EXERGY, ENERGY SYSTEM ANALYSIS AND OPTIMIZATION Exergy and Thermodynamic Analysis Editor: Christos A. Frangopoulos Eolss Publishers Co. Ltd., Oxford, United Kingdom Copyright © 2009 EOLSS Publishers/ UNESCO Information on this title: www.eolss.net/eBooks ISBN- 978-1-84826-164-8 (e-Book Adobe Reader) ISBN- 978-1-84826-614-8 (Print (Full Color Edition)) The choice and the presentation of the facts contained in this publication and the opinions expressed therein are not necessarily those of UNESCO and do not commit the Organization. The designations employed and the presentation of material throughout this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of UNESCO concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city, or area, or of its authorities, or the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries, This information, ideas, and opinions presented in this publication are those of the Authors and do not represent those of UNESCO and Eolss Publishers. Whilst the information in this publication is believed to be true and accurate at the time of publication, neither UNESCO nor Eolss Publishers can accept any legal responsibility or liability to any person or entity with respect to any loss or damage arising from the information contained in this publication. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage or retrieval system, without prior permission in writing from Eolss Publishers or UNESCO. The above notice should not infringe on a 'fair use' of any copyrighted material as provided for in section 107 of the US Copyright Law, for the sake of making such material available in our efforts to advance understanding of environmental, political, human rights, economic, democracy, scientific, and social justice issues, etc. If you wish to use copyrighted material from this e-book for purposes of your own that go beyond 'fair use', you must obtain permission from the EOLSS Publishers. Every effort has been made to trace and credit all the copyright holders, but if any have been inadvertently overlooked, UNESCO and Eolss Publishers will be pleased to make the necessary arrangements at the first opportunity. British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record of this publication is available from the BritishLibrary. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A catalog record of this publication is available from the library of Congress Singapore EXERGY, ENERGY SYSTEM ANALYSIS AND OPTIMIZATION This volume is part of the set: Exergy, Energy System Analysis and Optimization Volume I ISBN- 978-1-84826-164-8 (e-Book Adobe Reader) ISBN- 978-1-84826-614-8 (Print (Full Color Edition)) 1 Exergy and Thermodynamic Analysis 1.1 Basic Exergy Concepts 1.2 Exergy Balance and Exergetic Efficiency 1.3 Exergetic Analysis of Simple Processes 1.4 Strengths and Limitations of Exergy Analysis 1.5 Energetic and Exergetic Analysis of Complex Systems 1.6 Graphical Exergy Analysis 1.7 Pinch Analysis 1.8 Process Integration and Improvement Exergy, Energy System Analysis and Optimization Volume II ISBN- 978-1-84826-165-5 (e-Book Adobe Reader) ISBN- 978-1-84826-615-5 (Print (Full Color Edition)) 2. Thermoeconomic Analysis 2.1 The Thermodynamic Process of Cost Formation 2.2 Symbolic Thermoeconomic Analysis of Energy Systems 2.3 Structural Theory of Thermoeconomics 2.4 Functional Analysis 2.5 Cost Modeling of Energy Conversion Devices for Optimal Efficiencies 2.6 Application of Thermoeconomics to Operation Diagnosis of Energy Plants 2.7 Application of Thermoeconomics to the Design and Synthesis of Energy Plants: Approach I 2.8 Application of Thermoeconomics to the Design and Synthesis of Energy Plants: Approach II 3. Modeling, Simulation and Optimization in Energy Systems 3.1 Modeling and Simulation Methods 3.2 Design and Off-Design Simulation of Complex Energy Systems 3.3 Optimization Methods for Energy Systems 3.4 Operation Optimization of Energy Systems 3.5 Design and Synthesis Optimization of Energy Systems 3.6 Design Optimization of Power and Cogeneration Systems 3.7 Electric Network Optimization 3.8 District Heating Network Optimization 3.9 Petroleum Pipeline Network Optimization Exergy, Energy System Analysis and Optimization Volume III ISBN- 978-1-84826-166-2 (e-Book Adobe Reader) ISBN- 978-1-84826-616-2 (Print (Full Color Edition)) 4. Artificial Intelligence and Expert Systems in Energy Systems Analysis 4.1 AI and Energy Systems: Scope and Definitions 4.2 Expert Systems and Knowledge Acquisition 4.3 Present Applications of Artificial Intelligebce to Energy Systems 4.4 AI in Component Design 4.5 AI in Process Design 5. Sustainability Considerations in the Modeling of Energy Systems 5.1 Life-Cycle, Environmental and Social Considerations – Sustainability 5.2 Static and Dynamic Pollution and Resource related Indices 5.3 Analysis and Optimization of Energy Systems with Sustainability Considerations 5.4 Global