European Constitutional Law TheEuropeanUnionhasexistedforoverhalfacentury.Havingstartedasthe ‘Europe of the Six’ in a specific industrial sector, the Union today has twenty-seven Member States and acts within almost all areas of social life. The Union’s constitutional structures have evolved in parallel with this immensegrowth.Bornasaninternationalorganisation,theUnionhasdevel- oped into a constitutional Union of States. This new textbook analyses the constitutionallawoftheEuropeanUnionafterLisboninaclearandstructured way. Examining the EU in a classic constitutional perspective, it explores the centralthemesofthesubject:thehistoryandstructureoftheUnion,thepowers andproceduresofitsbranchesofgovernment,andtherightsandremediesof Europeancitizens.Aclearthree-partstructureandnumerousillustrationswill facilitate understanding. Critical and comprehensive, this is required reading forallstudentsofEuropeanconstitutionallaw. RobertSchu¨tzeisaReaderinLawatDurhamUniversity. European Constitutional Law ROBERT SCHÜTZE cambridge university press Cambridge,NewYork,Melbourne,Madrid,CapeTown, Singapore,SãoPaulo,Delhi,MexicoCity CambridgeUniversityPress TheEdinburghBuilding,CambridgeCB28RU,UK PublishedintheUnitedStatesofAmericabyCambridgeUniversityPress,NewYork www.cambridge.org Informationonthistitle:www.cambridge.org/9780521504904 ©RobertSchütze2012 Thispublicationisincopyright.Subjecttostatutoryexception andtotheprovisionsofrelevantcollectivelicensingagreements, noreproductionofanypartmaytakeplacewithoutthewritten permissionofCambridgeUniversityPress. Firstpublished2012 PrintedintheUnitedKingdomattheUniversityPress,Cambridge AcataloguerecordforthispublicationisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary LibraryofCongressCataloginginPublicationdata Schütze,Robert. Europeanconstitutionallaw/RobertSchütze. p. cm. ISBN9780521504904(hardback) 1. Constitutionallaw EuropeanUnioncountries. I. Title. KJE4445.S348 2012 342.24 dc23 2011039144 ISBN9780521504904Hardback ISBN9780521732758Paperback CambridgeUniversityPresshasnoresponsibilityforthepersistenceor accuracyofURLsforexternalorthirdpartyinternetwebsitesreferredto inthispublication,anddoesnotguaranteethatanycontentonsuch websitesis,orwillremain,accurateorappropriate. – In Memory of Pierre Pescatore (1919 2010) Summary Contents Introduction:EuropeanConstitutionalLaw page1 Part I: History and Structure 1. ConstitutionalHistory:FromParistoLisbon 9 2. ConstitutionalNature:AFederationofStates 47 3. GovernmentalStructure:UnionInstitutionsI 80 4. GovernmentalStructure:UnionInstitutionsII 116 Part II: Powers and Procedures 5. LegislativePowers:CompetencesandProcedures 151 6. ExternalPowers:CompetencesandProcedures 187 7. ExecutivePowers:CompetencesandProcedures 223 8. JudicialPowers:CompetencesandProcedures 258 Part III: Rights and Remedies 9. EuropeanLaw:DirectandIndirectEffect 305 10. EuropeanLaw:SupremacyandPreemption 347 11. EuropeanLaw:RemediesandLiabilities 380 12. InParticular:EuropeanHumanRights 409 Contents ListofIllustrations xviii ListofTables xix Preface xxi Acknowledgements xxii TableofCases xxiii TableofEquivalences xxxvi ListofAbbreviations lii Introduction:EuropeanConstitutionalLaw 1 Part I: History and Structure 1 ConstitutionalHistory:FromParistoLisbon 9 Introduction 9 1. FromParistoRome:theEuropeanCoalandSteelCommunity 12 (a) The(supranational)structureoftheECSC 13 (b) The(failed)EuropeanDefenceCommunity 16 2. FromRometoMaastricht:theEuropean(Economic)Community 18 (a) Normativesupranationalism:thenatureofEuropeanlaw 19 (b) Decisionalsupranationalism:thegovernmentalstructure 20 (c) IntergovernmentaldevelopmentsoutsidetheEEC 23 (d) Supranationalandintergovernmentalreformsthroughthe SingleEuropeanAct 26 3. FromMaastrichttoNice:the(old)EuropeanUnion 27 (a) TheTempleStructure:theThreePillarsofthe (Maastricht)Union 29 (i) TheFirstPillar:theEuropeanCommunities 29 (ii) TheSecondPillar:CommonForeignandSecurityPolicy 32 (iii) TheThirdPillar:JusticeandHomeAffairs 33 (b) Adecadeof‘constitutionalbricolage’:AmsterdamandNice 33 (i) TheAmsterdamTreaty:dividingtheThirdPillar 33 (ii) TheNiceTreaty:limitedinstitutionalreform 35 x Contents 4. FromNicetoLisbon:the(new)EuropeanUnion 37 (a) The(failed)ConstitutionalTreaty:formal‘totalrevision’ 38 (b) TheLisbonTreaty:substantive‘totalrevision’ 41 Conclusion 45 2 ConstitutionalNature:AFederationofStates 47 Introduction 47 1. TheAmericanconstitutionaltradition:federalismas (inter)nationallaw 49 2. TheEuropeanconstitutionaltradition:internationalversus nationallaw 53 (a) Conceptualpolarisation:‘Confederation’versus‘Federation’ 54 (b) Earlycriticism:theEuropeantraditionandthe(missing) federalgenus 56 3. TheEuropeanUnioninlightoftheAmericanconstitutional tradition 59 (a) Thefoundationaldimension:Europe’s‘Constitutional Treaty’ 60 (b) Theinstitutionaldimension:aEuropeanUnionofStatesand people(s) 62 (c) Thefunctionaldimension:thedivisionofpowersinEurope 64 (d) Overallclassification:theEuropeanUniononfederal ‘middleground’ 65 4. TheEuropeanUnioninlightoftheEuropeanconstitutional tradition 66 (a) Thesuigeneris‘theory’:the‘incomparable’EuropeanUnion 67 (b) Theinternationallawtheory:the‘MaastrichtDecision’ 68 (c) Europe’sstatisttraditionunearthed:threeconstitutional denials 71 (d) Excursus:Europe’sdemocratic‘deficit’asa‘falseproblem’? 74 Conclusion 77 3 GovernmentalStructure:UnionInstitutionsI 80 Introduction 81 1. The‘separation-of-powers’principleandtheEuropeanUnion 83 2. TheEuropeanParliament 87 (a) Formation:electingParliament 87 (i) Parliament’ssizeandcomposition 88 (ii) MembersoftheEuropeanParliamentand politicalparties 91 (b) Internalstructure:parliamentaryorgans 93 (c) Theplenary:decision-makingandvoting 94