Eutrophication of Shallow Lakes with Special Reference to Lake Taihu, China Developments in Hydrobiology 194 Series editor K. Martens Eutrophication of Shallow Lakes with Special Reference to Lake Taihu, China Edited by 1 1,2 3 B. Qin , Z. Liu & K. Havens 1NanjingInstituteofGeographyandLimnology,ChineseAcademyofSciences,Nanjing,China 2InstituteofHydrobiology,JinanUniversity,Guangzhou,China 3DepartmentofFisheriesandAquaticSciences,UniversityofFlorida,Gainesville,USA Reprinted from Hydrobiologia, Volume 581 (2007) 123 LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData AC.I.P.CataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheLibraryofCongress. ISBN-13:978-1-4020-6157-8 PublishedbySpringer, P.O.Box17,3300AADordrecht,TheNetherlands CitethispublicationasHydrobiologiavol.581(2007). Coverillustration:LakeTaihu,alargeshallowlakeintheChangjiangRiverdelta(China).Satellite image:ChinaCenterforResourceSatelliteDataandApplications. Printedonacid-freepaper AllRightsreserved (cid:1)2007Springer Nopartofthismaterialprotectedbythiscopyrightnoticemaybereproducedorutilizedinanyform orbyanymeans,electronicormechanical,includingphotocopying,recordingorbyanyinformation storageandretrievalsystem,withoutwrittenpermissionfromthecopyrightowner. PrintedintheNetherlands TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface B. Qin, Z. Liu, K. Havens 1–2 INTRODUCTORY PAPERS Environmental issues of Lake Taihu, China B. Qin, P. Xu, Q. Wu, L. Luo, Y. Zhang 3–14 The art and science of lake restoration B. Moss 15–24 PHYSICAL AND GEO-CHEMICAL PROCESSES IN EUTROPHIC LAKES Phosphorus dynamics at multiple time scales in the pelagic zone of a large shallow lake in Florida, USA K.E. Havens, K.-R. Jin, N. Iricanin, R.T. James 25–42 Chromophoricdissolvedorganicmatter(CDOM)absorptioncharacteristicsinrelation to fluorescence in Lake Taihu, China, a large shallow subtropical lake Y. Zhang, B. Qin, G. Zhu, L. Zhang, L. Yang 43–52 Effects of hydrodynamics on phosphorus concentrations in water of Lake Taihu, a large, shallow, eutrophic lake of China G. Zhu, B. Qin, G. Gao, L. Zhang, L. Luo, Y. Zhang 53–61 Total inputs of phosphorus and nitrogen by wet deposition into Lake Taihu, China L. Luo, B. Qin, L. Yang, Y. Song 63–70 The effects of different electron donors on anaerobic nitrogen transformations and denitrification processes in Lake Taihu sediments D. Wang, Q. Huang, C. Wang, M. Ma, Z. Wang 71–77 A 200-year historical modeling of catchment nutrient changes in Taihu basin, China G. Yu, B. Xue, G. Lai, F. Gui, X. Liu 79–87 Evaluation of biogenic and anthropogenic inputs of aliphatic hydrocarbons to Lake Taihu sediments using biomarkers W. Qu, B. Xue, C. Su, S. Wang 89–95 Spatio-temporal distribution of nitrogen in the undulating littoral zone of Lake Taihu, China H. Wang, J. Lu, W. Wang, P. Huang, C. Yin 97–108 Variations in kinetics of alkaline phosphatase in sediments of eutrophic, shallow, Chinese lakes Y. Zhou, X. Cao, C. Song, J. Li, G. Chen, L. Peng 109–116 vi EnvironmentalchangesinLakeTaihuduringthepastcenturyasrecordedinsediment cores B. Xue, S. Yao, W. Xia 117–123 Role of climate and agricultural practice in determining matter discharge into large, shallow Lake Vo˜rtsja¨rv, Estonia P. No˜ges, M. Ka¨gu, T. No˜ges 125–134 Stable isotopic composition of nitrate in Lake Taihu, China, and major inflow rivers A. Townsend-Small, M.J. McCarthy, J.A. Brandes, L. Yang, L. Zhang, W.S. Gardner 135–140 DistributionandchemicalfractionationofheavymetalsinrecentsedimentsfromLake Taihu, China J. Shen, E. Liu, Y. Zhu, S. Hu, W. Qu 