Implications of the Second Law of Thermodynamics 5.5 National Exergy Accounting of Natural Resources 5.6 Global Exergy Accounting of Natural Resources The above set is part of the Component Encyclopedia of ENERGY SCIENCES, ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY RESOURCES, in the global Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS), which is an integrated compendium of the following Component Encyclopedias: 1. EARTH AND ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES 2. MATHEMATICAL SCIENCES 3. BIOLOGICAL, PHYSIOLOGICAL AND HEALTH SCIENCES 4. SOCIAL SCIENCES AND HUMANITIES 5. PHYSICAL SCIENCES, ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY RESOURCES 6. CHEMICAL SCIENCES ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY RESOURCES 7. WATER SCIENCES, ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY RESOURCES 8. ENERGY SCIENCES, ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY RESOURCES 9. ENVIRONMENTAL AND ECOLOGICAL SCIENCES, ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY RESOURCES 10. FOOD AND AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES, ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY RESOURCES 11. HUMAN RESOURCES POLICY, DEVELOPMENT AND MANAGEMENT 12. NATURAL RESOURCES POLICY AND MANAGEMENT 13. DEVELOPMENT AND ECONOMIC SCIENCES 14. INSTITUTIONAL AND INFRASTRUCTURAL RESOURCES 15. TECHNOLOGY, INFORMATION AND SYSTEM MANAGEMENT RESOURCES 16. AREA STUDIES (REGIONAL SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT REVIEWS) 17. BIOTECHNOLOGY 18. CONTROL SYSTEMS, ROBOTICS AND AUTOMATION 19. LAND USE, LAND COVER AND SOIL SCIENCES 20. TROPICAL BIOLOGY AND CONSERVATION MANAGEMENT EXERGY, ENERGY SYSTEM ANALYSIS AND OPTIMIZATION CONTENTS Preface xix VOLUME I Exergy, Energy System Analysis and Optimization 1 Christos A. Frangopoulos, National Technical University of Athens (NTUA), Greece 1. Introduction 2. Historical Evolution of Exergy Analysis 2.1. The Early Years (1824 - 1900) 2.2. The Period of Development (1930 - 1980) 2.3. The Concepts of Exergy and Irreversibility 3. Thermoeconomics in the Design and Operation of Energy Systems 4. Optimization in Energy Systems 4.1. Definition of Optimization 4.2. The Need for Optimization 4.3. A Brief Historical Overview 4.3.1. Development of Optimization Techniques 4.3.2. Introduction of Optimization to Energy Systems 4.4. Formulation of the Optimization Problem 4.4.1. Mathematical Statement of the Optimization Problem 4.4.2. Objective Functions 4.4.3. Independent Variables 4.4.4. Equality and Inequality Constraints 4.5. Levels of Optimization of Energy Systems 4.6. Methods for Solution of the Optimization Problem 5. Application of Artificial Intelligence and Expert Systems in Energy Systems Design 5.1. Design, Knowledge, and Artificial Intelligence 5.2. Definition of Artificial Intelligence 5.3. Expert Systems 6. Energy Systems and Sustainability 6.1. The General Social Framework 6.2. Sustainability Considerations in Energy Systems Analysis 6.3. Global Implications of the Second Law of Thermodynamics 7. Future Work Exergy and Thermodynamic Analysis 34 George Tsatsaronis, Technische Universität Berlin, Germany Frank Cziesla, Technische Universität Berlin, Germany 1. Introduction 2. Exergy 3. Performance Evaluation with the Aid of Exergetic Variables 3.1. Exergy Destruction 3.2. Exergy Loss 3.3. Exergetic Efficiency 3.4. Exergy Destruction Ratio and Exergy Loss Ratio 4. Comprehensive Thermodynamic Analysis 5. Conclusion Basic Exergy Concepts 46 George Tsatsaronis, Institute for Energy Engineering, Technische Universität Berlin, Germany ©Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS) i EXERGY, ENERGY SYSTEM ANALYSIS AND OPTIMIZATION Frank Cziesla, Institute for Energy Engineering, Technische Universität Berlin, Germany 1. Energy and Exergy 2. Reference Environment and Exergy Components 3. Reference States and Chemical Exergy 4. Calculation of Chemical Exergy Values Exergy Balance and Exergetic Efficiency 60 George Tsatsaronis, Institute for Energy Engineering, Technische Universität Berlin, Germany Frank Cziesla, Institute for Energy Engineering, Technische Universität Berlin, Germany 1. Exergy Balance and Exergy Destruction 1.1. Closed System Exergy Balance 1.2. Control Volume Exergy Balance 1.3. Thermodynamic Inefficiencies 1.3.1. Exergy Destruction Associated With Heat Transfer 1.3.2. Exergy Destruction Associated With Friction 1.3.3. Avoidable and Unavoidable Exergy Destruction 1.3.4. Endogenous and Exogenous Exergy Destruction 1.4. Guidelines for improving the Use of Energy Resources 2. Exergetic Variables 2.1. Exergetic Efficiency 2.2. Exergy Destruction and Exergy Loss 2.3. Exergy Destruction Ratio Exergy Analysis of Simple Processes 79 George Tsatsaronis, Institute for Energy Engineering, Technische Universität Berlin, Germany Frank Cziesla, Institute for Energy Engineering, Technische Universität