97818_fm.qxd 8/19/09 4:50 PM Page ii 97818_fm.qxd 8/19/09 4:50 PM Page i EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY Nutrition, Energy, and Human Performance Seventh Edition 97818_fm.qxd 8/19/09 4:50 PM Page ii 97818_fm.qxd 8/19/09 4:50 PM Page iii EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY Nutrition, Energy, and Human Performance Seventh Edition William D. McArdle Professor Emeritus, Department of Family, Nutrition, and Exercise Science Queens College of the City University of New York Flushing, New York Frank I. Katch International Research Scholar Faculty of Health and Sport, Agder University College Kristiansand, Norway Instructor and Board Member Certificate Program in Fitness Instruction UCLA Extension, Los Angeles, California Former Professor and Chair of Exercise Science University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts Victor L. Katch Professor, Department of Movement Science Division of Kinesiology Associate Professor, Pediatrics School of Medicine University of Michigan Ann Arbor, Michigan 97818_fm.qxd 8/19/09 4:50 PM Page iv Acquisitions Editor:Emily Lupash Product Manager:Andrea M. Klingler Marketing Manager:Christen Murphy Production Editor:Paula C. Williams Vendor Manager:Kevin Johnson Design Coordinator:Stephen Druding Compositor:Macmillan Publishing Solutions Seventh Edition Copyright ©2010, 2007, 2001, 1996, 1991, 1986, 1981 by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, a Wolters Kluwer business. 351 West Camden Street 530 Walnut Street Baltimore, MD 21201 Philadelphia, PA 19106 Printed in China Unless otherwise indicated, all photographs are Copyright ©2008 by Fitness Technologies, Inc., Frank I. Katch, and Victor L. Katch, 5043 Via Lara Lane, Santa Barbara, CA 93111. This material is protected by copyright. No photo- graph may be reproduced in any form or by any means without permission from the copyright holders. Appendices B and C Copyright © 2008 by Frank I. Katch, Victor L. Katch, William D. McArdle, and Fitness Technologies, Inc., 5043 Via Lara Lane, Santa Barbara, CA 93111. No part of this appendix may be reproduced in any manner or by any means without written permission from the copyright holders. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, including as photocopies or scanned-in or other electronic copies, or utilized by any information storage and retrieval system without written permission from the copyright owner, except for brief quotations embodied in critical articles and reviews. Materials appearing in this book prepared by individuals as part of their official duties as U.S. government employees are not covered by the above-mentioned copyright. To request permission, please contact Lippincott Williams & Wilkins at 530 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19106, via email at [email protected], or via website at lww.com (products and services). 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data McArdle, William D. Exercise physiology : nutrition, energy, and human performance / William D. McArdle, Frank I. Katch, Victor L. Katch. — 7th ed. p. ; cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-7817-9781-8 (alk. paper) 1. Exercise—Physiological aspects. I. Katch, Frank I. II. Katch, Victor L. III. Title. [DNLM: 1. Exercise—physiology. 2. Nutritional Physiological Phenomena. 3. Sports Medicine. QT 260 M478e 2010] QP301.M375 2010 612'.044—dc22 2009029341 DISCLAIMER Care has been taken to confirm the accuracy of the information present and to describe generally accepted practices. 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Visit Lippincott Williams & Wilkins on the Internet: http://www.lww.com.Lippincott Williams & Wilkins customer service representatives are available from 8:30 am to 6:00 pm, EST. 97818_fm.qxd 8/19/09 4:50 PM Page v To my wife Kathleen, my best friend and biggest supporter, and to the rest of the “A team”: my children, Theresa, Amy, Kevin, and Jennifer; their spouses, Christian, Jeff, Nicole, and Andy; and my grandchildren, Liam, Aidan, Quinn, Dylan, Kelly Rose, Owen, Henry, Kathleen (Kate), Grace, Elizabeth, Claire, and Elise. Bill McArdle To my wife and life partner, Kerry, for four decades of love and support; to my two sons, David and Kevin, for achieving the honorable in their business and personal lives; to my daughter, Ellen, for current and future years of dedicated service as a pediatrician; and to her new husband, Sean. Frank Katch To those most important in my life: Heather, Erika, Leslie, and the J-man. I’m a lucky man. Victor Katch 97818_fm.qxd 8/19/09 4:50 PM Page vi 97818_fm.qxd 8/19/09 4:50 PM Page vii PREFACE As in the publication of the first edition of Exercise Introduction: A View of the Past. The text’s introduction, Physiology: Nutrition, Energy, and Human Performance in “Exercise Physiology: Roots and Historical Perspectives,” re- 1981, this seventh edition reflects our continued commitment flects our interest and respect for the earliest underpinnings of