141–150 Vegetation and soil properties in restored wetlands near Lake Taihu, China J. Lu, H. Wang, W. Wang, C. Yin 151–159 BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES AND ECOSYSTEM RESPONSES IN EUTROPHIC SHALLOW LAKES Quantitative studies on phosphorus transference occuring between Microcystis aeruginosa and its attached bacterium (Pseudomonas sp.) L. Jiang, L.Yang, L. Xiao, X. Shi, G. Gao, B. Qin 161–165 Intracellular phosphorus metabolism and growth of Microcystis aeruginosa in dark/light cycles under various redox potential difference conditions X. Shi, L. Yang, L. Jiang, F. Kong, B. Qin, G. Gao 167–176 The bacterioplankton of Lake Taihu, China: abundance, biomass, and production G. Gao, B. Qin, R. Sommaruga, R. Psenner 177–188 Floating-leavedmacrophyte(TrapaquadrispinosaRoxb)bedshavesignificanteffects on sediment resuspension in Lake Taihu, China P. Huang, B. Han, Z. Liu 189–193 Nitrogendynamicsandmicrobialfoodwebstructureduringasummercyanobacterial bloom in a subtropical, shallow, well-mixed, eutrophic lake (Lake Taihu, China) M.J. McCarthy, P.J. Lavrentyev, L. Yang, L. Zhang, Y. Chen, B. Qin, W.S. Gardner 195–207 Different competitive outcomes among four species of cladocerans under different algacombinationsofcolonialMicrocystisspp.andgreenalgaScenedesmusobliquus F. Chen, P. Xie, B. Qin 209–215 The effect of temperature on growth characteristics and competitions of Microcystis aeruginosa and Oscillatoria mougeotii in a shallow, eutrophic lake simulator system Z. Chu, X. Jin, N. Iwami, Y. Inamori 217–223 Stability and change of phytoplankton communities in a highly dynamic environ- ment—the case of large, shallow Lake Balaton (Hungary) M. Honti, V. Istva´novics, A. Osztoics 225–240 Intra-habitat heterogeneity of microbial food web structure under the regime of eutrophication and sediment resuspension in the large subtropical shallow Lake Taihu, China Q.L. Wu, Y. Chen, K. Xu, Z. Liu, M.W. Hahn 241–254 vii Effects of limiting nutrients and N:P ratios on the phytoplankton growth in a shallow hypertrophic reservoir H.-S. Kim, S-J. Hwang, J.-K. Shin, K.-G. An, C.G. Yoon 255–267 EUTROPHICATION CONTROL AND MANAGEMENT OF SHALLOW LAKES Restorationofshallowlakesbynutrientcontrolandbiomanipulation—thesuccessful strategy varies with lake size and climate E. Jeppesen, M. Meerhoff, B.A. Jakobsen, R.S. Hansen, M. Søndergaard, J.P. Jensen, T.L. Lauridsen, N. Mazzeo, C.W.C. Branco 269–285 Dredging effects on P status and phytoplankton density and composition during winter and spring in Lake Taihu, China X. Cao, C. Song, Q. Li, Y. Zhou 287–295 Toxicity evaluation of Meiliang Bay, Lake Taihu, China—a drinking water source Y. Chen, H. Chen, Y. Wu, Z. Li, L. Sun, M. Qu, Z. Kong 297–303 Updating water quality targets for shallow Lake Balaton (Hungary), recovering from eutrophication V. Istva´novics, A. Clement, L. Somlyo´dy, A. Speczia´r, L. G.-To´th, J. Padisa´k 305–318 Removal of agricultural non-point source pollutants by ditch wetlands: implications for lake eutrophication control C. Jiang, X. Fan, G. Cui, Y. Zhang 319–327 Hydrobiologia(2007)581:1–2 DOI10.1007/s10750-006-0522-4 EUTROPHICATION IN LAKES Preface Boqiang Qin Æ Zhengwen Liu Æ Karl Havens (cid:1) SpringerScience+BusinessMediaB.V.2007 Eutrophication and algal blooms are worldwide one of the main issues with which the local environmentalissuesinlakes.Theeutrophication people and Chinese governments are concerned process and forming mechanisms of algal blooms today. are particularly complicated in shallow lakes due Lake Taihu is the third