1IA 180 1 2.2 2 H Periodic Table of the Elements He 2IIA 13IIIA 14IVA 15VA 16VIA 17VIIA 1,01 4,00 3 0.98 4 1.57 No EN 5 2.04 6 2.55 7 3.04 8 3.44 9 3.98 10 Li Be Element B C N O F Ne 6,94 9,01 AMU 10,8 12,0 14,0 16,0 19,0 20,2 11 0.93 12 1.31 13 1.61 14 1.90 15 2.19 16 2.58 17 3.16 18 Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar 3IIIB 4IVB 5VB 6VIB 7VIIB 8VII 9VII 10VII 11IB 12IIB 23,0 24,3 27,0 28,1 31,0 32,1 35,45 39,9 19 0.93 20 1.00 21 1.36 22 1.54 23 1.63 24 1.66 25 1.55 26 1.33 27 1.88 28 1.91 29 1.90 30 1.65 31 1.81 32 2.01 33 2.18 34 2.55 35 2.96 36 K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr 39,1 40,1 45,0 47,9 50,9 52,0 54,9 55,8 58,9 58,7 63,5 65,4 69,7 72,6 74,9 79,0 79,9 83,8 37 0.82 38 0.95 39 1.22 40 1.33 41 1.60 42 2.16 43 1.90 44 2.20 45 2.28 46 2.20 47 1.93 48 1.69 49 1.78 50 1.96 51 2.05 52 2.10 53 2.66 54 Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe 85,5 87,6 88,9 91,2 92,9 95,9 (98) 101,1 102,9 106,4 107,9 112,4 114,8 118,7 121,8 127,6 126,9 131,3 55 0.79 56 0.89 57-71 72 1.30 73 1.50 74 2.36 75 1.90 76 2.20 77 2.20 78 2.28 79 2.54 80 2.00 81 1.62 82 2.33 83 2.02 84 2.00 85 2.20 86 Cs Ba La-Lu Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn 132,9 137,3 Lanthanides 178,5 180,9 183,8 186,2 190,2 192,2 195,1 197,0 200,6 204,4 207,2 209,0 (209) (210) (222) 87 0.7 88 0.9 89-103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 Fr Ra Ac-Lr Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn Uut Uuq Uup Uuh Uus Uuo (223) 226,0 Actinides (261) (262) (263) (262) (265) (266) (269) (272) (277) (284) (289) (288) (293) (282) (282) TransitionMetal 57 1.10 58 1.12 59 1.13 60 1.14 61 62 1.17 63 64 1.20 65 66 1.22 67 1.23 68 1.24 69 1.25 70 71 1.27 Metal La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Metalloid Non-metal 138,9 140,1 140,9 144,2 (145) 150,4 152,0 157,3 158,9 162,5 164,9 167,3 168,9 173,0 175,0 NobleGas Lanthanide 89 1.10 90 1.30 91 1.50 92 1.38 93 1.36 94 1.28 95 1.30 96 1.30 97 1.30 98 1.30 99 1.30 100 1.30 101 1.30 102 1.30 103 Actinide Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr 227,0 232,0 231,0 238,0 237,0 (244) (243) (247) (247) (251) (252) (257) (258) (258) (260) Everything Science Grade 10 Physical Science Version 1 – CAPS by Siyavula and volunteers Copyright notice Your freedom to legally copy this book You are allowed and encouraged to freely copy this book. You can photocopy, print and distribute it as often as you like. You can download it onto your mobile phone, iPad, PC or flash drive. You can burn it to CD, e-mail it around or upload it to your website. The only restriction is that you have to keep this book, its cover and short-codes unchanged. For more information about the Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported (CC BY-ND 3.0) license see http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by- nd/3.0/ Authors List This book is based upon the original Free High School Science Text which was entirely written by volunteer academics, educators and industry professionals. Their vision was to see a curriculum aligned set of mathematics and physical science textbooks which are freely available to anybody and exist under an open copyright license. Siyavula core team MarkHorner;HeatherWilliams;RenéToerien;JayanthiSKMaharaj(Veena);MorongwaMasemula;ElizeJones; KevinReddy;MariusDiergaardt;WetsieVisser Original Free High School Science Texts core team MarkHorner;SamuelHalliday;SarahBlyth;RoryAdams;SpencerWheaton Original Free High School Science Texts editors JayniePadayachee;JoanneBoulle;DianaMulcahy;AnnetteNell;RenéToerien;DonovanWhitfield Siyavula and Free High School Science Texts contributors Sarah Abel; Dr. Rory Adams; Andrea Africa; Matthew Amundsen; Ben Anhalt; Prashant Arora; Amos Baloyi; BonganiBaloyi;RaymondBarbour;Caro-JoyBarendse;RichardBaxter;TaraBeckerling;Dr.SarahBlyth;Sebastian Bodenstein; Martin Bongers; Gareth Boxall; Stephan