EVALUATING CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITIES IMPACTING ON WATER RESOURCES PART III B r FEBRUARY 1991 r 1 r TD 428 Environment .C64 B69 Environnement 1984 Copyright Provisions and Restrictions on Copying: This Ontario Ministry of' the Environment work is protected by Crown copyright (unless otherwise indicated), which is held by the Queen's Printer For Ontario. It may he reproduced for non-commercial purposes if credit is given and Crown copyright is acknowledged. It may not he reproduced, in all or in part, part, tier any commercial purpose except under a licence from the Queen's Printer For Ontario. For information on reproducing Government of' Ontario works, please contact Service Ontario Publications at cop rig, lit (>>ontario.ca I ISBN 0-7729-4182-3 1 EVALUATING CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITIES IMPACTING ON WATER RESOURCES PART III B 1 HANDBOOK FOR DREDGING AND DREDGED MATERIAL DISPOSAL IN ONTARIO - DREDGING TRANSPORT, AND MONITORING Report prepared by: Water Resources Branch Ontario Ministry of the Environment February 1991 Reprinted October 1991 %it PRINTED ON t RECYCLED PAPER IMPRIME sun DU PAPIER RECYCLE Cette publication technique n'est disponible qu'en anglais. Copyright: Queen's Printer for Ontario, 1991 This publication may be reproduced for non-commercial purposes a with appropriate attribution. log 87-2230-001 PIBS 1711 FOREWORD In 1976, the Ontario Ministry of Environment (OMOE) published the handbook "Evaluating Construction Activities Impacting on Water Resources" as an aid in the assessment of the environmental impact of construction activities. Information gained since 1976 now warrants a revision of the original document. I The revised guidelines have been divided into five parts, as follows: 1 Part I: Guidelines for construction of hydrocarbon transmission and distribution pipelines crossing water courses (March 1984) Part II: Guidelines for construction of highways and bridges (March 1984) Part III: Handbook for dredging and dredged material disposal in Ontario A,B,C A - Legislation, Policies, Sediment Classification & Disposal B - Dredging, Transport and Monitoring f C - Sediment Sampling and Laboratory Analysis (November 1990) Part IV: Guidelines for marine construction projects (April 1986) Part V: Guidelines for small-scale waterfront projects (April 1986) This handbook (Dredging and Dredged Material Disposal Part III) has been - 1 prepared to assist dredging project proponents, OMOE staff and staff of other regulatory agencies in the selection of safe and appropriate management methods based on dredged material characteristics and current OMOE legislation. This document is intended to be a reference handbook of dredging-disposal activities, the details of which may not be required on a routine basis. Mention of trade names and commercial products in this handbook does not constitute endorsement. i e ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The preliminary report was prepared under contract by Beak Consultants and t Ocean Chem Group. 1 This report underwent review and consequently many modifications were made based on valuable comments from the following people: Dredged Material Management Working Group, Steve Maude, Gerry Myslik, Archie McLarty, Duncan Boyd, Deo Persaud, Wolfgang Scheider, John Ralston, Tammy Lomas, Don King, 1 Ian Carter and Elizabeth Pastorek from the Ontario Ministry of the Environment, and Ian Orchard, Laurie Sarazin, John Marsden, Susan Humphrey, Simon Llewllyn, Alfred Chau, Peter Fowlie and Bill Lee from Environment Canada. Tammy Lomas and Stephen Petro of the Water Resources Branch, Ontario Ministry of the Environment coordinated editorial revisions to the report. Special thanks to Rose-Marie Gonsalves of the Water Resources Branch, Ontario Ministry of the Environment for her endurance in typing the many editorial revisions. 