EN KEY ISSUES 2020 KEY ISSUES 2020 I Legal notice This publication of the European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA) is protected by copyright. The EMCDDA accepts no responsibility or liability for any consequences arising from the use of the data contained in this document. The contents of this publication do not necessarily reflect the official opinions of the EMCDDA’s partners, any EU Member State or any agency or institution of the European Union. This report is availale in Bulgarian, Spanish, Czech, Danish, German, Estonian, Greek, English, French, Croatian, Italian, Latvian, Lithuanian, Hungarian, Dutch, Polish, Portuguese, Romanian, Slovak, Slovenian, Finnish, Swedish, Turkish and Norwegian. All translations were made by the Translation Centre for the Bodies of the European Union. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, 2020 © European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction, 2020 Reproduction is authorised provided the source is acknowledged. Recommended citation: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (2020), European Drug Report 2020: Key Issues Summary, Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg. Print ISBN 978-92-9497-526-3 doi: 10.2810/029425 TD-04-20-439-EN-C PDF ISBN 978-92-9497-503-4 doi: 10.2810/759563 TD-04-20-439-EN-N Recommended citation: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (2020), European Drug Report 2020: Key Issues, Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg. YEARS OF MONITORING 1995–2020 Praça Europa 1, Cais do Sodré, 1249-289 Lisbon, Portugal Tel. (351) 211 21 02 00 [email protected] I www.emcdda.europa.eu twitter.com/emcdda I facebook.com/emcdda I Contents 4 Introductory note 5 Acknowledgements 6 I COVID-19 PANDEMIC AND THE DRUG SITUATION 8 I EUROPE’S DRUG SITUATION UP TO 2020: KEY ISSUES IDENTIFIED 8 I Large drug shipments are increasingly intercepted 10 I C ocaine’s role in Europe’s drug problem is increasing 12 I Th e potential for increased heroin use and existing harms raise concerns 14 I U nderstanding the public health impact of high-potency cannabis and new products 16 I Increased and diverse drug production within Europe 18 I C ontinuing availability of high-strength MDMA products highlights need for greater user awareness 20 I G rowing complexity in the drug market poses regulatory challenges and health risks 21 I N ew tools and innovative strategies are needed to support the scaling-up of hepatitis C treatment 22 I D rug overdose is increasingly associated with an ageing population 24 I N ew psychoactive substances have become a more persistent problem 26 I A ppearance of new synthetic opioids is a worrying example of continuing market adaptability 28 I ANNEX National data tables European Drug Report 2020: Key Issues Introductory note The Key Issues of the 2020 European Drug Report (EDR), available in 24 languages, presents a selection of the main findings from the EMCDDA’s latest analysis of the drug situation in Europe, chosen for their policy relevance and general interest. A set of top-level tables from the EMCDDA annual Statistical Bulletin are also included here. The full version of this report, the 2020 EDR: Trends and Developments, is based on information provided to the EMCDDA by the EU Member States, the candidate country Turkey, and Norway, submitted through an annual reporting exercise. All groupings, aggregates and labels reflect the situation based on the available data in 2019 in respect to the composition of the European Union and the countries participating in EMCDDA reporting exercises in that year. Due to the time required for collation of data, annual data sets from national registries often reflect the reference year January to December 2018. Analysis of trends is based only on those countries providing sufficient data to describe changes over the period of interest. The reader should also be aware that monitoring patterns and trends in a hidden and stigmatised behaviour like drug use is both practically and methodologically challenging. Caution is therefore required in interpretation, in particular when countries are compared on any single measure. Detailed methodological information can be found in the online EMCDDA Statistical Bulletin which includes caveats and notes on the interpretation of data; qualifications on the analysis; and methodological information relating to the collection and interpretation of data and statistical information on the calculation of European and other averages, where interpolation may sometimes be used. 4 Acknowledgements The EMCDDA would like to thank the following for their help in producing this report: I t he heads of the Reitox national focal points and their staff; I t he services and experts within each Member State that collected the raw data for this report; I t he members of the Management Board and the Scientific Committee of the EMCDDA; I t he European Parliament, the Council of the European Union — in particular its Horizontal Working Party on Drugs — and the European Commission; I t he European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), the European Medicines Agency (EMA) and Europol; I t he Pompidou Group of the Council of Europe, the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, the WHO Regional Office for Europe, Interpol, the World Customs Organisation, the European School Survey Project on Alcohol and Other Drugs (ESPAD), the Sewage Analysis Core Group Europe (SCORE), the European Drug Emergencies Network (Euro-DEN Plus), the European Syringe Collection and Analysis Project Enterprise (ESCAPE) network and the Trans-European Drug Information network (TEDI); I t he Translation Centre for the Bodies of the European Union and the Publications Office of the European Union. Reitox national focal points Reitox is the European information network on drugs and drug addiction. The network is comprised of national focal points in the EU Member States, the candidate country Turkey, Norway and at the European Commission. Under the responsibility of their governments, the focal points are the national authorities providing drug information to the EMCDDA. The contact details of the national focal points may be found on the EMCDDA website. 