Evidence-based Sports Medicine Second Edition Evidence-based Sports Medicine Second Edition Edited by Domhnall MacAuley Visiting Professor Faculty of Life and Health Science University of Ulster Belfast United Kingdom Specialist in Sport and Exercise Medicine and Thomas M. Best Professor and Pomerene Chair in Family Medicine Chief, Division of Sports Medicine Ohio State University Columbus Ohio USA © 2002 BMJ Books © 2007 by Blackwell Publishing BMJ Books is an imprint of the BMJ Publishing Group Limited, used under licence Blackwell Publishing, Inc., 350 Main Street, Malden, Massachusetts 02148-5020, USA Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 9600 Garsington Road, Oxford OX4 2DQ, UK Blackwell Publishing Asia Pty Ltd, 550 Swanston Street, Carlton, Victoria 3053, Australia The right of the author to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, without the prior permission of the publisher. First published 2002 Second edition 2007 1 2007 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data a Evidence-based sports medicine / edited by Domhnall MacAuley and Thomas M. Best. 2nd ed. p. ; cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN-13: 978-1-4051-3298-5 (hbk. : alk. paper) 1. Sports medicine. 2. Evidence-based medicine. I. MacAuley, Domhnall. II. Best, Thomas M. a [DNLM: 1. Athletic Injuries therapy. 2. Evidence-Based Medicine. QT 261 E93 2007] RC1210.E925 2007 617.1′027adc22 2006025870 ISBN: 978 1 4051 3298 5 A catalogue record for this title is available from the British Library Set in 9.5/12pt Minion by Graphicraft Limited, Hong Kong Printed and bound in Singapore by Fabulous Printers Pte Ltd Commissioning Editor: Mary Banks Editorial Assistant: Victoria Pittman Development Editor: Lauren Brindley Production Controller: Rachel Edwards For further information on Blackwell Publishing, visit our web site: http://www.blackwellpublishing.com The publisher’s policy is to use permanent paper from mills that operate a sustainable forestry policy, and which has been manufactured from pulp processed using acid-free and elementary chlorine-free practices. Furthermore, the publisher ensures that the text paper and cover board used have met acceptable environmental accreditation standards. Blackwell Publishing makes no representation, express or implied, that the drug dosages in this book are correct. Readers must therefore always check that any product mentioned in this publication is used in accordance with the prescribing information prepared by the manufacturers. The author and the publishers do not accept responsibility or legal liability for any errors in the text or for the misuse or misapplication of material in this book. Contents Contributors, viii Preface, xiv Section 1: Prevention, 1 1 Is it possible to prevent sports and recreation injuries? A systematic review of randomized controlled trials, with recommendations for future work, 3 Jennifer M. Hootman 2 Evidence-based preparticipation physical examination, 18 Peter J. Carek 3 Does stretching help prevent injuries?, 36 Ian Shrier 4 What effect do core strength and stability have on injury prevention and recovery?, 59 Bryan Heiderscheit and Marc Sherry 5 Do foot orthoses prevent injury?, 73 Karl B. Landorf and Anne-Maree Keenan 6 Who should retire after repeated concussions?, 93 Paul McCrory 7 What recommendations should be made concerning exercising with a fever and/or acute infection?, 108 Christopher A. McGrew 8 Should you play sport with a congenital or acquired abnormality of a solid abdominal organ?, 120 Abel Wakai and John M. Ryan 9 What type of exercise reduces falls in older people?, 135 M. Clare Robertson and A. John Campbell 10 Is there a role for exercise in the prevention of osteoporotic fractures?, 167 Gladys Onambele-Pearson Section 2: Acute injury, 187 11 What is the role of ice in soft-tissue injury management?, 189 Chris Bleakley and Domhnall MacAuley v Contents 12 Compression, 208 Andrew Currie and Matthew W. Cooke 13 NSAIDs and pain management in sports, 222 Weiya Zhang Section 3: Chronic conditions, 241 14 Benefits of regular exercise in the treatment and management of bronchial asthma, 243 Felix S.F. Ram and Joanna Picot 15 What is the role of exercise in the prevention of back pain?, 257 Joanne Dear and Martin Underwood 16 How should you treat spondylolysis in the athlete?, 281 Christopher J. Standaert and Stanley A. Herring Section 4: Injuries to the upper limb, 301 17 How evidence-based is our examination of the shoulder?, 303 Anastasia M. Fischer and William W. Dexter 18 How