Get the Results You Want! Get the Results You Want! LEGAL STUDIES H Conquer the syllabus S with Excel—the comprehensive study guide! C LEGAL This guide is directly linked to the syllabus with every single dot point of the HSC Legal Studies syllabus appearing in the margin of the book. L You can write in the guide, so your study is focused E and your notes are structured! G ●✓ A STUDIES Up-to-date coverage of all the Core topics plus four Option topics : Consumers, Family, Workplace and World order. L ●✓ Syllabus outcomes with easy-to-understand explanations on each chapter title page—cut through the jargon and understand exactly what’s required of you! S ●✓ All main headings in each chapter (1.1, 2.1, etc.) are directly from the syllabus, T word for word—this way you can easily match the Excel guide to the syllabus! U ●✓ An alphabetical list of all the Key definitions and concepts you should know for D each chapter—an efficient way of learning all the definitions in one go! ●✓ A Chapter syllabus checklist with every syllabus dot point listed in checklist I form for each chapter—a fantastic way of testing that you know all the work! E ●✓ Hundreds of Key Concept questions with answers—questions that test your S recall of knowledge in each chapter! ●✓ HSC-type questions for every section in each chapter with clock icons to tell you how much time you will have to answer questions in the HSC—this way you can test yourself on HSC-type questions under HSC-type time pressure! ●✓ An Examiner Maximiser feature plus answers to all HSC-type questions—all you DB need to answer HSC-type questions! ie ●✓ ml Two sample HSC Examinations with Examiner Maximiser features plus i in answers—not one but two up-to-date sample papers! td y a A brand-new format that B B r ar makes even better use a s ss is of your study time li l Pascal Press ISBN 978-1-74125-353-5 Belinda Brassil & Dimity Brassil PO Box 250 Glebe NSW 2037 (02) 8585 4044 www.pascalpress.com.au 9 781741 253535 9781741253535 HSCLegalStudies Cover 2016.indd All Pages 1/08/2016 2:09 PM Students, teachers and tutors have been using study guides for HSC success for over 25 years. About the authors Belinda Brassil, BA, Dip. Ed., MLitt, taught Legal Studies since its introduction into the NSW curriculum and had many students placed in the top ten for HSC Legal Studies. She delivered, during this time, numerous Study Day presentations to prepare students for their HSC Examinations. Dimity Brassil, BA, Dip. Ed., was one of the top ten students in Legal Studies in the 1996 HSC. She has since gained degrees in Politics, English and Adult Education. Dimity has extensive research and writing experience in the legal and education fields. The Excel Study Guides for Preliminary and HSC courses Preliminary (Year 11) ! HSC Mathematics Revision & Exam Workbook ! Preliminary Biology ! Success One HSC Mathematics ! Preliminary Business Studies ! HSC Maths Extension 1 ! Preliminary Chemistry ! Success One HSC Mathematics Extension 1 ! Preliminary Economics ! HSC Maths Extension 2 ! Preliminary Engineering Studies ! Preliminary Mathematics General English ! Preliminary Mathematics General Revision & ! HSC Advanced English Exam Workbook ! HSC Essay Writing Made Easy ! Preliminary Legal Studies ! HSC Standard English ! Preliminary Mathematics ! Preliminary Mathematics Revision & Exam Workbook Human Society ! Preliminary Maths Extension 1 ! HSC Ancient History Book 1 ! Preliminary Physics ! HSC Ancient History Book 2 ! HSC Business Studies ! Success One HSC Business Studies HSC (Year 12) ! HSC Economics Science ! HSC Geography ! HSC Biology ! HSC Legal Studies ! Success One HSC Biology ! HSC Modern History ! HSC Chemistry ! HSC Studies of Religion I & II ! Success One HSC Chemistry Technology ! HSC Physics ! Success One HSC Physics ! HSC & Preliminary Design and Technology ! HSC & Preliminary Senior Science ! HSC Engineering Studies ! HSC Food Technology Mathematics ! HSC Information Processes and Technology ! HSC Mathematics General 2 ! HSC Mathematics General 2 Revision & Exam Other Subjects Workbook ! HSC Hospitality ! 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LEGAL STUDIES A brand-new format that makes even better use of your study time 9781741253535_HSC Legal_Studies-Prelims 2013.indd 1 26/08/13 10:07 AM © 2011 Belinda Brassil, Dimity Brassil and Pascal Press Reprinted 2012, 2013, 2014 Updated 2016 ISBN 978 1 74125 353 5 Pascal Press PO Box 250 Glebe NSW 2037 (02) 8585 4044 www.pascalpress.com.au Publisher: Vivienne Joannou Project editor: Mark Dixon Edited by Scharlaine Cairns Reviewed and answers checked by Matt Peacock Cover and page design by DiZign Pty Ltd Typeset by Grizzly Graphics (Leanne Richters) Photos by iStock and Dreamstime Printed by Green Giant Press Reproduction and communication for educational purposes The Australian Copyright Act 1968 (the Act) allows a maximum of one chapter or 10% of the pages of this work, whichever is the greater, to be reproduced and/or communicated by any educational institution for its educational purposes provided that the educational institution (or the body that administers it) has given a remuneration notice to Copyright Agency Limited (CAL) under the Act. For details of the CAL licence for educational institutions contact: Copyright Agency Limited Level 15, 233 Castlereagh Street Sydney NSW 2000 Telephone: (02) 9394 7600 Facsimile: (02) 9394 7601 E-mail: [email protected] Reproduction and communication for other purposes Except as permitted under the Act (for example a fair dealing for the purposes of study, research, criticism or review) no