to integrate the concepts and science of the different disci- the field, and the direct and indirect contributions of the men plines that contribute to a more comprehensive understanding and women physicians/scientists who contributed to the field. and appreciation of modern-day exercise physiology. Consistent with previous editions, we believe firmly that the In a Practical Sense. This element in every chapter high- content domain of exercise physiology must be predicated on lights practical applications that include: the logical and natural flow of basic knowledge concerning • Lowering high blood pressure with dietary nutrient-energy intake, nutrient-energy metabolism, and sys- intervention: the DASH diet tems physiology as related to submaximal and maximal • Leveraging nutrition to prevent chronic athletic fatigue human movement. Current concepts of energy balance inti- · • Predicting VO during pregnancy from mately link the role of physical inactivity to the “creeping 2max submaximal exercise heart rate and oxygen obesity” epidemic that continues to afflict the world’s popula- consumption tion. We are encouraged that the medical establishment and • Predicting energy expenditure during treadmill governmental agencies have finally acknowledged regular walking and running physical activity as an important weapon in the armamentar- • Determining anaerobic power and capacity: the ium for prevention and rehabilitation of diverse disease states, Wingate cycle ergometer test including obesity. • Predicting pulmonary function variables in males and We are gratified with the small part we have played in females the education of more than 350,000 undergraduate and gradu- • Measuring lactate threshold ate students who have used this text since the publication of • Blood pressure measurement, classifications, and the first edition in 1981. A source of great pride for us is that recommended follow-up some of the first students enrolled in our own classes that • Placing electrodes of bipolar and 12-lead ECG used this text have gone on to earn advanced degrees in the recordings same or similar fields. This tradition of textbook adoption has • Diabetes, hypoglycemia, and exercise now been passed down to their students, many of whom com- • Protecting the lower back prise the next generation of aspiring teachers, exercise spe- • Assessing heat quality of the environment: how hot is cialists, and researchers. In fact, one of us (VK) has had the too hot? opportunity on three different occasions to teach students whose parents were former students. We are forever grateful Focus on Research. Each chapter’s Focus on Research fea- to our former teachers and mentors for igniting a spark that tures a key research article from a renowned scientist. These has not diminished. We hope you will become as excited as well-designed studies illustrate how “theory comes to life” we first were (and continue to be) in the science of exercise through research. physiology and human performance. Integrative Questions. Another element in each chapter, ORGANIZATION “Integrative Questions,” poses open-ended questions to encourage students to consider complex concepts without a This seventh edition maintains the same seven-section struc- single “correct” answer. ture as previous editions, including an introductory section about the origins of exercise physiology and a concluding Expanded Art Program. The full-color art program contin- “On the Horizons” section that deals with a maturing effort in ues to be an important feature of the textbook. New figures exercise physiology to incorporate molecular biology to have been added to enhance the new and updated content. human performance and the many interrelated aspects of health and disease. Up-Close and Personal Interviews. The text features nine contemporary scientists whose important research contribu- tions and visionary leadership continue the tradition of the FEATURES scientists of prior generations—Steven Blair, Frank Booth, Many features throughout the text are included to engage the Claude Bouchard, David Costill, Barbara Drinkwater, John student and facilitate learning. These include the following: Holloszy, Loring Rowell, Bengt Saltin, and Charles Tipton. 97818_fm.qxd 8/19/09 4:50 PM Page viii viii Preface These individuals clearly merit recognition, not only for ex- and resistance training on muscle fiber hypertrophy, panding knowledge through their many scientific contribu- muscular strength, and body composition. tions, but also for elucidating mechanisms that underlie • Section 5 includes a discussion of the “secret” First responses and adaptations to exercise and health enhance- Lady Astronaut Trainees (FLATS) program intended ment. Each person has been placed within a section linked to include highly experienced female aviators for to his or her main scholarship interests, yet all of them span future space missions, and how that program was one or more sections in terms of scientific contributions. unceremoniously