effective are diagnostic tests for the assessment of rotator cuff disease of the shoulder?, 327 Jeremy Lewis and Duncan Tennent 19 How should you treat an athlete with a first-time dislocation of the shoulder?, 361 Marc R. Safran, Fredrick J. Dorey, and Duncan Hodge 20 Are corticosteroid injections as effective as physiotherapy for the treatment of a painful shoulder?, 391 Daniëlle van der Windt and Bart Koes 21 How should you treat tennis elbow? An updated scientific evidence-based approach, 418 Alasdair J.A. Santini, Michael J. Hayton, and Simon P. Frostick Section 5: Injuries to the groin and knee, 435 22 How reliable is the physical examination in the diagnosis of sports-related knee injuries?, 437 Anthony Festa, William R. Donaldson, and John C. Richmond 23 What is the optimal treatment of acute anterior cruciate ligament injury?, 453 Graham Bailie and Ian Corry 24 What is the most appropriate treatment for patellar tendinopathy?, 476 Jill L. Cook and Karim M. Khan vi Contents 25 How do you treat chronic groin pain?, 491 Peter A. Fricker and Greg Lovell Section 6: Injuries to the lower leg, 511 26 How evidence-based is our clinical examination of the ankle?, 513 C. Niek van Dijk 27 Can we prevent ankle sprains?, 519 Roald Bahr 28 How should you treat a stress fracture?, 538 Kim Bennell and Peter Brukner 29 What is the best treatment of subcutaneous rupture of the Achilles tendon?, 562 Deiary Kader, David J. Deehan, and Nicola Maffulli 30 How to manage plantar fasciitis, 586 Gerald Ryan Multiple-choice question answers, 602 Index, 603 Updates website: www.evidbasedsportsmedicine.com vii Contributors Roald Bahr, MD, PhD Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, PO Box 4014, Ulleval Stadion, 0806 Oslo, Norway Graham Bailie, FRCS (Tr & Orth), MMedSci Specialist Registrar in Orthopaedic Surgery, Royal Victoria Hospital, Grosvenor Road, Belfast BT12 6BA, UK Kim Bennell, BAppSci(physio), PhD Centre for Health, Exercise and Sports Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia Thomas M. Best, MD, PhD, FACSM Professor and Pomerene Chair in Family Medicine; Chief, Division of Sports Medicine; Director, Primary Care Sports Medicine Fellowship; Medical Director, The OSU Sports Medicine Center, The Ohio State University, 2050 Kenny Road, Pavilion, Suite 3100, Columbus, OH 43221, USA Chris Bleakley, PhD, BSc, MCSP, SRP Physiotherapist and Research Associate, University of Ulster, Shore Road, Jordanstown, Co. Antrim BT37 0QB, UK Peter Brukner, MBBS, FRACSP Centre for Health, Exercise and Sports Medicine, Faculty ofMedicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia A. John Campbell Professor of Geriatric Medicine, Department ofMedical and Surgical Sciences, University of Otago Medical School, PO Box 913, Dunedin, New Zealand Peter J. Carek, MD, MS Director, Trident/MUSC Family Medicine Residency Program, Professor Department of Family Medicine, Medical University ofSouth Carolina, 9298 Medical Plaza Drive, Charleston, SC 29406, USA Jill L. Cook, BApp Sci(Phty), Phd Associate Professer, Musculoskeletal Research Centre, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3086, Australia viii Contributors Matthew W. Cooke, PhD, FRCS(Ed), FCEM, DipIMC Professor of Emergency Medicine, Warwick Medical School, Medical School Building, Gibbet Hill Campus, Coventry CV4 7AL, and Heart of England NHS Foundation NHS Trust, UK Ian Corry, MD, FRCS (Orth), Dip Sports Med Consultant Orthopaedic Surgeon, Royal Victoria Hospital, Grosvenor Road, Belfast BT12 6BA, UK Andrew Currie, BSc (Hons) Graduate Medical Student, Warwick Medical School, Medical School Building, Gibbet Hill Campus, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK Joanne Dear, BSc (Hons), MSc Senior Research Fellow, Research Centre, The British School of Osteopathy, 275 Borough High Street, London SE1 1JE, UK David J. Deehan Department of Orthopaedics, Freeman Hospital, Freeman Road, High Heaton, Newcastle upon Tyne NE7 7DN, UK William W. Dexter, MD, FACSM Director, Sports Medicine Program, Maine Medical Center, 272 Congress Street, Portland, ME 04101, USA William R. Donaldson, MD Clinical Professor, Department of Orthopedics, Tufts–New England Medical Center, 750 Washington Street, Box 143, Boston, MA 02111, USA Fredrick J. Dorey, PhD Adjunct Professor, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA Anthony Festa, MD Chief Resident, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tufts-New England Medical Center, 750 Washington Street, Box 143, Boston MA, O2111, USA Anastasia M. Fischer, MD Sports Medicine