part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, communicated or transmitted in any form or by any means without prior written permission. All inquiries should be made to the publisher at the address above. Students All care has been taken in the preparation of this study guide, but please check with your teacher or BOSTES NSW about the exact requirements of the course you are studying as they can change from year to year. The validity and appropriateness of the internet addresses (URLs) in this book were checked at the time of publication. Due to the dynamic nature of the internet, the publisher cannot accept responsibility for the continued validity or content of these web addresses. © Pascal Press ISBN 978 1 74125 353 5 Excel HSC Legal Studies 9781741253535_HSC Legal_Studies-Prelims 2016.indd 2 1/07/2016 10:07 AM HSC Legal Studies Contents Conquer the syllabus with Excel ......................vii 1.3.8 Defences to criminal charges .............................32 1.3.9 The role of juries .................................................40 Five steps to HSC success! ................................viii 1.3.10 The effectiveness of the criminal trial process Board of Studies key words ..................................ix as a means of achieving justice .........................42 HSC objectives and outcomes ...............................x 1.4 Sentencing and punishment ......................................43 1.4.1 Statutory and judicial guidelines ........................43 CORE 1.4.2 The purposes of punishment ..............................45 1 Crime ..................................................................................1 1.4.3 Factors affecting a sentencing decision .............46 1.1 The nature of crime .......................................................2 1.4.4 The role of the victim in sentencing ...................47 1.1.1 The meaning of crime ..................................................2 1.4.5 Appeals ................................................................48 1.1.2 The elements of crime .................................................2 1.4.6 Types of penalties ...............................................48 1.1.3 Strict liability offences.......................................... 3 1.4.7 Alternative methods of sentencing .....................52 1.1.4 Causation .........................................................................3 1.4.8 Post-sentencing considerations ..........................53 1.1.5 Categories of crime .......................................................5 1.4.9 The effectiveness of sentencing and 1.1.6 Summary and indictable offences ............................7 punishment as a means of achieving justice .......55 1.1.7 Parties to a crime ................................................. 7 1.5 Young offenders ...........................................................56 1.1.8 Factors affecting criminal behaviour ................... 8 1.5.1 Age of criminal responsibility .............................56 1.1.9 Crime prevention: situational and social ............. 9 1.5.2 The rights of children when questioned or arrested ...........................................................58 1.2 The criminal investigation process..............................10 1.5.3 Children’s Court ...................................................58 1.2.1 Police powers ......................................................11 1.5.4 Penalties for children ..........................................59 1.2.2 Reporting crime ...................................................14 1.5.5 Alternatives to court ............................................59 1.2.3 Investigating crime ..............................................15 1.5.6 The effectiveness of the criminal justice 1.2.4 Arrest and charge, summons and warrants .......16 system when dealing with young offenders ......61 1.2.5 Bail or remand .....................................................18 1.6 International crime ......................................................62 1.2.6 Detention and interrogation, and the rights of suspects ..........................................................19 1.6.1 Categories of international crime .......................62 1.2.7 The effectiveness of the criminal investigation 1.6.2 Dealing with international crime .........................64 process as a means of achieving justice ...........21 1.6.3 The effectiveness of the domestic and international legal systems in dealing with 1.3 Criminal trial process .................................................22 international crime ..............................................68 1.3.1 Court jurisdiction .................................................22 1.7 Themes and challenges ..............................................69 1.3.2 The adversarial system .......................................25 1.7.1 Theme 1: The role of discretion in the 1.3.3 Legal personnel ...................................................26 criminal justice system .......................................69 1.3.4 Pleas and charge negotiation .............................27 1.7.2 Theme 2: Issues of compliance and 1.3.5 Legal representation, including legal aid ...........28 non-compliance in regard to criminal law .........71 1.3.6 Burden and standard of proof .............................30 1.7.3 Theme 3: The extent to which law reflects 1.3.7 Use of evidence, including witnesses .................30 moral and ethical standards ...............................71 CONTENTS iii © Pascal Press ISBN 978 1 74125 353 5 Excel HSC Legal Studies 1.7.4 Theme 4: The role of law reform