largest freshwater lake to the strong lake–land, air–water and water– in China, with an area of about 2,338 km2 and a sediment interactions. mean depth of 1.9 m. Now its main function is In China there are more than 2,700 lakes, with supplying drinking water for the surrounding a total area of 91,000 km2, and one third of them cites such as Shanghai, Suzhou and Wuxi. It is are shallow lakes. In recent years, many shallow also very important in tourism, culture fisheries lakes in China have displayed rapid eutrophica- and navigation. However, with economic devel- tion and suffered from algal blooms. These opment and increased population in the lake problems have resulted in a shortage of drinking basin, Lake Taihu is suffering from serious watersupplyanddegradationoflakeecosystems. eutrophication, so research work on ecosystem The control of eutrophication in shallow lakes is restoration in the lake is receiving increasing attention. The ‘International Symposium on the Eutro- phication Process and Control in Large Shallow Guesteditors:B.Qin,Z.Liu&K.Havens Lakes––With Special Reference to Lake Taihu, Eutrophicationofshallowlakeswithspecialreferenceto LakeTaihu,China a Shallow Subtropical Chinese Lake’ was held in Nanjing during April 22–26, 2005, and provided B.Qin(&) a forum for discussion and exchange of ideas NanjingInstituteofGeography&Limnology, and information by scientists and environment ChineseAcademyofSciences,73EastBeijingRoad, Nanjing210008,P.R.China managers on the issues of eutrophication pro- e-mail:[email protected] cess, control, and management of shallow lakes in general and Lake Taihu in particular. This Z.Liu special issue collects papers presented at the InstituteofHydrobiology,JinanUniversity, Guangzhou510632,P.R.China symposium. The editors and the authors of the papers in this special issue hope that it will make K.Havens a significant contribution to the understanding DepartmentofFisheriesandAquaticSciences, and management of eutrophication in shallow UniversityofFlorida,Gainesville,Florida32653, USA lakes. 123 2 Hydrobiologia(2007)581:1–2 Acknowledgements R. Nydick, Lianchun Fan, Liping Zhou, Liuyan Yang, Marc Schallenberg, Mark Honti, Mark J. The papers in this volume have all gone through McCarthy, Marley Waiser, Martin T. Dokulil, theusualreviewprocesswithatleasttworeferees Morton Siyuan Chen, Moshe Gophen, Nathan for each. As editors, we would therefore like to Hawley,NicolaFohrer,NimalChandrasena,Olav express our sincere thanks to the following Slaymaker, Peeter No˜ges, Ping-Mei LIEW, Piotr persons for their cooperation and valuable com- Dawidowicz, Rajendra Kumar Gupta, Raoul ments on one or several manuscripts: Henry, Robert G. Wetzel, Robert Portielje, Rosaluz Tavera, Ryo Matsumoto, S.S.S. Sarma, Sam Lau, Scotta A. Lowe, Shahamat U. Khan, Reviewers Shigeo Tsujimura, Suwanchai Nitisoravut, Sven Erik Jorgensen, Takashi Asaeda, Tara Reed, AloisHerzig,AkioImai,AlanJ.Lewitus,AmyM. Thomas L. Crisman, Tiina No˜ges, Ulrike-G. Kamarainen, Andrzej Gorniak, Asa Danielsson, Berninger, Vera Istva´novics, Vitor Vasconcelos, BarbaraRobson,BinheGu,BobFoy,BopingHan, Walter Dodds, Wayne S. Gardner, William R. Boqiang Qin, Brain Moss, Christian E. W. Stein- Herb,Xinde(Rocky)Cao,ZhengwenLiu,Zoltan berg,ChristopherW.K.Chow,ClaireL.Schelske, Vekerdy Colin S. Reynolds, Curtis J. Richardson, David We are also indebted to Henri Dumont for his Hamilton,DelphineLatour,DietrichSoyez,Dmit- valuable suggestions and help throughout the ry Lajus, Duran Robert, Edward Santoro, Elly process of producing this special issue, Liancong Spijkerman, Erik Jeppesen, Fernando Unrein, Luo and Liuyan Yang for their excellent edito- FigenERKOC,FrancoisGSchmitt,Gea-JaeJoo, rial assistance, Mark McCarthy for the language GenxingPan,GiovanaO.Fistarol,H.J.