1 Volume III of the Ontario Ministry of Environment's Report-Evaluating Construction Activities Impacting on Water Resources was supported in part 1 by funds received from Environment Canada under terms of the Canada-Ontario Agreement (COA) on Great Lakes Water Quality. Activities are coordinated with those of the Federal Government under the guidance of the COA Polluted Sediments Committee. ii 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 Paqe FOREWORD i ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ii INTRODUCTION lJ 1 1.0 DREDGING AND TRANSPORT OF DREDGED MATERIAL 1 1.1 Dredges and Their Operation 2 1.1.1 Mechanical Dredges 2 1 1.1.2 Hydraulic Dredges 6 1.2 Disposal Operations and Equipment Choice 10 1.3 Environmental Impacts of Dredging and Transport of Dredged Materials to the Disposal Site 12 t 1.4 Mitigation Measures 16 1.5 Management of Dredging Slurries 18 2.0 MONITORING 20 2.1 Dredging Operation 20 2.2 Open Water Disposal Site 22 2.3 Shoreline and Upland Confined Disposal Facilities 24 1 REFERENCES 27 GLOSSARY 27 n i i i r TABLE OF CONTENTS (Cont'd) Page LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1 Ladder Bucket Dredge 1.2 Clamshell Dredge 3 1.3 Dragline Dredge 5 1 1.4 Backhoe Dredge 5 1 1.5 Cutter Suction Dredge 7 1.6 Mud Cat Dredge 7 r 1.7 Trailing Suction Hopper Dredge 9 1.8 Split-Hull Trailing Suction Hopper Dredge 1.9 Pneuma Dredge System 1.10 Oozer Pump Operation 1.11 Areas of Sediment Re-Suspension During Dredging 1 1.12 Relative Turbidity Caused by Different Types of Dredges 15 1.13 Relationship Between Concentration of Suspended Solids in the Near-Surface Overflow Plume and the distance downstream of Overflow Ports 15 Fil iv 1 INTRODUCTION Fj 1 Environmentally sound marine construction practice requires that every effort be made to preserve the physical and biological integrity of Ontario's waterbodies in accordance with the provincial goals "To ensure - that the surface waters of the Province are of a quality which is satisfactory for aquatic life and recreation" (Ontario Ministry of the Environment, 1978). The aim of this Ministry of Environment handbook is to provide an overview of the management options for the handling of dredged material in the Province of Ontario. These guidelines were developed to protect the receiving environment according to the physical, chemical and biological quality of the material being dredged. Recognition is given, where 1 appropriate, to the potential re-use of certain materials. Dredging for the purposes of this handbook is identified as the planned, mechanical movement of material located below the surface of a waterbody, 1 or at the land/water interface. These guidelines apply to all forms of dredging. The following sections review the use of a variety of dredges, transport of dredged material and monitoring of dredging operations. 1.0 DREDGING AND TRANSPORT OF DREDGED MATERIAL 1.1 Dredges and Their Operation 1 Dredges may be grouped into two broad categories, mechanical and hydraulic. Mechanical dredges use one or more buckets of various designs to pick up the material to be dredged. The material is typically placed in a scow or barge and transported to a disposal site. Hydraulic dredges act like a large vacuum cleaner. They may or may not employ a cutter head at the suction inlet to loosen the material. A pump and pipeline system is 1 1 normally used to move the dredged material as a slurry. 1.1.1 Mechanical Dredges 1 Mechanical dredges are similar in operation to their dry land counterparts. Material is picked up in the dredge bucket and either placed in the disposal area or may be transported. The latter by trucks, scows/barges or occasionally, conveyor belts. In some instances, the dredge and transport scow are combined as one vessel, particularly where it is necessary to mechanically off-load the scow. 1 Differences in operation of the various dredges are dictated by the physical nature of the material to be dredged. Ladder bucket dredges (Figure 1.1) are derived from some of the earliest known dredges and are still commonly used in some European harbours and mining operations. I Clamshell dredges (Figure 1.2) are among the most versatile dredge buckets in that they are able to work in all types of material including blasted 1 rock, and manoeuvreable enough to work in restricted areas. Clamshell dredges have been typically used in both capital and maintenance projects in Small Craft Harbour facilities. The downward digging force that can be exerted by the bucket is limited by its static or dropping weight. Various bucket and jaw designs are available to cope with a variety of bottom materials from soft mud to blasted rock. Dredging depth is limited only by the amount of wire rope on the winch drums. Clamshell dredges leave a somewhat irregular bottom profile such that dredging is often necessary to ensure high spots are not left above the desired depth. 1 The dragline dredge, (Figure 1.3) using wire ropes from the top and base of the boom to the bucket, casts the bucket forward and then pulls the bucket back through the material to be excavated. Digging force is a function of the bucket weight, the winching force and the relative slope of the 2 f I s 1 I E 3