Adverbial Constructions in the Languages of Europe w DE G Empirical Approaches to Language Typology EUROTYP 20-3 Editors Georg Bossong Bernard Comrie Mouton de Gruyter Berlin · New York Adverbial Constructions in the Languages of Europe edited by Johan van der Auwera in collaboration with Donall P. 0 Baoill Mouton de Gruyter Berlin · New York 1998 Mouton de Gruyter (formerly Mouton, The Hague) is a Division of Walter de Gruyter & Co., Berlin. © Printed on acid-free paper which falls within the guidelines of the ANSI to ensure permanence and durability. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication-Data Adverbial constructions in the languages of Europe / edited by Johan van der Auwera in collaboration with Donall P. Ο Baoill. p. cm. — (Empirical approaches to language typology ; 20-3) One of a series of 9 volumes in which the results of the European research project "Typology of Languages in Europe" (EUROTYP) are published. Seal of the European Science Foundation (ESF) and "EURO- TYP" appear on ser. t. p. Includes bibliographical references and indexes. ISBN 3-11-015746-2 (cloth : alk. paper) 1. Europe — Languages — Adverbials. 2. Grammar. Com- parative and general — Adverbials. I. Auwera, Johan van der. II. Ο Baoill, Donall. III. Typology of Languages in Europe (Project) IV. European Science Foundation. V. Se- ries. P380.A33 1998 415 —dc21 98-4784 CIP Die Deutsche Bibliothek — Cataloging-in-Publication-Data Adverbial constructions in the languages of Europe / ed. by Johan van der Auwera with Donall P. Ο Baoill. — Berlin ; New York : Mouton de Gruyter, 1998 (Empirical approaches to language typology ; 20 : EURO- TYP ; 3) ISBN 3-11-015746-2 © Copyright 1998 by Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co., D-10785 Berlin. All rights reserved, including those of translation into foreign languages. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording or any information storage and retrieval system, without per- mission in writing from the publisher. Typesetting and printing: Arthur Collignon GmbH, Berlin. Binding: Lüderitz & Bauer, Berlin. Printed in Germany. General preface The present volume is one of a series of nine volumes in which the results of the European research project "Typology of Languages in Europe" (EURO- TYP) are published. The initiative for a European project on language typology came from a proposal jointly submitted to the European Science Foundation (ESF) by Johannes Bechert (University of Bremen), Claude Buridant (University of Strasbourg), Martin Harris (University of Salford, now University of Man- chester) and Paolo Ramat (University of Pavia). On the basis of this proposal and following consultations with six experts the Standing Committee for the Humanities of the ESF decided to organize a workshop (Rome, January 1988), in which this idea was further explored and developed. The results of this workshop (published by Mouton de Gruyter, 1990) were sufficiently encouraging for the Standing Committee to appoint a preparatory committee and entrust it with the tasks of drawing up a prelimi- nary proposal, of securing interest and participation from a sufficiently large number of scholars and of finding a suitable programme director. The project proposal formulated and sent out by Simon Dik (University of Amsterdam) as chair of this committee met with very supportive and enthusiastic reactions, so that the Standing Committee for the Humanities recommended the funding of a planning stage and the General Assembly of the ESF approved a year zero (1989) for an ESF Programme in Language Typology. During this planning phase all major decisions concerning the management structure and the organisation of the work were taken, i. e., the selection of a programme director, the selection of nine focal areas around which the research was to be organized, the selection of a theme coordinator for each theme and the selection of the advisory committee. The first task of the programme director was to draw up a definitive project proposal, which was supplemented with individual proposals for each theme formulated by the theme coordinators, and this new proposal became the basis of a decision by the ESF to fund the Programme for a period of five years (1990-1994). Language typology is the study of regularities, patterns and limits in cross- linguistic variation. The major goal of EUROTYP was to study the patterns and limits of variation in nine focal areas: pragmatic organization of discourse, constituent order, subordination and complementation, adverbial construc- tions, tense and aspect, noun phrase structure, clitics and word prosodic sys- tems in the languages of Europe. The decision to restrict the investigation to vi General preface the languages of Europe was imposed for purely practical and pragmatic reasons. In the course of the project an attempt was made, however, to make as much sense of this restriction as possible, by characterizing the specific fea- tures of European languages against the background of non-European lan- guages and by identifying areal phenomena (Sprachbünde) within Europe. More specifically, the goals of the EUROTYP project included the following: — to contribute to the analysis of the nine domains singled out as focal areas, to assess patterns and limits of cross-linguistic variation and to offer explanations of the patterns observed; — to bring linguists from various European countries and from different schools or traditions of linguistics together within a major international project on language typology and in doing so create a new basis for future cooperative ventures within the field of linguistics. More