Brandt; Hannes Breytenbach; Alex Briell; Wilbur Britz; Graeme Broster; Craig Brown; Richard Burge; Bianca Böhmer; George Calder-Potts; Eleanor Cameron; Richard Case;SithembileCele;AliceChang;RichardCheng;FannyCherblanc;Dr. ChristineChung;BrettCocks;Stefaan Conradie;RoccoCoppejans;TimCraib;AndrewCraig;TimCrombie;DanCrytser;Dr. AnneDabrowski;Laura Daniels; Gareth Davies; Jennifer de Beyer; Deanne de Bude; Mia de Vos; Sean Dobbs; Buhle Donga; William Donkin;EsmiDreyer;NicoladuToit;MatthewDuddy;FernandoDurrell;Dr. DanDwyer;AlexEllis;TomEllis; AndrewFisher;GiovanniFranzoni;LindsayGlesener;KevinGodby;Dr. VanessaGodfrey;TerenceGoldberg;Dr. JohanGonzalez;SaalighaGool;HemantGopal;Dr. StephanieGould;UmeshreeGovender;HeatherGray;Lynn Greeff;CarineGrobbelaar;Dr. TomGutierrez;BrookeHaag;KateHadley;AlexHall;Dr. SamHalliday;Asheena Hanuman; Dr. Melanie Dymond Harper; Dr. Nicholas Harrison; Neil Hart; Nicholas Hatcher; Jason Hayden; LauraHayward;Dr.WilliamP.Heal;Dr.FrithaHennessy;ShaunHewitson;MillieHilgart;GrantHillebrand;Nick Hobbs; ChrisHoldsworth; Dr. BenneHolwerda; Dr. MarkHorner; RobertHovden; MfandaidzaHove; Jennifer Hsieh; LauraHuss; RowanJelley; GrantJelley; ClareJohnson; LukeJordan; TanaJoseph; Dr. FabianJutz; Brian Kamanzi; Dr. Lutz Kampmann; Simon Katende; Natalia Kavalenia; Nothando Khumalo; Paul Kim; Dr. Jennifer Klay; Lara Kruger; Sihle Kubheka; Andrew Kubik; Dr. Jannie Leach; Nkoana Lebaka; Dr. Tom Leinster; Henry Liu; Christopher Loetscher; Mike Loseby; Amandla Mabona; Malothe Mabutho; Stuart Macdonald; Dr. Anton Machacek; Tshepo Madisha; Batsirai Magunje; Dr. Komal Maheshwari; Michael Malahe; Masoabi Malunga; Masilo Mapaila; Bryony Martin; Nicole Masureik; John Mathew; Dr. Will Matthews; Chiedza Matuso; JoEllen McBride; Nikolai Meures; Riana Meyer; Filippo Miatto; Jenny Miller; Abdul Mirza; Mapholo Modise; Carla Moerdyk; Tshwarelo Mohlala; Relebohile Molaoa; Marasi Monyau; Asogan Moodaly; Jothi Moodley; Robert Moon; Calvin Moore; Bhavani Morarjee; Kholofelo Moyaba; Nina Gitau Muchunu; Kate Murphy; Emmanuel Musonza; Tom Mutabazi; David Myburgh; Kamie Naidu; Nolene Naidu; Gokul Nair; Vafa Naraghi; Bridget Nash; Tyrone Negus; Huw Newton-Hill; Buntu Ngcebetsha; Dr. Markus Oldenburg; Thomas O’Donnell; Dr. JayniePadayachee;PoveshenPadayachee;MasimbaParadza;DavePawson;JustinPead;NicolettePekeur;Sirika Pillay; Jacques Plaut; Barry Povey; Andrea Prinsloo; Joseph Raimondo; Sanya Rajani; Prof. Sergey Rakityansky; Alastair Ramlakan; Dr. Matina J. Rassias; Dr. Jocelyn Read; Jonathan Reader; Jane Reddick; Dr. Matthew Reece;RazvanRemsing;LauraRichter;MaxRichter;SeanRiddle;Dr. DavidRoberts;ChristopherRoberts;Helen Robertson;EvanRobinson;RaoulRontsch;Dr. AndrewRose;KatieRoss;Jeanne-MariéRoux;MarkRoux;Bianca Ruddy;NitinRughoonauth;KatieRussell;StevenSam;Dr. CarlScheffler;ChoHeeShrader;NathanielSchwartz; DuncanScott;HelenSeals;RelebohileSefako;Prof. SergeyRakityansky;SandraSerumaga-Zake;PaulShangase; CameronSharp;IanSherratt;Dr. JamesShort;RogerSieloff;BrandonSim;BongaSkozana;ClareSlotow;Bradley Smith;GregSolomon;NicholasSpaull;Dr. AndrewStacey;Dr. JimStasheff;MikeStay;MikeStringer;Masixole Swartbooi; Tshenolo Tau; Tim Teatro; Ben Thompson; Shen Tian; Xolani Timbile; Robert Torregrosa; Jimmy Tseng;TimvanBeek;NeelsvanderWesthuizen;FransvanEeden;PierrevanHeerden;Dr. MarcovanLeeuwen; Marina van Zyl; Pieter Vergeer; Rizmari Versfeld; Mfundo Vezi; Mpilonhle Vilakazi; Ingrid von Glehn; Tamara vonGlehn;KosmavonMaltitz;HelenWaugh;LeandraWebb;Dr. DawnWebber;MichelleWen;Neelsvander Westhuizen; Dr. Alexander Wetzler; Dr. Spencer Wheaton; Vivian White; Dr. Gerald Wigger; Harry Wiggins; HeatherWilliams;WendyWilliams;JulieWilson;TimothyWilson;AndrewWood;EmmaWormauld;Dr. Sahal Yacoob;JeanYoussef;EwaldZietsman; iv Everything Science Whenwelookoutsideateverythinginnature,lookaroundusateverythingmanufacturedorlookupateverything inspacewecannotbutbestruckbytheincrediblediversityandcomplexityoflife;somanythings,thatlookso