in the 2.4.5 Theme 5: The effectiveness of legal and criminal justice system .......................................72 non-legal measures in protecting human 1.7.5 Theme 5: The extent to which the law rights ..................................................................133 balances the rights of victims, offenders Key definitions and concepts ...................135 and society ..........................................................75 Chapter syllabus checklist .........................136 1.7.6 Theme 6: The effectiveness of legal and Useful resources ............................................137 non-legal measures in achieving justice ............77 End of chapter questions ...........................139 Key definitions and concepts .....................79 Key Concept questions .......................................139 Chapter syllabus checklist ...........................83 Sample HSC questions .......................................141 Useful resources ..............................................85 End of chapter questions .............................87 OPTIONS Key Concept questions .........................................87 3 Consumers .................................................144 Sample HSC questions .........................................92 3.1 The nature of consumer law ...................................145 2 Human rights ...............................................94 3.1.1 The developing need for consumer protection ...........................................................145 2.1 The nature and development of human rights .......95 3.1.2 The definition of consumer ...............................147 2.1.1 The definition of human rights ...........................95 3.1.3 Objectives of consumer laws ............................147 2.1.2 Developing recognition of human rights ............97 3.1.4 Contracts ...........................................................148 2.1.3 Formal statements of human rights .................106 3.1.5 Standards implied by statutes ..........................151 2.2 Promoting and enforcing human rights ................108 3.1.6 Unjust contracts ................................................153 2.2.1 State sovereignty ...............................................108 3.1.7 The role of negligence in consumer 2.2.2 The roles of various organisations in protection ...........................................................155 international responses .....................................108 3.1.8 Regulation of marketing and advertising .........156 2.2.3 The effectiveness of international responses 3.1.9 Occupational licensing ......................................159 in promoting and enforcing human rights ........112 3.2 Consumer redress and remedies ............................162 2.2.4 The incorporation of human rights into 3.2.1 Awareness and self-help ..................................162 Australian domestic law ....................................113 3.2.2 State government organisations .......................163 2.2.5 The roles of various legal frameworks and organisations in Australian responses ..............114 3.2.3 Federal government organisations ...................164 2.2.6 The effectiveness of Australian domestic 3.2.4 Industry organisations .......................................164 responses in promoting and enforcing 3.2.5 The role of tribunals and courts .......................165 human rights .....................................................120 3.2.6 The role of non-government organisations ......167 2.3 Investigation of a contemporary human 3.2.7 The role of the media ........................................167 rights issue .................................................................123 3.2.8 Consumer remedies ..........................................167 2.3.1 Contemporary struggles for human rights .......123 3.2.9 The effectiveness of non-legal and legal 2.3.2 The contemporary human rights issue of measures in achieving justice for consumers ....169 the treatment of refugees .................................123 3.3 Contemporary issues concerning consumers ......170 2.3.3 The effectiveness of legal and non-legal 3.3.1 Credit .................................................................170 responses to the issue of treatment of refugees .............................................................125 3.3.2 Product certification ..........................................176 3.3.3 Marketing innovations .......................................179 2.4 Themes and challenges ............................................129 3.3.4 Technology .........................................................182 2.4.1 Theme 1: The changing understanding of the relationship between state sovereignty and 3.4 Themes and challenges ............................................187 human rights .....................................................129 3.4.1 Theme 1: The role of the law in 2.4.2 Theme 2: Issues of compliance and non- encouraging cooperation and resolving compliance in relation to human rights............129 conflict in regard to consumers ........................187 2.4.3 Theme 3: The development of human 3.4.2 Theme 2: Issues of compliance and rights as a reflection of changing values non-compliance .................................................188 and ethical standards ........................................131 3.4.3 Theme 3: Laws relating to consumers 2.4.4 Theme 4: The role of law reform in as a reflection of changing values and protecting human rights ....................................132 ethical standards ...............................................190 iv © Pascal Press ISBN 978 1 74125 353 5 Excel HSC Legal Studies 3.4.4 Theme 4: The role of law reform in Key definitions and c oncepts ...................275 recognising the rights of consumers ................191 Chapter syllabus checklist .........................277 3.4.5 Theme 5: The effectiveness of legal and Useful resources ............................................278 non-legal responses in achieving justice for consumers ...................................................194 End of chapter questions ...........................282 Key definitions and c oncepts ...................195 Key Concept questions .......................................282 Chapter syllabus checklist .........................197 Sample HSC questions .......................................286 Useful resources ............................................198 End of chapter questions ...........................200 5 Workplace ....................................................287 Key Concept questions .......................................200 5.1 The nature of workplace law ..................................288 Sample HSC questions .......................................204 5.1.1 The changing nature of workplace law over time ..288 5.1.2 Contracts ...........................................................292 4 Family ...............................................................205 5.1.3 Awards and agreements ...................................297 5.1.4 Statutory conditions ..........................................301 4.1 The nature of family law .........................................206 4.1.1 The concept of family law.................................206 5.2 Regulation of the workplace ...................................305 4.1.2 Legal requirements of marriage .......................207 5.2.1 Industrial relations—the state and federal framework .........................................................305 4.1.3 Alternative family relationships ........................211 5.2.2 Negotiations between employers and 4.1.4 Legal rights and obligations of parents employees .........................................................306 and children .......................................................214 5.2.3 Dispute resolution mechanisms........................311 4.1.5 Adoption .............................................................219 5.2.4 The roles of courts and other agencies ............315 4.2 Responses to problems in family relationships.....221 5.2.5 Remuneration ....................................................323 4.2.1 Divorce ...............................................................222 5.2.6 The effectiveness of legal and non-legal 4.2.2 Legal consequences of separation: children ....223 responses in protecting and recognising 4.2.3 Legal consequences of separation: property ...229 workplace rights ................................................327 4.2.4 Dealing with domestic violence ........................231 5.3 Contemporary issues concerning the workplace ....330 4.2.5 The roles of courts and dispute resolution 5.3.1 Discrimination....................................................330 methods .............................................................237 5.3.2 Safety .................................................................337 4.2.6 The role of non-government organisations ......240 5.3.3 Termination of employment ..............................344 4.2.7 The role of the media ........................................242 5.3.4 Leave .................................................................355 4.2.8 The effectiveness of the law in achieving justice for parties involved in relationship 5.4 Themes and challenges ............................................362 breakdowns .......................................................243 5.4.1 Theme 1: The role of the law in encouraging cooperation and resolving conflict in the 4.3 Contemporary issues involving family law ...........244 workplace ..........................................................362 4.3.1 Recognition of same-sex relationships ............244 5.4.2 Theme 2: Issues of compliance and 4.3.2 The changing nature of parental responsibility ...247 non-compliance .................................................364 4.3.3 Surrogacy and birth technologies .....................251 5.4.3 Theme 3: Laws relating to the workplace as 4.3.4 Care and protection of children ........................258 a reflection of changing values and ethical 4.4 Themes and challenges ............................................264 standards ...........................................................368 5.4.4 Theme 4: The role of law reform in recognising 4.4.1 Theme 1: The role of the law in encouraging rights and enforcing responsibilities in the cooperation and resolving conflict in regard to family .............................................................264 workplace ..........................................................369 5.4.5 Theme 5: The effectiveness of legal and 4.4.2 Theme 2: Issues of compliance and non-legal responses in achieving justice in non-compliance .................................................266 the workplace ....................................................372 4.4.3 Theme 3: Changes to family law as a response to changing values in the community ..............267 Key definitions and c oncepts ...................373 4.4.4 Theme 4: The role of law reform in Chapter syllabus checklist .........................376 achieving just outcomes for family members Useful resources ............................................377 