than 100 linguists from more than 20 European countries and the United States participated in the project; — to promote the field of language typology inside and outside of Europe. More specifically, an attempt was made to subject to typological analysis a large number of new aspects and domains of language which were uncharted territory before; — to provide new insights into the specific properties of European languages and thus contribute to the charactization of Europe as a linguistic area (Sprach- bund); — to make a contribution to the methodology and theoretical foundations of typology by developing new forms of cooperation and by assessing the role of inductive generalization and the role of theory construction in language typology. We had a further, more ambitious goal, namely to make a contribu- tion to linguistic theory by uncovering major patterns of variation across an important subset of languages, by providing a large testing ground for theoreti- cal controversies and by further developing certain theories in connection with a variety of languages. The results of our work are documented in the nine final volumes: Constituent Order in the Languages of Europe (edited by A. Siewierska) Adverbial Constructions in the Languages of Europe (edited by J. van der Auwera) Word Prosodic Systems in the Languages of Europe (edited by H. van der Hulst) Actance et Valence dans les langues de l'Europe (edited by J. Feuillet) Clitics in the Languages of Europe (edited by H. van Riemsdijk) Tense and Aspect in the Languages of Europe (edited by Ö. Dahl) Noun Phrase Structure in the Languages of Europe (edited by F. Plank) General preface vii Pragmatic Organization of Discourse in the Languages of Europe (edited by G. Bernini) Subordination and Complementation in the Languages of Europe (edited by N. Vincent) In addition, the EUROTYP Project led to a large number of related activities and publications, too numerous to be listed here. At the end of this preface, I would like to express my profound appreciation to all organizations and individuals who made this project possible. First and foremost, I must mention the European Science Foundation, who funded and supported the Programme. More specifically, I would like to express my appre- ciation to Christoph Mühlberg, Max Sparreboom and Genevieve Schauinger for their constant and efficient support, without which we would not have been able to concentrate on our work. I would, furthermore, like to thank my colleague and assistant, Martin Haspelmath, and indeed all the participants in the Programme for their dedication and hard work. I finally acknowledge with gratitude the crucial role played by Johannes Bechert and Simon Dik in getting this project off the ground. Their illness and untimely deaths deprived us all of two of the project's major instigators. Berlin, September 1995 Ekkehard König, Programme Director Preface The times, they are a-changin' — always, but it seemed that they were changing for the better in 1989. That year, at least in Europe, walls and curtains of stone and iron were being dismantled. It had the disadvantage of ending the Pax Sovietica and preparing for conflicts in Yugoslavia, Abkhazia, Georgia, Arme- nia, Azerbaijan, Ossetia, and Chechnya. But we did not know that yet. The EUROTYP project only profited from the new openness. Before 1989 a project aiming to study the languages of Europe, from the Urals to the Atlantic, would not have been realistic; after 1989, it became a real possibility. The adverbialist group tried to exploit this possibility to the utmost. As the acknowledgments to the individual chapters will show, we had contacts with experts and native speakers for many of the more inaccessible languages of Europe. Colleagues from Eastern Europe became regular attendants at the meetings, and contrib- uted to the Working Papers. Personal histories also changed. I want to dedicate this book to Simon Dik, the chairman of the scientific committee of the EUROTYP project, and to Johannes Bechert, one of the initiators of the project, both of whom did not live to see the project end, and to the children who were born or adopted in the families of group members, viz., Ursina Saskia Bisang, Anastasia Eseleva, Thomas Patrick Haberland, Anna Maria and Elisabeth Hengeveld, Leonie Paula Kortmann, Teresa Michaelis-Haspelmath, Kai Ulrich Müller-Bardey, An- astasia Nedjalkova, and Douglas and Pedro van der Auwera Woodward. The dedication also goes to Oda Buchholz, as a symbol of the group's support in her coping with an embittering side-effect of the German unification. The work reflected in this book is to a high degree a result of collaboration, especially and most intensively between the core members Walter Bisang, Oda Buchholz, Hartmut Haberland, Martin Haspelmath, Kees Hengeveld, Ekkehard König, Bernd Kortmann, Juan Carlos Moreno Cabrera, Thomas Müller-Bardey, Igor' Nedjalkov, Donall P. Ο Baoill, Paolo Ramat, and Davide Ricca. Everyone pledged to collect and analyze for several languages and lived up to this pledge in a unique way. We also had a wonderful time together, which those present at the last group meeting will remember most strongly when they sing the Björstorp version of The yellow submarine, or relive the Björstorp meals or Markaryd saunas. To all group members I offer my warmest gratitude. If one compares the acknowledgments in the individual chapters, one notices that some names crop up repeatedly. Given the group's commitment to a sam- pling strategy, such expert help was a sine qua non. Among the expert col- leagues, I hereby thank most sincerely Mikhail Y. Alekseev (Moscow), Mario