3359 EARTH Evo&Inno in Wildlife 12/11/08 3:05 PM Page i Evolution and Innovation in Wildlife Conservation 3359 EARTH Evo&Inno in Wildlife 12/11/08 3:05 PM Page ii 3359 EARTH Evo&Inno in Wildlife 12/11/08 3:05 PM Page iii Evolution and Innovation in Wildlife Conservation Parks and Game Ranches to Transfrontier Conservation Areas Edited by Helen Suich and Brian Child with Anna Spenceley London • Sterling, VA 3359 EARTH Evo&Inno in Wildlife 12/11/08 3:05 PM Page iv First published by Earthscan in the UK and USA in 2009 Copyright © IUCN, 2009 All rights reserved ISBN 978-1-84407-634-5 Typeset by FiSHBooks, Enfield Printed and bound in the UK by MPGBooks, Bodmin Cover design by Rob Watts, Rogue Four Design For a full list of publications please contact: Earthscan Dunstan House 14a St Cross Street London EC1N 8XA, UK Tel: +44 (0)20 7841 1930 Fax: +44 (0)20 7242 1474 Email: [email protected] Web: www.earthscan.co.uk 22883 Quicksilver Drive, Sterling, VA 20166-2012, USA Earthscan publishes in association with the International Institute for Environment and Development A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Evolution and innovation in wildlife conservation : parks and game ranches to transfrontier conservation areas / edited by Helen Suich and Brian Child with Anna Spenceley. p. cm. ISBN 978-1-84407-634-5 (hardcover) 1. Wildlife conservation. 2. Wildlife conservation—Africa, Southern. I. Suich, Helen. II. Child, B. (Brian) III. Spenceley, Anna. QL82.E85 2008 333.95'416—dc22 2008036281 The paper used for this book is FSC-certified. FSC (the Forest Stewardship Council) is an international network to promote responsible management of the world’s forests. 3359 EARTH Evo&Inno in Wildlife 12/11/08 3:05 PM Page v Contents List of boxes, figures and tables ix Acknowledgements xiii List of acronyms and abbreviations xv PART I – OVERVIEW 1 Conservation in Transition 3 Brian Child PART II – HISTORY OF STATE-LED CONSERVATION 2 The Emergence of Parks and Conservation Narratives in Southern Africa 19 Brian Child 3 National Parks in South Africa 35 Jane Carruthers 4 The Growth of Park Conservation in Botswana 51 Graham Child 5 The Emergence of Modern Conservation Practice in Zimbabwe 67 Graham Child 6 Protected Areas in Mozambique 85 Bartolomeu Soto PART III – CONSERVATION ON PRIVATELAND 7 Private Conservation in Southern Africa: Practice and Emerging Principles 103 Brian Child 8 Game Ranching in Namibia 113 Jon Barnes and Brian Jones 9 Game Ranching in Zimbabwe 127 Brian Child 10 Extensive Wildlife Production on Private Land in South Africa 147 J. du P. Bothma and Helen Suich with Anna Spenceley 11 Savé Valley Conservancy: A Large-Scale African Experiment in Cooperative Wildlife Management 163 Peter Lindsey, Raoul du Toit, Alistair Pole and Stephanie Romañach 3359 EARTH Evo&Inno in Wildlife 12/11/08 3:05 PM Page vi vi Evolution and Innovation in Wildlife Conservation PART IV – COMMUNITY-BASED NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT 12 Community Conservation in Southern Africa: Rights-Based Natural Resource Management 187 Brian Child 13 The Performance of CAMPFIRE in Zimbabwe: 1989–2006 201 Russell Taylor 14 CBNRM in Namibia: Growth, Trends, Lessons and Constraints 223 Brian Jones and L. Chris Weaver 15 CBNRM in Botswana 243 Nico Rozemeijer 16 CBNRM in Mozambique: The Challenges of Sustainability 257 Isilda Nhantumbo and Simon Anstey PART V – INTEGRATING WILDLIFE AND PARKS INTO THE SOCIAL LANDSCAPE 17 Recent Innovations in Conservation 277 Brian Child 18 Changing Institutions to Respond to Challenges: North West Parks, South Africa 289 S. R. Johnson, W. Boonzaaier, R. Collinson and R. Davies 19 Making Conservation Work: Innovative Approaches to Meeting Conservation and Socio-economic Objectives (an Example from the Addo Elephant National Park, South Africa) 307 Guy Castley, Michael Knight and Jill Gordon 20 Table Mountain National Park 325 David Daitz and Brett Myrdal 21 A Network of Marine Protected Areas in Mozambique 341 Helena Motta 22 Towards Transformation: Contractual National Parks in South Africa 357 David Grossman and Phillipa Holden 23 Transfrontier Conservation Initiatives in Southern Africa: Observations from the Great Limpopo Transfrontier Conservation Area 373 Webster Whande and Helen Suich 24 Making ‘Conventional’ Parks Relevant to All of Society: The Case of SANParks 393 Guy Castley, Christopher Patton and Hector Magome 25 Privately Managed Protected Areas 409 Peter Fearnhead 3359 EARTH Evo&Inno in Wildlife 12/11/08 3:05 PM Page vii Contents vii PART VI – CONCLUSION 26 Innovations in State, Private and Communal Conservation 427 Brian Child Author biographies 441 Index 449 3359 EARTH Evo&Inno in Wildlife 12/11/08 3:05 PM Page viii 3359 EARTH Evo&Inno in Wildlife 12/11/08 3:05 PM Page ix List of Boxes, Figure and Tables Boxes 14.1 Major steps in the development of the Namibian CBNRM approach 225 15.1 Nqwaa Khobee Xeya Trust and the Okavango Community Trust 249 16.1 Key policy provisions enabling implementation of CBNRM in Mozambique 262 23.1 Madimbo corridor 384 Figures 4.1 Botswana’s national parks, game reserves and controlled hunting areas 57 5.1 Parks and wildlife estate of Zimbabwe 74 6.1 National parks, game reserves and coutadas 92 9.1 Growth of communal and commercial cattle herds in Zimbabwe, 1914–1985 130 9.2 A comparison of the productivity of cattle and wildlife on Buffalo Range Ranch, 1960–1984 140 10.1 Proportions of direct gross income from wildlife ranching, South Africa, 2000 151 10.2 Number of live animals sold and turnover on live wildlife auctions, 1991–2007 153 11.1 Savé Valley Conservancy 166 11.2 Key trophy species hunted by foreign safari clients, 2001–2005 172 11.3 Distribution of (a) settlers’ cattle and (b) impala in the southern half of Savé Conservancy, 2006 175 11.4 Zimbabwean Lowveld conservancies and the Great Limpopo Transfrontier Conservation Area 177 13.1 Zimbabwe’s CAMPFIRE districts 202 13.2 Numbers of participating wildlife-producing communities 206