and society ........................................................271 End of chapter questions ...........................379 4.4.5 Theme 5: The effectiveness of legal and non-legal responses in achieving just Key Concept questions .......................................379 outcomes for family members ..........................275 Sample HSC questions .......................................383 CONTENTS v © Pascal Press ISBN 978 1 74125 353 5 Excel HSC Legal Studies 9781741253535_HSC Legal_Studies-Prelims 2016.indd 5 1/07/2016 10:24 AM 6 World order ................................................384 Sample HSC Examinations ................................436 6.1 The nature of world order ........................................385 Sample HSC Examination 1 ............................437 6.1.1 The meaning of world order .............................385 Sample HSC Examination 2 ............................441 6.1.2 The need for world order ..................................385 Answers .........................................................................445 6.1.3 The development of world order over time ......385 Key Concept and Sample HSC questions ...............445 6.1.4 The nature of conflict ........................................389 Sample HSC Examination 1 .....................................493 6.1.5 Access to resources as a source of conflict ....392 Sample HSC Examination 2 .....................................498 6.2 Responses to world order ........................................394 Index ...............................................................................505 6.2.1 The role of the nation-state and state sovereignty ........................................................394 6.2.2 The role of the United Nations ..........................395 6.2.3 The role of international instruments ...............396 6.2.4 The role of courts and tribunals .......................398 6.2.5 The role of intergovernmental organisations .....400 6.2.6 The role of non-government organisations ......400 6.2.7 The role of Australia’s federal government ......401 6.2.8 The role of the media ........................................402 6.2.9 Political negotiation, persuasion and the use of force .......................................................402 6.2.10 The effectiveness of legal and non-legal measures in resolving conflict and working towards world order ..........................................404 6.3 Contemporary issues concerning world order .....406 6.3.1 The principle of ‘Responsibility to Protect’ .......406 6.3.2 Regional and global situations that threaten peace and security ............................................408 6.3.3 The success of global cooperation in achieving world order .......................................412 6.3.4 Rules regarding the conduct of hostilities ........414 6.4 Themes and challenges ............................................416 6.4.1 Theme 1: The role of the law in encouraging cooperation and resolving conflict in regard to world order ....................................................416 6.4.2 Theme 2: Issues of compliance and non-compliance .................................................418 6.4.3 Theme 3: The impact of changing values and ethical standards on world order ..............418 6.4.4 Theme 4: The role of law reform in promoting and maintaining world order ...........420 6.4.5 Theme 5: The effectiveness of legal and non-legal responses in promoting and maintaining world order ....................................421 Key definitions and concepts ....................428 Chapter syllabus checklist ..........................429 Useful resources .............................................430 End of chapter questions ............................432 Key Concept questions ........................................432 Sample HSC questions.........................................434 vi © Pascal Press ISBN 978 1 74125 353 5 Excel HSC Legal Studies 9781741253535_HSC Legal_Studies-Prelims 2016-.indd 6 12/07/2016 11:04 AM Conquer the syllabus with : the comprehensive study guide! w If you look at the first page of each chapter, you will see the syllabus content in an easy-to-understand form (see extract (a) below)—this way you can cut through the jargon and understand what’s required of you! Before you start w Then, if you look at the margin of every page of the Excel guide, you your revision, will see that every syllabus dot point in the HSC Legal Studies syllabus is a word about the covered (see extract (b) below)—this way you can be completely confident that you are covering all the syllabus, as you have it all there at your syllabus … fingertips, on every page of the Excel guide! (You can also print out the whole syllabus yourself by going to the BOSTES NSW website— www.boardofstudies.nsw.edu.au—and clicking on the HSC syllabus link on the home page.) w When you look at the main headings in each chapter (1.1, 2.1, etc.), you will see they are directly from the syllabus, word for word (see extract (c) below)—this way you can easily match the Excel guide notes to the syllabus document! HSC CONTENT You learn to: The nature ◗ describe the nature of crime. of crime ◗ recognise the different categories of crime. ◗ define summary and indictable offences. ◗ examine a range of factors that may lead to criminal behaviour. ◗ investigate a range of situational and social crime prevention techniques. (a) The criminal ◗ discuss the powers of police in the criminal process. investigation ◗ examine the reporting and investigating of crime. process ◗ assess the