Family Memories and the Change of Generations 124 Family Memories between the Diaspora and Host Societies 127 Reinventing Family History 129 The Geographical Re-Imagination of the Family Past 138 Permeable Memories 144 5 Ancient Landmarks of the Fathers: Maintaining Old Networks 147 In Pursuit of a Fleeing Horseman 147 At Home, Here and Abroad 150 Maintaining Ties 159 The Stranger Churches and the Continuation of Diasporic Networks 161 Southern Institutions in the Dutch Republic 169 6 Godly Wanderers: Exile Memories and New Cultures of Religious Exclusivism 172 Pilgrims behind the Fiery Column 172 Puritanism and the Fashioning of Transnational Identities 176 London: Cultivating the Model Church 180 Frankfurt: Trans-Confessional Pietism and Diasporic Networks 186 Building the New Jerusalem—Frankfurt and the ‘Holy Experiment’ 193 ‘The Trying Fires of Persecution’ 197 Conclusion: Permeable Memories 202 Bibliography 213 List of Archival Sources 213 List of Printed Sources 216 Secondary Literature 222 Index 240 Acknowledgements This monograph is a revised edition of my doctoral dissertation. It was funded by the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research as part of the research project ‘Tales of the Revolt. Memory, Oblivion and Identity in the Low Countries. 1566–1700’ led by Judith Pollmann. I would like to thank Judith Pollmann for her supervision, her feedback and her willingness to share her knowledge and sources with me. I would also like to thank the other project members, Erika Kuijpers, Marianne Eekhout and Jasper van der Steen for commenting on my research ideas and earlier drafts of this book. This study has benefitted from the comments and suggestions of many colleagues at the Leiden University Institute of History and other universities. In particular, I would like to thank Geert Janssen, Jesse Spohnholz, Philip Benedict, Leo Lucassen, Raingard Esser, Mark Greengrass, Margriet van Eikema Hommes, Alexander Schunka, Elmer Kolfin, Almut Pollmer, Guido Marnef, Jesse Sadler, Andreas Pietsch, Nicolette Mout and Jan Wim Buisman. I am grateful to Ivo Romein, the editorial board of Studies in Medieval and Reformation Traditions and the anonymous review- ers who commented on the manuscript. I would also like to thank copy-editors Kate Delaney and Monica Macfadzean who helped improve this book sub- stantially. Finally, I would like to thank my parents and Matthanja for all their support. List of Illustrations 1 Hans Bol, Abraham op weg naar Kanaän, Rijksmuseum Amsterdam 53 2 Maarten de Vos, Mozes toont de tafelen der Wet, Catharijneconvent Utrecht (Item on loan from Mauritshuis, The Hague) 57 3 A nonymous, Mislukte aanslag op Antwerpen, 1605, Rijksmuseum Amsterdam 67 4 Gable stone on the Beestenmarkt in Leiden: De Verspieders (photograph by Herman Souer) 116 5 Ferdinand Bol, Aeneas ontvangt een nieuwe wapenuitrusting uit handen van Venus in de werkplaats van Vulcanus, Rijksmuseum Amsterdam 136 6 The ‘Colonne Panhaus’, Nationaal Archief Den Haag, 1.10.64, inv.nr. 8 (photograph by the author) 142 7 Tazza of the Courten family, Rijksmuseum Amsterdam 153