5 European Drug Report 2020: Key issues COVID-19 PANDEMIC AND THE DRUG SITUATION The analysis presented in this report is based on the most as a conduit for information-sharing. In a series of rapid recent data available from routine monitoring and describes studies, we have also reported on the impact of COVID-19 the drug situation in Europe at the end of 2019. Since on drug use and associated problems, help-seeking, service then, European countries have been greatly affected by provision and the operation of the drug market. The situation the outbreak and rapid spread of the coronavirus disease requires regular review and our ongoing work on it can be 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. The enforcement of restrictive accessed from our COVID-19 web area. public health measures necessary to curb transmission of the virus have impacted all areas of life including drug use, Looking to the future, three important questions remain to drug markets and the implementation of law enforcement be answered. Will we see a return to the situation as it was and health and social responses to the drug phenomenon. at the end of 2019 and, if so, how quickly will this happen? Across Europe, 2020 has seen, to varying degrees, the In addition, will there be important medium and long-term introduction of restrictive measures unprecedented in implications for drug use and the future drug problems we peacetime, including closure of non-essential services, face, or for how services respond to problems in this area? border closures, limitations on the right to assembly and And finally, what lessons can be learnt from the pandemic freedom of movement. This situation has had an immediate in order to increase the resilience of our policy responses in impact on many behaviours linked to drug use and drug this area if faced by future crises? The data reported here supply, as well as disrupting health provision and some provide a valuable baseline for these considerations, and law enforcement activities. Subsequently, the relaxing or the EMCDDA is committed to following these issues closely. lifting of some of the public health measures has created the conditions for a rebound towards the pre-COVID-19 situation. However, at the time of writing, the situation remains volatile and the pandemic continues to have an impact across many key policy areas, including drugs. Importantly, COVID-19 still poses a major threat to global health and security and is likely to do so for some time. The pandemic is also likely to have, in the medium to long term, an economic and social impact that will have wide-ranging implications, including some for the future problems we are likely to face in the drugs area. From the start of the pandemic, the EMCDDA has been committed to supporting its stakeholders in responding to the immediate challenges in this area. The agency analysed the special needs and risks for people who use drugs, in order to prevent coronavirus infections among this group. We have also considered how drug services could adapt to mitigate the impact of the pandemic on their clients and staff. The EMCDDA has been closely following the development of the situation and responses to it, acting 6 COVID-19 pandemic and the drug situation AT A GLANCE — ESTIMATES OF DRUG USE IN EUROPE Cannabis Cocaine Adults (15-64) Adults (15-64) Last year use Lifetime use Last year use Lifetime use 25.2 m 90.2 m 4.3 m 17.9 m 7.6 % 27.2 % 1.3 % 5.4 % Young adults (15-34) Young adults (15-34) Last year use National estimates Last year use National estimates of use in last year of use in last year 18.0 m Lowest 2.9 m Lowest 3.5 % 0.2 % 15.0 % 2.4 % Highest Highest 21.8 % 5.3 % MDMA Amphetamines Adults (15-64) Adults (15-64) Last year use Lifetime use Last year use Lifetime use 2.7 m 13.6 m 2.0 m 12.3 m 0.8 % 4.1 % 0.6 % 3.7 % Young adults (15-34) Young adults (15-34) Last year use National estimates Last year use National estimates of use in last year of use in last year 2.3 m Lowest 1.4 m Lowest 0.2 % 0.0 % 1.9 % 1.2 % Highest Highest 6.9 % 3.0 % Heroin and other opioids High-risk opioid users Drug treatment requests Fatal overdoses 1.3 million Principal drug in Opioids are 34 % 82 % about 34 % of all found in drug treatment 82 % of fatal 660 000 requests in the overdoses opioid users received substitution European Union treatment in 2018 For the complete set of data and information on the methodology, see the accompanying online Statistical Bulletin. 7 European Drug Report 2020: Key issues EUROPE’S DRUG SITUATION UP TO 2020: KEY ISSUES IDENTIFIED KEY ISSUE | Large drug shipments are increasingly intercepted Many indicators for the most commonly used substances suggest drug availability remains high. Alongside developments in production, an increase in the interception of large quantities of cocaine, cannabis resin and increasingly heroin transported by sea often in intermodal containers raises concerns around the infiltration by organised crime groups of logistical supply chains, shipping routes and large ports. MAIN EDR 2020 FINDINGS Around 1.3 million seizures were reported in 2018 The quantity of cocaine seized in the European Union in Europe, with cannabis products most often seized reached the highest levels ever recorded in 2018, (Figure 1). amounting to 181 tonnes (138 tonnes in 2017). In 2018 the quantity of cannabis resin seized In 2018 the amount of heroin seized in the European in the European Union rose to 668 tonnes Union increased to 9.7 tonnes, up from 5.2 tonnes from 468 tonnes in 2017 (Figure 2). A number in 2017, mainly due to large individual seizures made of countries that generally seize small quantities in the port of Antwerp. In 2017 and 2018 Turkey of herbal cannabis showed considerable increases seized around 17 tonnes of heroin each year (17.4 and in 2018. One example is Belgium, where the 17.8 tonnes), the largest quantities for a decade. 17.3 tonnes seized was 18 times the amount seized in the previous year. 8 Europe’s drug situation up to 2020 FIGURE 1 NUMBER OF REPORTED DRUG SEIZURES, BREAKDOWN BY DRUG, 2018 Herbal cannabis Cannabis resin Cocaine 40 % and crack 29 % 10 % Amphetamines 6 % Heroin 5 % MDMA 3 % Other substances 6 % Cannabis 2 % plants FIGURE 2 TRENDS IN QUANTITIES OF CANNABIS, COCAINE AND HEROIN SEIZED IN THE EUROPEAN UNION tonnes Cannabis resin 1000 500 0 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 tonnes Herbal cannabis 300 150 0 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 tonnes Cocaine 200 100 0 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 tonnes Heroin 15 7.5 0 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 9