effectiveness of the criminal investigation process as a means of achieving justice. Criminal trial ◗ describe the role of courts in the criminal justice process. process ◗ discuss the use of the adversary system as a means of achieving justice. ◗ examine the role of legal representation in the criminal trial. ◗ assess the use of defences to criminal charges in achieving justice. ◗ evaluate the effectiveness of the jury system in the criminal trial. ◗ assess the effectiveness of the criminal trial process as a means of achieving justice. Syllabus Requirements 1.1 The nature of crime 1.1.1 The meaning of crime Explain the meaning of crime. A crime is ‘an act committed or an omission of duty, injurious to the public welfare, for which punishment is prescribed by law, imposed in a judicial proceeding usually brought in the name of the state’ (The Macquarie Dictionary, 2010). The legal characteristics of a crime, as suggested in the definition above, are: ◗ there must be an act, or a failure to act (an omission), which breaks the law LEGAL STUDIES STAGE 6 SYLLABUS ◗ the act or omission must be seen as harmful to the whole community ◗ the act or omission is punishable by the state (c) Content ◗ the state takes the person who committed the act to court, where the Principal focus: Through the use of a range of contemofpfeoncrea mryu set xbae mpropvleeds a,c cording to the rules of criminal procedure. Criminal law involves the public, and the offender is tried by the state. students investigate criminal law, processes and instTithuet cioasne sis abentwde ethn eth e offender and the state. tension between community interests and individual Crirgimhintsal laawnd is fforuenedd ino bmotsh. statute and common law. Common law still covers many areas of criminal law, for example causation (see Section Students learn to: 1.1.4 on pages 3–6), and the courts play a major role in interpreting • describe the nature of crime statutes (see Case Study 1.2, Section 1.1.4. page 4). The Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act (the Constitution of • recognise the different categories of crime Australia) divides powers to make laws between state and federal (b) governments. While the federal government legislates for some criminal Students learn about: offences, most criminal law is state law. The major statute in NSW is the Crimes Act 1900 (NSW) which lists offences and prescribes maximum the nature of crime penalties. This act is frequently amended as types of criminal offences • the meaning of crime • the elements of crime: actus reus, mens rea • strict liability offences • causation CONQUER THE SYLLABUS WITH vii © Pascal Press ISBN 978 1 74125 353 5 Excel HSC Legal Studies 9781741253535_HSC Legal_Studies-Prelims 2016-.indd 7 12/07/2016 11:04 AM Five steps to HSC success! STEP 1 ◗ Always begin your revision programme by reading each syllabus requirement in the margin a couple of times—this way you will be completely focused on what exactly you have to know for the HSC Exam! Read and ◗ Then study the section, highlighting any key concepts, and make your understand—then own notes in the margin—by summarising each section in your own summarise and words, you will memorise the work effectively so that it’s lodged in your short-term memory! memorise ◗ Now go straight to Step 4 and answer the End of chapter questions as you study each section. Look for the KCq and HSC icons at the end of sections—answering questions along the way tests you to see if you have really understood the work! ◗ Remember to study in time ‘bites’: study hard, but also give yourself short breaks—concentrate hard when you study, but always remember to recharge your batteries now and then! STEP 2 Scan all the definitions in the Key definitions and concepts section and make sure you know all of them by heart. Go through and memorise the Scan definitions that you don’t know—this is an efficient way of learning all the definitions in one go! and memorise STEP 3 Read each syllabus question in the Chapter syllabus checklist and as you go through them, mentally check that you know all of them. This might seem ‘over the top’ … but is actually very important, as it will help you check that Double-check you know all the material in each chapter and at the same time lodge it in and review your long-term memory—if you can answer all these syllabus questions, then you know all the work by heart, and can now aim for top marks in the HSC! STEP 4 This is a little like learning to drive a car: it’s one thing to know all the theory, but you need to practise actually driving the car! Likewise with your HSC Exam: once you know the theory—the content in each chapter—you Answer and check must practise by doing; in this case, the questions in each chapter. Let’s face it, that’s what the HSC is: a whole lot of questions. The first questions are the Key Concept questions. You will have lots of these to answer to ensure that you know the content thoroughly (that’s why there are so many questions!)—make sure you do all of them and always check your answers! Then you have the HSC-like questions: these are very important, as they are the type of questions you will be answering in your HSC—if you can answer all these questions, then you are ready for the main event: the HSC Exam! STEP 5 The two sample papers are based as much as possible on recent HSC papers, so it is worth your while doing them in an exam-like Practice runs environment—this is the real thing now! viii © Pascal Press ISBN 978 1 74125 353 5 Excel HSC Legal Studies 9781741253535_HSC Legal_Studies-Prelims 2016.indd 8 1/07/2016 10:30 AM