EuropeanCommissionDecisionsonCompetition EuropeanCommissionDecisionsonCompetitionprovidesacomprehensiveeconomic classification and analysis of all European Commission decisions adopted pursuant to Articles 101, 102, and 106 of the FEU Treaty from 1962 to 2009. It also includes a sampleoflandmarkEuropeanmergercases.Thedecisionsareorganizedaccordingto theprincipaleconomictheoryappliedinthecase.Foreacheconomiccategory,thesem- inalCommissiondecisionthatbecameareferencepointforthattypeofanticompetitive behavior is described. For this, a fixed template format is used throughout the book. Allsubsequentdecisionsinwhichthesameeconomicprinciplewasappliedarelisted chronologically. This book complements the most widely used textbooks in industrial organization,competitioneconomics,andcompetitionlawtowhichdetailedreferences areoffered.Itcontainssourcematerialforteachers,students,andscholarsofcompetition lawandeconomics,aswellaspractisingcompetitionlawyersandofficials. francesco russo worksasacompetitionlawyeratBonelliEredePappalardoand isamemberoftheItalianBar.HeisavisitingresearcherattheAmsterdamCenterfor LawandEconomics(ACLE). maarten pieter schinkelisProfessorofCompetitionEconomicsandRegulation attheDepartmentofEconomicsoftheUniversityofAmsterdamandCo-directorofthe Amsterdam Center for Law and Economics (ACLE). He is a visiting professor at the CollegeofEuropeinBruges. andrea gu¨nster isapost-doctoralresearcherineconomicsattheProfessorshipfor IntellectualPropertyoftheETHZurich.SheisavisitingresearcherattheAmsterdam CenterforLawandEconomics(ACLE). martin carree is Professor of Industrial Organization in the School of Business andEconomicsofMaastrichtUniversity.HeisthecurrentHeadoftheDepartmentof OrganizationandStrategy. European Commission Decisions on Competition Economic Perspectives on Landmark Antitrust and Merger Cases FRANCESCO RUSSO MAARTEN PIETER SCHINKEL ANDREA GU¨ NSTER MARTIN CARREE cambridge university press Cambridge,NewYork,Melbourne,Madrid,CapeTown,Singapore, Sa˜oPaulo,Delhi,Dubai,Tokyo CambridgeUniversityPress TheEdinburghBuilding,CambridgeCB28RU,UK PublishedintheUnitedStatesofAmericabyCambridgeUniversityPress,NewYork www.cambridge.org Informationonthistitle:www.cambridge.org/9780521117197 (cid:2)c FrancescoRusso,MaartenPieterSchinkel,AndreaGu¨nster,andMartinCarree2010 Thispublicationisincopyright.Subjecttostatutoryexception andtotheprovisionsofrelevantcollectivelicensingagreements, noreproductionofanypartmaytakeplacewithoutthewritten permissionofCambridgeUniversityPress. Firstpublished2010 PrintedintheUnitedKingdomattheUniversityPress,Cambridge AcataloguerecordforthispublicationisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary LibraryofCongressCataloguinginPublicationdata EuropeanCommissiondecisionsoncompetition:economicperspectivesonlandmarkantitrust andmergercases/FrancescoRusso...[etal.]. p. cm. Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex. ISBN978-0-521-11719-7(hardback) 1.EuropeanCommission. 2.Antitrustlaw–EuropeanUnioncountries–Cases. 