EXCELLENT WOMEN: THE NOVELS OF BARBARA PYM AND ANITA BROOKNER Elizabeth Susanna van Aswegen B.A. (Bib!.), M.A. A thesis accepted by the Faculty of Arts, Potchefstroomse Universiteit vir Christelike Boer Onderwys, in fulfilment or the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR LITTERARUM Promoter: Prof. Annette L. Combrink, M.A., D.Litt., U.E.D. POTCHEFSTROOM April 198'l ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I .wish to thank: my promoter, Professor Combrink, for her painstaking and valued guidance, as well as for her help and encouragement to this long-distance writer; the staff of the Ferdinand Postma Library and the Cape Technikon Library for their assistance; Cathy Coetzee and Brenda Bodde for their encouragement; Jenny Zinn for her impeccable typing; my daughter, Lisa, who faced the ordeal of a scrivening mother with patience and good nature. iii TABLE OF CONTimTS INTRODUCTION 2 A SURVEY OF CRITICISM: BARBARA PYM 11 2.1 Introduction 13 2.2 The early novels 14 2.3 The early published novels 16 2.4 Critical acclaim 20 2.5 "The novelist most touted by one's most literate friends" 23 2.6 Criticism: 1977 to date 26 2.6.1 Some Tame Gazelle 27 2.6.2 Excellent Women 29 2.6.3 Jane and Prudence 37 2.6.4 Less than Angels 40 2.6.5 A Class of Blessings 43 2.6.6 No Fond Return of Love 48 2.6. 7 An Unsuitable Attachment 54 2.6.8 Quartet in Autumn 61 2.6.9 The Sweet Dove Died 63 2.6.10 A Few Green Leaves 68 2.6.11 Crampton Hodnet 73 2.6.12 An Academic Question 79 2. 7 The critical consensus 81 2. 7.1 The scope of the critical oeuvre 81 2.7.2 Barbara Pym's themes 82 2. 7.3 Barbara Pym's characters 82 iv 2. 7.4 Barbara Pym's style 83 2.7.5 Barbara Pym and literature 85 2. 7.6 Comparisons with Jane Austen and other novelists 85 2. 7. 7 Barbara Pym's stature as a novelist 86 3 A SURVEY OF CRITICISM: ANITA BROOKNER 89 3.1 Introduction 91 3.2 Criticism to date 96 3.2.1 A Start in Life 96 3.2.2 Providence 100 3.2.3 Look at Me 108 3.2.4 Hotel duLac 114 3.2.5 Family and Friends 121 3.2.6 A Misalliance 129 3.3 The critical consensus 132 3.3.1 The scope of the critical oeuvre 133 3.3.2 Anita Brookner's themes 133 3.3.3 Anita Brookner's characters 135 3.3.4 Anita Brookner's style 135 3.3.5 Comparisons with other novelists 137 3.3.6 Comparisons with Barbara Pym 137 3.3.7 Anita Brookner's stature as a novelist 138 4 SOMETHING TO LOVE 141 4.1 Introduction 143 4.2 Love in its various guises 144 4.3 Some Tame Gazelle 146 4.4 Crampton Hodnet 156 v 4.5 Excellent Women 169 4.6 Jane and Prudence 181 4.7 Less than Angels 194 4.8 A Glass of Blessings 205 4.9 No Fond Return of Love 217 4.10 An Unsuitable Attachment 232 4.1] Quartet in Autumn 252 4.12 The Sweet Dove Died 274 4.13 A Few Green Leaves 293 4.14 An Academic Question 303 4.15 Conclusion 308 5 A WORLD NOT WON BY VIRTUE 313 5.1 A Start in Life 315 5.2 Providence 336 5.3 Look at Me 356 5.4 Hotel du Lac 378 5.5 Family and Friends 394 5.6 A Misalliance 404 5. 7 Conclusion 418 6 ANGLICANS, ACADEMICS AND ACCOUTREMENTS: AN EXAMINATION OF CHARACTER 425 6.1 Introduction 427 6.2 The characters 429 6.2.1 Clergymen 430 6.2.2 Academics and librarians 439 6.2.3 Cleaning women 448 6.3 Food 455 vi 6.4 Clothes 481 6.5 Interiors 490 6.6 The "revivalist impulse" 495 7 MANNERS TO MELANCHOLY: SOME ASPECTS OF STYLE 501 8 CONCLUSION AND EVALUATION 529 9 ABSTRACT 537 10 BIBLIOGRAPHY 547 EXCELLENT WOMEN Introduction CHAPTER ONE "A thesis must be long. The object, you see, is to bore and stupefy the examiners to such an extent that they will have to accept it - only if a thesis is short enough to be read all the way through word for word is there any danger of