Program, Maine Medical Center, 272 Congress Street, Portland, ME 04101, USA Peter A. Fricker, OAM, MBBS, FACSP, FRACP (Hon) Director ofMedical Services, Australian Institute of Sport, Leverrier Crescent, Bruce, ACT 2617, Australia Simon P. Frostick, MA, DM, FRCS Professor ofOrthopaedics, Department ofMusculoskeletal Science, The Royal Liverpool University Hospitals, Liverpool L69 3GA, UK ix Contributors Michael J. Hayton, BSc (Hons), MB.ChB, FRCS (Orth) Consultant Orthopaedic Surgeon, Wrightington Hospital, Hall Lane, Appley Bridge, Wigan WN6 9EP, UK Bryan Heiderscheit, PT, PhD Assistant Professor, Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, 1300 University Avenue, 4120 MSC, Madison, WI 53706-1532, USA Stanley A. Herring, MD Clinical Professor, Departments of Rehabilitation Medicine, Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, and Neurological Surgery, Harborview Medical Center, University of Washington, 325 Ninth Avenue, Seattle, WA, USA Duncan Hodge, MD Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Northern California Permanente Medical Group, Walnut Creek Medical Center, 1425 S. Main Street, Medical Office Building, 1st Floor, Walnut Creek, CA 94596, USA Jennifer M. Hootman, PhD, ATC, FACSM Epidemiologist, Arthritis Program, Division of Adult and Community Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Highway NE, Mailstop K-51, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA Deiary Kader, MD, FRCS (Tr&Orth) Consultant Orthopaedic Surgeon, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Gateshead, Tyne and Wear, NE9 6SX, UK Anne-Maree Keenan, BAppSc (Pod), MAppSc Academic Unit of Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds, Chapel Allerton Hospital, Chapeltown Road, Leeds LS7 4SA, UK Karim M. Khan, MD, PhD Department of Family Practice, School of Human Kinetics, University of British Columbia, 211/2150 Western Parkway, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z6, Canada Bart Koes Professor of General Practice, Department of General Practice, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, PO Box 1738, 3000 DR Rotterdam, The Netherlands Karl B. Landorf, DipAppSc (Pod), GradDipEd, PhD Senior Lecturer and Research Coordinator, Department of Podiatry, Faculty of Health Sciences, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3086, Australia Jeremy Lewis, PhD, MCSP, MAPA, MMACP, MMPA Consultant Shoulder Physiotherapist, St. George’s Hospital, London, UK Visiting Reader, St. George’s University of London, Research Lead, Therapy Department, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, UK x Contributors Greg Lovell, MBBS, Dip, DHM, FACSP, FASMF Sports Physician, Department of Sports Medicine, Australian Institute of Sport, Leverrier Crescent, Bruce, ACT 2617, Australia Domhnall MacAuley, MD, FRCGP, FFPHMI, FFSEM Visiting Professor, Faculty of Life and Health Science, University of Ulster, and Specialist in Sport and Exercise Medicine, Hillhead Family Practice, 33 Stewartstown Road, Belfast BT11 9FZ, UK Christopher A. McGrew, MD Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, and Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, 2211 Lomas Boulevard NE, Albuquerque, NM 87106, USA Paul McCrory, MBBS, PhD, FRACP, FACSP, FACSM, FASMF, GradDipEpidStats Neurologist and Sports Physician, Centre for Health, Exercise and Sports Medicine, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia Nicola Maffulli, MD, MS, PhD, FRCS(Orth) Professor of Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery, Keele University School of Medicine, Thornburrow Drive, Hartshill, Stoke on Trent, Staffs ST4 7QB, UK Gladys Onambele-Pearson, BSc, MSc, PhD Research Fellow, Department of Exercise and Sports Science, Institute for Biophysical and Clinical Research into Human Movement, Manchester Metropolitan University, Hassall Road, Alsager, Stoke on Trent ST7 2HL, UK Joanna Picot Medical Researcher, Wessex Institute for Health Research and Development, Mailpoint 728, University of Southampton, Bolderwood SO16 7PX, UK Felix S.F. Ram Senior Lecturer in Respiratory Medicine and Clinical Pharmacology, School of Health Sciences, Massey University-Auckland, Private Bag 102 904, North Shore Mail Centre, Auckland, New Zealand John C. Richmond, MD Chairman, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New England Baptist Hospital, 125 Parker Hill Avenue, Boston MA 02120, USA M. Clare Robertson Research Associate Fellow, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Otago Medical School, PO Box 913, Dunedin, New Zealand xi