Evidence-based Dermatology Third edition Dedication We, the editors, dedicate this book to our patients who have helped us to understand what it is really like to have a skin disease, and who have helped us to identify the questions that matter to them. Evidence-based dermatology starts with patients and ends with patients. If we lose our compassion for patients, we become a sounding brass or a tinkling cymbal. Evidence-based Dermatology Third Edition Edited by Hywel C. Williams DSc, FRCP Centre of Evidence Based Dermatology University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK ASSOCIATE EDITORS Michael Bigby MD Department of Dermatology Harvard Medical School and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center Boston, MA, USA Andrew Herxheimer MB, FRCP UK Cochrane Centre Oxford, UK Luigi Naldi MD Centro Studi Gruppo Italiano Studi Epidemiologici in Dermatologia Department of Dermatology Ospedali Riuniti Bergamo, Italy Berthold Rzany MD, ScM RZANY & HUND Privatpraxis für Dermatologie und Ästhetische Medizin Berlin, Germany Robert P. Dellavalle MD, PhD, MSPH Department of Dermatology University of Colorado Denver Aurora, USA Yuping Ran Department of Dermatovenereology West China Hospital Sichuan University Chengdu, P. R. China Masutaka Furue Department of Dermatology Graduate School of Medical Sciences Kyushu University, 3-1-1, Maidashi, Higashi-ku Fukuoka, Japan This edition first published 2014, © 2003 BMJ Publishing Group, 2008, 2014 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd BMJ Books is an imprint of BMJ Publishing Group Limited, used under licence by John Wiley & Sons. Registered office: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK Editorial offices: 9600 Garsington Road, Oxford, OX4 2DQ, UK The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030-5774, USA For details of our global editorial offices, for customer services and for information about how to apply for permission to reuse the copyright material in this book please see our website at www.wiley.com/wiley-blackwell The right of the author to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted in accordance with the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. 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Cover image: © iStock/AnnettVauteck Set in 9/11 pt MinionPro-Regular by Toppan Best-set Premedia Limited 1 2014 Contents Contributors, viii 12 What makes a good case series?, 54 Foreword, xii Joerg Albrecht and Michael Bigby Preface, xiv 13 What makes a good prevalence survey?, 58 Hywel C. Williams About the companion website, xv 14 Critical appraisal of pharmacoeconomic studies, 62 Rajini K. Murthy, Laura K. DeLong, and Suephy C. Chen PART I 15 Comparative effectiveness research: what it is and how to The concept of evidence-based dermatology assess its quality, 66 Andrew Herxheimer, editor Junko Takeshita and Joel M. Gelfand 1 The field and its boundaries, 3 16 Outcome measures, 71 Luigi Naldi Alain Dupuy, Emilie Sbidian, and Sylvie Bastuji-Garin 2 The rationale for evidence-based dermatology, 7 17 Where does qualitative research fit into evidence-based Hywel C. Williams and Michael Bigby dermatology?, 75 3 The role of patient and public involvement in evidence-based Ray Jobling and Luigi Naldi dermatology, 12 18 Applying the evidence back to the patient, 79 Carron Layfield, Amanda Roberts, Jason Simons, Colette Hywel C. Williams O’Sullivan, Anjna Rani, and Kim Thomas 4 The Cochrane Skin Group, 17 Finola Delamere, Liz Doney, Laura Prescott, and Shirley PART III Manknell The evidence PART II SECTION 1: Common inflammatory skin diseases The critical appraisal toolbox Luigi Naldi, editor Michael Bigby, editor 19 Acne vulgaris, 87 5 Formulating well-built clinical questions, 25 Michael Romano and Robert P. Dellavalle Michael Bigby and Berthold Rzany 20 Papulopustular rosacea, 106 6 Finding the best evidence, 27 Alfredo Rebora and Francesco Drago Michael Bigby and Rosamaria Corona 21 Perioral dermatitis, 112 7 The hierarchy of evidence, 30 Vincenzo Bettoli, Stefania Zauli, and Annarosa Virgili Michael Bigby 22 Hand eczema, 117 8 Appraising systematic reviews and meta-analyses, 33 Wietske A. Christoffers, Marie-Louise Anna Schuttelaar, and Michael Bigby and Hywel C. Williams Pieter-Jan Coenraads 9 How to critically appraise a randomized controlled trial, 39 23 The primary prevention of atopic dermatitis, 127 Hywel C. Williams Joanne R. Chalmers, Sam F. Bremmer, and Eric L. Simpson 10 