(Marieke) checking and Hongwei Yang for providing the deLange,HarveyShear,HeinzLo¨ffler,HermanJ. cover illustration. We acknowledge the Chinese Gons,HijranYavuzcanYildiz,HuayuLu,HuiLi, Academy of Sciences, National Natural Science Isabel Ramirez, James W. McClelland, Jaroslav Foundation of China for their financial support Vrba, Jianchao Lee, Jidong Gu, Jingsong Yan, (No. KXCZ1-SW-12 and 40514034) for this John Smol, Judith Wolf, Kaiqin Xu, Karl E. symposium and the editorial affairs of this Havens, Kelly A. Rusch, Kohji Michioku, Koren volume. 123 Hydrobiologia(2007)581:3–14 DOI10.1007/s10750-006-0521-5 EUTROPHICATION IN LAKES Environmental issues of Lake Taihu, China Boqiang Qin Æ Pengzhu Xu Æ Qinglong Wu Æ Liancong Luo Æ Yunlin Zhang (cid:1) SpringerScience+BusinessMediaB.V.2007 Abstract Lake Taihu is characterized by its Taihu has occurred. The function of flood dis- shallowness (mean depth = 1.9 m) and large sur- charging of East Taihu has been limited by face area (2,338 km2). Runoff sources are mostly flourishing macrophytes. The problems facing in from the mountainous west and southwest, and Lake Taihu will be alleviated by improving the outflows are located throughout East Taihu. This management of nutrient sources into the lake. causes shorter retention times in the south. In contrast,urbanpollutantsdischargeintonorthern Keywords Lake Taihu (cid:1) Hydrography (cid:1) Water Taihuandresultinpoorwaterquality.Non-point quality (cid:1) Eutrophication (cid:1) Aquaculture pollutionfromruralareasandsewagewastewater is the primary pollution source. Water current velocity ranges from 10–30 cm s–1, and surface Introduction currents normally follow wind direction. Bottom currents appear to be a compensation flow. Most Lake Taihu is situated in the Changjiang (Yan- waveheightsarelessthan40 cm,andunderwater gtze) delta, the most industrialized area in China irradiance correlates to seston in the water with high population density, urbanization, and column. Lacustrine sediment is distributed in economic development. Although Taihu Basin littoralzones,mostlyalongthewesternshoreline, occupies only 0.4% of China’s territory and 3% with almost no accumulation in the lake center. of China’s population, it contributes about 10% IntensiveaquacultureinEastTaihucausedeutro- of Gross National Product (GNP) and 15% of phication and hampered water supply in sur- province revenues (NSB, 2000; SBSC, 2000; rounding areas. In addition, development of SBZP, 2000; SBJP, 2000). Lake Taihu is impor- marshiness in the eastern littoral zones and East tant for water supply, flood control, tourism and recreation, shipping and aquaculture. It is the drinking water source for several cities, such as Guesteditors:B.Qin,Z.Liu&K.Havens Shanghai, Suzhou, Wuxi, and Huzhou. Since Eutrophicationofshallowlakeswithspecialreferenceto 1980’s, however, economic development has LakeTaihu,China resulted in pollutants being produced and dis- B.Qin(&)(cid:1)P.Xu(cid:1)Q.Wu(cid:1)L.Luo(cid:1)Y.Zhang charged into rivers and the lake. With the NanjingInstituteofGeography&Limnology, deterioration of water quality, eutrophication ChineseAcademyofSciences,73EastBeijingRoad, and algal blooms (Microcystis spp.) have oc- 210008Nanjing,P.R.China e-mail:[email protected] curred.Recently,thealgalbloomhasextendedits 123