scuttled because of bureaucratic Appendix E, which is available online at http://thepoint.lww. cronyism at the highest levels of the early space com/mkk7e, lists individual honors and awards for each of agency. Also included is an explanation of the long- these distinguished and meritorious scientist–researchers. The term United States human and robotic program to intimate insights from the “superstars” should inspire current explore the solar system, starting with a return to the exercise physiology students to actualize their potential, moon to ultimately enable future exploration of Mars whether through accomplishments in graduate school, teach- and other destinations, including the new manned ing, research, or numerous other exciting opportunities to exploration, the Crew Exploration Vehicle(CEV). achieve excellence. • Section 6 presents the 2009 summary statement of the American College of Sports Medicine as to the References and Appendices Available Online. All refer- appropriate physical activity intervention strategies ences and appendices are available online at http://thepoint. for weight loss and prevention of weight regain for lww.com/mkk7e. Appendices feature valuable information adults. Also included is a discussion of an apparent about nutritive values, energy expenditures, metabolic com- anomaly in body proportions in champion swimmer putations in open-circuit spirometry, and more. Michael Phelps, winner of 8 gold medals in the 2008 Beijing Olympics, related to his use of a controversial swim suit and swimming speed. This section also an- NEW TO THE SEVENTH EDITION alyzes body size (BMI) differences among 1124 Division 1 Big Ten Collegiate offensive and defensive The flow of information in this edition remains similar to prior linemen and their teams related to team standings in editions. Where applicable, figures, tables, and Web sites have league play. We provide the first presentation on the been updated and/or expanded to include the most relevant height and weight, and BMI of professional male tour current information, including new tabular material and illus- Professional golfers (n= 33) and Champions Tour trations to clarify important concepts and information. players (n= 18) compared to 257 golfers, stratified byproficiency levels based on handicap index, and Significant Additions and Modifications to the Text 300,818 Swedish golfers (203,778 men and 97,040 • Section 1 summarizes the current (2009) energy, nu- women) with stratification for age, sex, and socioeco- trient, and fluid recommendations from the American nomic status. We also include the latest information Dietetic Association, Dietitians of Canada, and the about brown adipose tissue in humans, and its role in American College of Sports Medicine for active metabolism and link to health and disease. adults and competitive athletes. It also provides an • Section 7 presents an updated section on coronary expanded discussion of the efficacy and health bene- heart disease. Our final chapter discusses the new fits of routinely consuming vitamin and mineral sup- molecular exercise physiology program at the plements versus obtaining these micronutrients in the University of Aberdeen in Scotland, where the MSc foods of a well-balanced diet. program, including Diploma and Certificate pro- • In Section 2, we have included the latest information grams, offers courses in a new subfield in sports sci- regarding the energy yield from the catabolism of the ence that focuses on genetics and signal transduction different macronutrients and we have rewritten sev- related to exercise. Current statistics reveal the impact eral of the sections to increase clarity and specificity. of molecular biology-related research on different • We have expanded our discussion of the increasing fields of science. For example, searching on the terms incidence of hypertension with age in Section 3, muscle and genes increased from 502 in 2001 to over along with lifestyle choices to lower blood pressure. 58,000 at the start of 2009! We also highlight • In Section 4, we present a research-based alternative Darwin’s monumental contributions in evolutionary method to estimate maximal heart rate from chrono- theory. A new feature of this final chapter links to the logical age for adults. Additionally, we present the LWW website and includes (1) readings related to latest information regarding sling exercise training as molecular biology and genetics, twins, and human a means of muscle activation and overload that is performance; (2) reference to excellent texts that de- gaining in popularity based on new research about vote hundreds of pages to the intricacies of the mo- how muscles are activated and contribute to improved lecular biology of gene transcription and protein movement. We have also expanded our review of the synthesis; (3) articles from Scientific American that effects of carbohydrate–protein supplement timing concern molecular biology; (4) useful molecular