Assessing and explaining the evidence on harms of medical 24 Atopic eczema, 136 interventions, 46 Kim Thomas, Carolyn Charman, Helen Nankervis, Jane Luigi Naldi Ravenscroft, and Hywel C. Williams 11 How to evaluate diagnostic tests, 50 25 Seborrheic dermatitis, 169 Joerg Albrecht and Michael Bigby Mauro Picardo and Norma Cameli v vi Contents 26 Treatment of psoriasis, 175 49 Leprosy, 407 Alexander Nast, Phyllis Spuls, and Tamar Nijsten Saumya Panda 27 Lichen planus, 200 50 Cutaneous leishmaniasis, 421 Laurence Le Cleach and Olivier Chosidow Urbà González, Armando Ruiz-Baqués, and Jorge Alvar 28 Acute urticaria, 206 51 Scabies, 432 Torsten Schäfer Ian F. Burgess 29 Chronic urticaria, 210 52 Head lice, 441 Karsten Weller and Marcus Maurer Ian F. Burgess and Ciara S. Casey 53 Insect bites and stings, 451 SECTION 2: Skin cancer, moles, and actinic keratoses Belen Lardizabal Dofitas Robert Dellavalle, editor SECTION 4: Disorders of pigmentation 30 Primary prevention of skin cancer, 223 Hywel C. Williams, editor Monika Janda and Adèle C. Green 54 Vitiligo, 464 31 Treatment of cutaneous melanoma, 231 Juan Jorge Manriquez and Sergio M. Niklitschek Mary Ann N. Johnson and April W. Armstrong 55 Melasma, 470 32 Treatment of squamous cell carcinoma, 241 Asad Salim, Ratna Rajaratnam, and Eva Soos Domanne Louise Lansbury, William Perkins, and Fiona Bath-Hextall 33 Basal cell carcinoma, 250 SECTION 5: Common ailments with significant cosmetic impact Fiona Bath-Hextall and William Perkins Berthold Rzany, editor 34 Primary cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, 264 Fiona Child and Sean Whittaker 56 Male and female androgenetic alopecia, 486 Hans Wolff and Kathrin Giehl 35 Actinic keratosis and Bowen’s disease, 283 Sasha N. Jenkins, Maren Speck, and Suephy C. Chen 57 Alopecia areata, 490 Rod Sinclair 36 Kaposi sarcoma, 303 Whitney A. High 58 Evidence-based treatment of hirsutism, 498 Ulrike Blume-Peytavi and Natalie Garcia-Bartels 37 Melanocytic nevi, 313 Varun Shahi and Jerry D. Brewer 59 Focal hyperhidrosis, 504 Kave Shams and Berthold Rzany SECTION 3: Infective skin diseases, exanthems, 60 Dermal fillers, 512 and infestations Stephanie Ogden and Tamara Griffiths Masutaka Furue and Yuping Ran, editors 61 Reducing mimic wrinkles and folds with botulinum 38 Local treatments for cutaneous warts, 320 toxin A, 516 Juping Chen and Yan Wu Berthold Rzany 39 Molluscum contagiosum, 329 SECTION 6: Other important skin disorders Minh L. Lam Michael Bigby, editor 40 Impetigo, 337 62 Cutaneous lupus erythematosus, 523 Sander Koning, Renske van der Sande, Lisette W.A. van Susan Jessop and David Whitelaw Suijlekom-Smit, and Johannes C. van der Wouden 63 Dermatomyositis, 531 41 Athlete’s foot, 341 Ruth Ann Vleugels, David F. Fiorentino, and Jeffrey P. Callen Inajara Rotta, Michel F. Otuki, and Cassyano J. Correr 64 Acquired subepidermal bullous diseases, 545 42 Pityriasis versicolor, 345 Gudula Kirtschig, Vanessa Venning, Nonhlanhla P. Khumalo, Nancy Habib and Michael Bigby and Fenella Wojnarowska 43 Onychomycosis, 349 65 Pemphigus, 552 Aditya K. Gupta, Elizabeth A. Cooper, Maryse Paquet, and Linda K. Martin, Brian R. Sperber, Dedee F. Murrell, and Fiona Simpson Victoria P. Werth 44 Tinea capitis, 364 66 Cutaneous sarcoidosis, 561 Urbà González Misha Rosenbach and Joseph C. English III 45 Deep fungal infections, 371 67 Erythema multiforme, 575 Roderick J. Hay Pierre-Dominique Ghislain and Jean-Claude Roujeau 46 Streptococcal cellulitis/erysipelas of the lower leg, 378 68 Stevens–Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis, Vinod E. Nambudiri and Michael Bigby 578 47 Exanthematic reactions, 388 Jean-Claude Roujeau, Pierre-Dominique Ghislain, and Sandra R. Knowles and Neil H. Shear Laurence Valleyrie-Allanore 48 Herpes simplex, 396 69 Polymorphic light eruption, 586 Vera Mahler Robert S. Dawe Contents vii 70 Infantile hemangiomas, 590 PART IV Hossain Shahidullah The future of evidence-based dermatology 71 Pruritus, 595 Luigi Naldi, editor Elke Weisshaar and Gil Yosipovitch 75 Where do we go from here?, 637 72 Vulval lichen sclerosus, erosive lichen planus, and Hywel C. Williams vulvodynia, 615 Rosalind C. Simpson, Ruth Murphy, and David Nunns Subject Index, 644 73 Venous ulcers, 624 Jonathan Kantor, David J. Margolis, and Douglas J. Pugliese 74 Other skin diseases for which trials exist, 632 Sinéad Langan and Hywel C. Williams Contributors Joerg Albrecht Ciara S. Casey Robert S. Dawe Department of Medicine and Division