3.Consolidation andmergerofcorporations–Lawandlegislation–EuropeanUnioncountries–Cases. I.Russo,Francesco,1978– II.Title. KJE6456.E938 2010 343.24(cid:3)0721–dc22 2010006632 ISBN978-0-521-11719-7Hardback CambridgeUniversityPresshasnoresponsibilityforthepersistenceor accuracyofURLsforexternalorthird-partyinternetwebsitesreferredto inthispublication,anddoesnotguaranteethatanycontentonsuch websitesis,orwillremain,accurateorappropriate. Contents Listoffigures pagexiii Listoftables xiv Listofabbreviations xv Tableoflegislation xvi Tableofequivalences xxii Acknowledgments xxiii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 AbriefhistoryofEuropeancompetitionpolicy 3 1.1.1 Institutionalandlegalframework 3 1.1.2 Europeancompetitionpolicyandrules 5 1.1.3 Commissiondecisionsovertime 10 1.1.4 Enforcementofthecompetitionrules 16 1.1.5 Remediesandfines 19 1.2 Structureofthebook 20 1.3 Userguide 25 2 Horizontalrestrictions 26 A Introduction 26 B ApplicableEUlegislation 27 C Relatedeconomicstexts 28 D Relatedlegaltexts 28 2.1 Pricefixingcartels 28 A Introduction 28 B ApplicableEUlegislation 28 C Relatedeconomicstexts 28 D Relatedlegaltexts 29 E Commissiondecisionsinchronologicalorder 29 F Economiclandmarkcases 33 2.2 Marketsharing,quotacartels,andspecializationagreements 43 A Introduction 43 B ApplicableEUlegislation 44 C Relatedeconomicstexts 44 D Relatedlegaltexts 44 E Commissiondecisionsinchronologicalorder 45 F Economiclandmarkcases 49 v vi contents 2.3 Bid-riggingandtenderfixing 61 A Introduction 61 B ApplicableEUlegislation 61 C Relatedeconomicstexts 61 D Relatedlegaltexts 61 E Commissiondecisionsinchronologicalorder 62 F Economiclandmarkcases 62 2.4 Structuralcrisiscartels 69 A Introduction 69 B ApplicableEUlegislation 69 C Relatedeconomicstexts 69 D Relatedlegaltexts 69 E Commissiondecisionsinchronologicalorder 70 F Economiclandmarkcases 70 2.5 Exportcartels 73 A Introduction 73 B ApplicableEUlegislation 73 C Relatedeconomicstexts 73 D Relatedlegaltexts 73 E Commissiondecisionsinchronologicalorder 74 F Economiclandmarkcases 74 2.6 Tradeassociations 78 A Introduction 78 B ApplicableEUlegislation 79 C Relatedeconomicstexts 79 D Relatedlegaltexts 79 E Commissiondecisionsinchronologicalorder 79 F Economiclandmarkcases 81 2.7 Marketingandadvertisingagreements 85 A Introduction 85 B ApplicableEUlegislation 85 C Relatedeconomicstexts 85 D Relatedlegaltexts 86 E Commissiondecisionsinchronologicalorder 86 F Economiclandmarkcases 87 2.8 Agreementsonstandards 93 A Introduction 93 B ApplicableEUlegislation 94 C Relatedeconomicstexts 94 D Relatedlegaltexts 94 E Commissiondecisionsinchronologicalorder 94 F Economiclandmarkcases 95 2.9 Exchangeofinformation 105 A Introduction 105 B ApplicableEUlegislation 105 C Relatedeconomicstexts 105 D Relatedlegaltexts 105 contents vii E Commissiondecisionsinchronologicalorder 106 F Economiclandmarkcases 107 3 Abuseofdominance 113 A Introduction 113 B ApplicableEUlegislation 114 C Relatedeconomicstexts 114 D Relatedlegaltexts 114 3.1 Excessivepricing,discriminatorysalesconditions,and prohibitiontoresale 115 A Introduction 115 B ApplicableEUlegislation 115 C Relatedeconomicstexts 115 D Relatedlegaltexts 116 E Commissiondecisionsinchronologicalorder 116 F Economiclandmarkcases 117 3.2 Loyaltydiscountsandfidelityrebates 121 A Introduction 121 B ApplicableEUlegislation 121 C Relatedeconomicstexts 121 D Relatedlegaltexts 122 E Commissiondecisionsinchronologicalorder 122 F Economiclandmarkcases 123 3.3 Predatorypricing 137 A Introduction 137 B ApplicableEUlegislation 138 C Relatedeconomicstexts 