Berlin, Germany 1. Thermodynamic Analysis of Single System Components 1.1. Chemical Reactors 1.1.1. Combustion Chamber 1.1.2. Gasifier 1.1.3. Steam Reformer 1.2. Heat Exchangers 1.3. Turbomachines 1.3.1. Compressor, Pump, or Fan 1.3.2. Turbine (Expander) 1.4. Dissipative Components 1.5. Evaluation 2. Thermodynamic Analysis of Simple Processes 2.1. Steam Generator 2.2. Simple Cogeneration System Strengths and Limitations of Exergy Analysis 108 George Tsatsaronis, Institute for Energy Engineering, Technische Universität Berlin, Germany Frank Cziesla, Institute for Energy Engineering, Technische Universität Berlin, Germany 1. Introduction 2. Evaluation 2.1. Exergetic variables 2.2. Interpretation of the results of an exergy analysis 3. Optimization 4. Process development 5. Conclusions ©Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS) ii EXERGY, ENERGY SYSTEM ANALYSIS AND OPTIMIZATION Energetic and Exergetic Analysis of Complex Systems 121 George Tsatsaronis, Institute for Energy Engineering, Technische Universität Berlin, Germany Frank Cziesla, Institute for Energy Engineering, Technische Universität Berlin, Germany 1. Introduction 2. Steam Power Plant 2.1. Process Description 2.2. Energy Analysis 2.3. Exergy Analysis 2.4. Discussion and Conclusions 3. Combined-Cycle Power Plant 3.1. Process Description 3.2. Energy Analysis 3.3. Exergy Analysis 3.4. Discussion and Conclusions 4. Externally-Fired Combined-Cycle Power Plant 4.1. Process description 4.2. Exergy Analysis 4.3. Results and Discussion 5. Conclusions Graphic Exergy Analysis 147 Masaru Ishida, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan 1. Introduction 2. A New Approach to Thermodynamics 2.1. The Hierarchical Nature of Thermodynamics 2.2. Three Kinds of Thermodynamics 2.3. Thermodynamics of a Substance 2.4. Thermodynamics of a Process 2.5. Thermodynamics of a System 2.6. Characteristic Features of Intermediary Energy 3. Graphic Applications of Thermodynamic Compass 3.1. Introduction to Thermodynamic Compass 3.2. Classification of Processes on the Compass 3.3. Representation of Exergy Loss on Thermodynamic Compass 3.4. Application to Thermodynamics of Processes 4. Application of an Energy-Utilization Diagram (EUD) 4.1. Model System 4.2. The Second Law and Exergy Loss Analysis 4.3. The Second Law and Energy-Loss Analysis from the Viewpoint of the Energy-Utilization Diagram 4.4. Presentation of the Whole System 5. Conclusions Pinch Analysis 166 Francois Marechal, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Switzerland 1. Introduction 2. Energy-Capital Trade-off for Heat Recovery by a Heat Exchanger 3. Defining the Minimum Energy Requirement of a Process 3.1. The Composite Curves 3.2. The Pinch Point 3.3. The Heat Cascade 3.4. The Problem Table Method 3.5. The Grand Composite Curve ©Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS) iii EXERGY, ENERGY SYSTEM ANALYSIS AND OPTIMIZATION 4. Consequences of the Pinch Point Location 4.1. Heat Sink and Heat Source 4.2. The More In, The More Out 4.3. Penalizing Heat Exchangers 4.3.1. Exchangers using Hot Utility below the Pinch Point 4.3.2. Exchangers using Cold Utility above the Pinch Point 4.3.3. Exchangers that do exchange heat across the pinch point 5. Utility Integration 6. Targeting the Investment 6.1. The Minimum Number of Connections Target 6.2. Total Area Target 6.3. Capital Cost Estimation 6.4. Optimal T Value min 6.5. Physical Meaning of the T min 7. Summary of the Targeting Method 8. Heat Exchanger Network (HEN) Design 8.1. Representing a Heat Exchanger Network 8.2. The HEN Design Target 9. The Pinch Design Method 9.1. Feasibility Rules 9.1.1. Number of Streams Rule 9.1.2. The c Rule p 9.2. Heuristic Rules 9.2.1. Tick-off Rule 9.2.2. Remaining Problem Analysis 9.2.3. Driving Force Plot and Splitting Factors 9.2.4. Other Heuristics 9.2.5. A Synthesis Method 10. Mathematical Programming Approach 10.1.Heat Load Distribution 11. Optimizing the Heat Exchanger Network Design 11.1.Loops and Path for Reducing the Number of Heat Exchangers 11.2.Using Mixed Integer Non Linear Programming Methods 12. Final Remarks Concerning the Heat Exchanger Network Design Process Integration and Improvement 198 Francois Marechal, Industrial Energy Systems Laboratory, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland 1. Introduction 2. Pinch Analysis and Process Improvement 3. Integration of Heat Pumps 3.1. Mechanical Compression Cycle Heat Pumps 3.2. Other Types of Heat Pumps 4. Utility Integration 4.1. Using the Grand Composite Curve 4.2. Combining Pinch Analysis and Exergy Concepts 5. Methodology for Designing Integrated Utility Systems 6. Using the Exergy Depletion as the Objective Function 7. Representing the Integration of the Utility System 8. Final Remarks Concerning the Process Optimization and the Utility System Integration Index 229 About EOLSS 233 ©Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS) iv