failure." Barbara Pym: Less than Angels Professor Mainwaring had taught his students always to make carbon copies, use inverted commas round certain technical terms and, best of all, that thanks can never be too fulsome. Barbara Pym: A Very Private Eye 2 EXCELLENT WOMEN Introduction EXCELLENT WOMEN 3 Introduction -~--------- INTRODUCTION From 1950, until her death in 1980, Barbara Pym published ten novels. The social climate of the 'sixties and early 'seventies was not receptive to her subtle literary style, and her writing suffered a devastating publishing eclipse of 16 years. Her diary, published posthumously in 1984, contains a poignal'!t entry early in 1963: "24 March 1963. To receive a bitter blow on an early Spring evening (such as that Cape don't want to publish An Unsuitable Attachment - but it might be that someone doesn't love you any more) - is it worse than on an Autumn or Winter evening? Smell of bonfire (the burning of rose prunings etc), a last hyacinth in the house, forsythia about to burst, a black and white cat on the sofa, a small fire burning in the grate, books and Sunday papers and the re- mains of tea" (Pym, 1984d:215). That same year saw the publication of the Bishop of Woolwich's controversial Honest to God, while Henry Miller's Tropic of Cancer sold 60,000 copies on the first day of publication. This was therefore hardly a compatible publishing climate for Barbara Pym's infinitely milder comedies of manners. Barbara Pym had been corresponding with Philip Larkin since 1961, when he had Intended to review her next novel (the ill-fated An Unsuitable Attachment, rejected by Cape). A renaissance in her fortunes came in January 1977, when the Times Literary Supplement asked a selection of critics to say which writers they considered to be the most underrated of the past 75 years. Only one author was mentioned twice; both Pym's mentor, the poet Philip Larkin, and 4 "XCELLENT WOMEN Intr-oduction - - - ---- - ··- ---··-·-- Lord David Cecil, writer and critic, and formerly Goldsmith Professor of English Literature at Oxford, chose Pym as one of the most underrated novelists of the twentieth century. Although Pym had never stopped writing during her arid publishing years, this critical acclaim stimulated renewed interest in her work, and in 1977 Quartet in Autumn was short-listed for Britain's most _prestigious literary award, the Booker Prize. Lord David Cecil commented that Barbara Pym's "unpretentious, subtle, accom- plished novels ... are for me the finest examples of high comedy to have 1 appeared in England during the past 75 years", while Philip Larkin noted: "Their narratives ••. (are] • •. recounted by a protagonist who tempers an ironic perception of life's absurdities with a keen awareness of its ability to bruise •.• What stays longest with the reader, once the amusement, the satire, the alert ear and the exact eye have all been acknowledged? Partly it is the underlying loneliness of life, the sense of vulnerant omnes, whatever one thinks of when turning out the light in bed ... (Her books] are miniatures, perhaps, but will not diminish" (Larkin, 1977:260). Barbara Pym's comic touch has been compared with that of Jane Austen; like Austen she is a miniaturist and gentle satirist; as well as dealing with the limited English world of parish jumble sales, garden fetes, lectures at learned societies and decorous dinner parties (Jane Austen's "small, square two inches of ivory"), she uses the twin techniques of wit and irony, and with acerbic penetration, warmth and gentle humour, reveals the ordinariness and In the Sunday Times, quoted on the blurb of Quartet in Autumn.