of Dermatology, Insect Research & Design Limited, Cambridge, UK Department of Dermatology, University of Dundee, John Stroger Hospital of Cook County, Chicago, IL, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, UK USA Sir Iain Chalmers Founding Director of the UK Cochrane Centre and Finola Delamere Jorge Alvar Editor of the James Lind Initiative, James Lind Cochrane Skin Group, Centre of Evidence Based Leishmaniasis Clinical Program, Drugs for Neglected Initiative, Summertown Pavilion, Middle Way, Oxford, Dermatology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, Diseases initiative (DNDi), Geneva, Switzerland UK UK April W. Armstrong Joanne R. Chalmers Robert P. Dellavalle Department of Dermatology, University of Colorado, Centre of Evidence Based Dermatology, University of Department of Dermatology, University of Colorado Denver Health System, Denver, CO, USA Nottingham, Nottingham, UK Denver, Aurora, CO, USA Sylvie Bastuji-Garin Carolyn Charman Laura K. DeLong Université Paris Est (UPEC), LIC, EA4393, 94010 Centre of Evidence Based Dermatology, University of Department of Dermatology, Emory University School Créteil, France; AP-HP, hôpital Henri Mondor, Service Nottingham, Nottingham, UK of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA de Santé Publique, 94010 Créteil, France Juping Chen Belen Lardizabal Dofitas Fiona Bath-Hextall Department of Dermatology, Second Clinical Medical Department of Dermatology, St. Luke’s Medical Center, Centre of Evidence Based Dermatology, University of College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China E. Rodriguez Blvd., Quezon City, Philippines; Nottingham, Nottingham, UK University of the Philippines College of Medicine & Suephy C. Chen Philippine General Hospital, Metro Manila, Philippines Vincenzo Bettoli Department of Dermatology, Emory University School Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA Liz Doney Section of Dermatology, University of Ferrara, Cochrane Skin Group, Centre of Evidence Based Arcispedale S.Anna, Ferrara, Italy Fiona Child Dermatology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK St John’s Institute of Dermatology, Guy’s and St Michael Bigby Thomas NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School Francesco Drago and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Olivier Chosidow Clinica Dermatologica, Department of Health, MA, USA University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy Department of Dermatology, Groupe Hospitalier Henri Mondor, Créteil, France; Satellite of the Ulrike Blume-Peytavi Cochrane Skin Group, Créteil, France; Université Paris Alain Dupuy Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Charité- Est Créteil Val de Marne, Créteil, France; INSERM, Dermatology Department and Pharmacoepidemiology Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany Centre d’Investigation Clinique 006, APHP, Créteil, Unit, Rennes-1 University, University Hospital, France Rennes, France Sam F. Bremmer Department of Dermatology, Oregon Health & Science Wietske A. Christoffers Joseph C. English III University, Portland, OR, USA Department of Dermatology, University of Groningen, Department of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA Jerry D. Brewer Netherlands Department of Dermatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, David F. Fiorentino MN, USA Pieter-Jan Coenraads Department of Dermatology, Stanford University Department of Dermatology, University of Groningen, School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA Ian F. Burgess University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Insect Research & Development Limited, Cambridge, Netherlands Natalie Garcia-Bartels UK Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Charité- Elizabeth A. Cooper Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany Jeffrey P. Callen Mediprobe Research Inc, London, Ontario, Canada Division of Dermatology, University of Louisville Joel M. Gelfand School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA Rosamaria Corona Department of Dermatology, University of Wolters Kluwer Health, Waltham, MA, USA. Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Norma Cameli Philadelphia, PA, USA Laboratory of Cutaneous Physiopathology, San Cassyano J. Correr Gallicano Dermatological Institute (IRCCS), Elio Pharmacy Department, Federal University of Paraná, Chianesi, Rome, Italy Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil viii