138 D Relatedlegaltexts 138 E Commissiondecisionsinchronologicalorder 138 F Economiclandmarkcases 139 3.4 Bundlingandtying 148 A Introduction 148 B ApplicableEUlegislation 149 C Relatedeconomicstexts 149 D Relatedlegaltexts 149 E Commissiondecisionsinchronologicalorder 150 F Economiclandmarkcases 150 3.5 Pricesqueezing 158 A Introduction 158 B ApplicableEUlegislation 158 C Relatedeconomicstexts 158 D Relatedlegaltexts 158 E Commissiondecisionsinchronologicalorder 159 F Economiclandmarkcases 159 3.6 Restrictingand/orpreventingentry 165 A Introduction 165 B ApplicableEUlegislation 166 viii contents C Relatedeconomicstexts 166 D Relatedlegaltexts 166 E Commissiondecisionsinchronologicalorder 166 F Economiclandmarkcases 167 3.7 Refusaltodealandessentialfacilitiesdoctrine 181 A Introduction 181 B ApplicableEUlegislation 182 C Relatedeconomicstexts 182 D Relatedlegaltexts 183 E Commissiondecisionsinchronologicalorder 183 F Economiclandmarkcases 184 3.8 Preventinginteroperabilityofstandardsandnetworks 189 A Introduction 189 B ApplicableEUlegislation 189 C Relatedeconomicstexts 189 D Relatedlegaltexts 189 E Commissiondecisionsinchronologicalorder 190 F Economiclandmarkcases 190 3.9 Bestpriceguarantees(“Englishclauses”) 193 A Introduction 193 B ApplicableEUlegislation 193 C Relatedeconomicstexts 193 D Relatedlegaltexts 194 E Commissiondecisionsinchronologicalorder 194 F Economiclandmarkcase 194 4 Licensing 198 A Introduction 198 B ApplicableEUlegislation 198 C Relatedeconomicstexts 198 D Relatedlegaltexts 199 4.1 Trademarksandbranding 199 A Introduction 199 B ApplicableEUlegislation 200 C Relatedeconomicstexts 200 D Relatedlegaltexts 200 E Commissiondecisionsinchronologicalorder 200 F Economiclandmarkcases 201 4.2 Patentsandotherintellectualpropertyrights 207 A Introduction 207 B ApplicableEUlegislation 208 C Relatedeconomicstexts 208 D Relatedlegaltexts 208 E Commissiondecisionsinchronologicalorder 208 F Economiclandmarkcases 209 contents ix 5 Verticalrestrictions 218 A Introduction 218 B ApplicableEUlegislation 218 C Relatedeconomicstexts 219 D Relatedlegaltexts 219 5.1 Exclusivedealingandmarketforeclosure 219 A Introduction 219 B ApplicableEUlegislation 220 C Relatedeconomicstexts 220 D Relatedlegaltexts 220 E Commissiondecisionsinchronologicalorder 220 F Economiclandmarkcases 221 5.2 Territorialexclusivityandparallelimport/exportbans 231 A Introduction 231 B ApplicableEUlegislation 232 C Relatedeconomicstexts 232 D Relatedlegaltexts 232 E Commissiondecisionsinchronologicalorder 232 F Economiclandmarkcases 235 5.3 Resalepricemaintenance 245 A Introduction 245 B ApplicableEUlegislation 245 C Relatedeconomicstexts 245 D Relatedlegaltexts 245 E Commissiondecisionsinchronologicalorder 246 F Economiclandmarkcases 246 5.4 Bundlingandtying 249 A Introduction 249 B ApplicableEUlegislation 249 C Relatedeconomicstexts 249 D Relatedlegaltexts 249 E Commissiondecisionsinchronologicalorder 250 F Economiclandmarkcases 250 5.5 Selectivedistributionsystems 250 A Introduction 250 B ApplicableEUlegislation 251 C Relatedeconomicstexts 251 D Relatedlegaltexts 251 E Commissiondecisionsinchronologicalorder 251 F Economiclandmarkcases 252 5.6 Franchising 263 A Introduction 263 B ApplicableEUlegislation 263 C Relatedeconomicstexts 263 D Relatedlegaltexts 264