different,operatinginsuchuniqueways. Thephysicaluniversereallycontainsincrediblecomplexity. Yet, what is even more remarkable than this seeming complexity is the fact that things in the physical universe are knowable. We can investigate them, analyse them and understand them. It is this ability to understand the physicaluniversethatallowsustotransformelementsandmaketechnologicalprogresspossible. Ifwelookbackatsomeofthethingsthatdevelopedoverthelastcentury–spacetravel,advancesinmedicine, wireless communication (from television to mobile phones) and materials a thousand times stronger than steel – we see they are not the consequence of magic or some inexplicable phenomena. They were all developed throughthestudyandsystematicapplicationofthephysicalsciences. Soaswelookforwardatthe21stcentury andsomeoftheproblemsofpoverty, diseaseandpollutionthatfaceus, itispartlytothephysicalscienceswe needtoturn. Forhowevergreatthesechallengesseem,weknowthatthephysicaluniverseisknowableandthatthededicated study thereof can lead to the most remarkable advances. There can hardly be a more exciting challenge than layingbaretheseemingcomplexityofthephysicaluniverseandworkingwiththeincrediblediversitythereinto developproductsandservicesthataddrealqualitytopeople’slives. Physical sciences is far more wonderful, exciting and beautiful than magic! It is everywhere. See introductory videobyDr. MarkHorner: VPsfkatwww.everythingscience.co.za More than a regular textbook EverythingScienceisnotjustaSciencetextbook. Ithaseverythingyouexpectfromyourregularprintedschool textbook, but comes with a whole lot more. For a start, you can download or read it on-line on your mobile phone,computeroriPad,whichmeansyouhavetheconvenienceofaccessingitwhereveryouare. Weknowthatsomethingsarehardtoexplaininwords. Thatiswhyeverychaptercomeswithvideolessonsand explanationswhichhelpbringtheideasandconceptstolife. Summarypresentationsattheendofeverychapter offeranoverviewofthecontentcovered,withkeypointshighlightedforeasyrevision. Alltheexercisesinside thebooklinktoaservicewhereyoucangetmorepractice, seethefullsolutionortest yourskillslevelonmobileandPC. Weareinterestedinwhatyouthink,wonderaboutorstrugglewithasyoureadthroughthebookandattemptthe exercises. That is why we made it possible for you to use your mobile phone or computer to digitally pin your questiontoapageandseewhatquestionsandanswersotherreaderspinnedup. Everything Science on your mobile or PC Youcanhavethistextbookathandwhereveryouare–whetherathome,onthethetrainoratschool. Justbrowse totheon-lineversionofEverythingScienceonyourmobilephone,tabletorcomputer. Toreaditoff-lineyoucan downloadaPDFore-bookversion. Toreadordownloadit,gotowww.everythingscience.co.zaonyourphoneorcomputer. Using the icons and short-codes Insidethebookyouwillfindtheseiconstohelpyouspotwherevideos,presentations,practicetoolsandmore helpexist. Theshort-codesnexttotheiconsallowyoutonavigatedirectlytotheresourceson-linewithouthaving tosearchforthem. (A123) Godirectlytoasection (V123) Video,simulationorpresentation (P123) Practiceandtestyourskills (Q123) Askforhelporfindananswer To watch the videos on-line, practise your skills or post a question, go to the Everything Science website at www.everythingscience.co.zaonyourmobileorPCandentertheshort-codeinthenavigationbox. Video lessons Lookoutforthevideoiconsinsidethebook. Thesewilltakeyoutovideolessonsthathelpbringtheideasand conceptsonthepagetolife. Getextrainsight,detailedexplanationsandworkedexamples. Seetheconceptsin actionandhearrealpeopletalkabouthowtheyusemathsandscienceintheirwork. Seevideoexplanation (Video: V123) Video exercises Wherever there are exercises in the book you will see icons and short-codes for video solutions, practice and help. Theseshort-codeswilltakeyoutovideosolutionsofselectexercisestoshowyoustep-by-stephowtosolve suchproblems. Seevideoexercise (Video: V123)