The Project Gutenberg eBook, Europe in the Sixteenth Century 1494-1598, Fifth Edition, by A. H. (Arthur Henry) Johnson This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org Title: Europe in the Sixteenth Century 1494-1598, Fifth Edition Period IV (of 8), Periods of European History Author: A. H. (Arthur Henry) Johnson Release Date: February 6, 2013 [eBook #42025] Language: English Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 ***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK EUROPE IN THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY 1494- 1598, FIFTH EDITION*** E-text prepared by Chris Curnow, Christoph W. Kluge, and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team (http://www.pgdp.net) from page images generously made available by Internet Archive (http://archive.org) Note:Images of the original pages are available through Internet Archive. See http://archive.org/details/cu31924010282832 Transcriber’s Note Obvious typographical and printer’s errors have been corrected. Punctuation marks where missing have silently been supplied. Variations in spelling and hyphenation have been retained as in the original except where noted otherwise. Additional notes and details of the corrections can be found at the end of this e- text. In Eight Volumes. Crown 8vo. With Maps, etc. Six Shillings net each Volume. The Complete Set £2, 8s. net. PERIODS OF EUROPEAN HISTORY General Editor—ARTHUR HASSALL, M.A., Student of Christ Church, Oxford. The object of this series is to present in separate Volumes a comprehensive and trustworthy account of the general development of European History, and to deal fully and carefully with the more prominent events in each century. The Volumes embody the results of the latest investigations, and contain references to and notes upon original and other sources of information. No such attempt to place the History of Europe in a comprehensive, detailed, and readable form before the English Public has previously been made, and the Series forms a valuable continuous History of Mediæval and Modern Europe. Period I.—The Dark Ages. 476–918. B y C. W. C. Oman, M.A., Chichele Professor of Modern History in the University of Oxford. 6s. net. Period II.—The Empire and the Papacy. 918–1273. B y T. F. Tout, M.A., Professor of Mediæval and Modern History in the University of Manchester. 6s. net. Period III.—The Close of the Middle Ages. 1273–1494. By R. Lodge, M.A., LL.D., Professor of History at the University of Edinburgh. 6s. net. Period IV.—Europe in the 16th Century. 1494–1598. B y A. H. Johnson, M.A., Historical Lecturer to Merton, Trinity, and University Colleges, Oxford. 6s. net. Period V.—The Ascendancy of France. 1598–1715. By H. O. Wakeman, M.A., late Fellow of All Souls’ College, Oxford. 6s. net. Period VI.—The Balance of Power. 1715–1789. By A. Hassall, M.A., Student of Christ Church, Oxford. 6s. net. Period VII.—Revolutionary Europe. 1789–1815. By H. Morse Stephens, M.A., Professor of History at the University of California, Berkeley, California, U.S.A. 6s. net. Period VIII.—Modern Europe. 1815–1899. By W. Alison Phillips, M.A., formerly Senior Scholar of St. John’s College, Oxford. 6s. net. THE DARK AGES, 476–918 By C. W. C. OMAN, M.A., Chichele Professor of Modern History in the University of Oxford. Forming Volume I. of Periods of European History. ‘A thorough master of his subject, and possessed of a gift for clear expositions, he has supplied the student with a most valuable and helpful book.’—Spectator. ‘No better exponent of this era, so full of difficulties and complications, could have been chosen.’—Journal of Education. ‘Mr. Oman has done his work well. His narrative is Clear and interesting, and takes full account of recent research.’—English Historical Review. ‘This volume will be valued by all historical students as supplying a real want in our historical literature, and supplying it well.... His touch is sure and his insight keen. For the accuracy of his facts his historical reputation is a sufficient guarantee.’—Times. THE EMPIRE AND THE PAPACY, 918–1273 By T. F. TOUT, M.A., Professor of Mediæval and Modern History in the University of Manchester. Forming Volume II. of Periods of European History. ‘This admirable and impartial work.... A more trustworthy historical treatise on the period and subject has not hitherto appeared.’—Morning Post. ‘One of the best of the many good historical textbooks which have come out of our universities in recent years.’—Times. ‘Altogether Professor Tout has given us a most trustworthy adjunct to the study of mediæval times, which all who may be called upon to interpret those times to others may safely recommend and themselves profit by.’—English Historical Review. THE CLOSE OF THE MIDDLE AGES, 1273–1494 By R. LODGE, M.A., LL.D., Professor of History at the University of Edinburgh. Forming Volume III. of Periods of European History. ‘The book is admirably written, it contains maps and genealogical tables, an exhaustive index, and a bibliography which students will value as an aid to the interpretation of the whole period as well as a clue to any part of it.’—Standard. ‘We are exceedingly thankful for the Series, and as we have already said, to Prof. Lodge. There is no longer any excuse for English-speaking teachers to be wholly ignorant of the history of Europe. The obligation lies on them to purchase these volumes, and then read, mark, learn, and inwardly digest them, so that they can supplement their teaching with intelligible comment.’—School World. ‘The book must be regarded as quite indispensable to all English students of the late Middle Ages.’—University Correspondent. ‘Professor Lodge’s book has the supreme merit of clearness, not less than that of conciseness.’—Pall Mall Gazette. ‘A work of great value on one of the most difficult and at the same time one of the most important periods of European history. The book is a monument of skill and labour.’—Aberdeen Journal. EUROPE IN THE 16TH CENTURY, 1494–1598 By A. H. Johnson, M.A., Historical Lecturer at Merton, Trinity, and University Colleges, Oxford. Forming Volume IV. of Periods of European History. ‘A singularly clear, thorough, and consistent account of the great movements and great events of the time, and the volume may be accepted as one of the best extant handbooks to a period as complex as it is important.’—Times. ‘In the present volume Mr. A. H. Johnson has made a useful and unpretentious contribution to a Series of which it can be said more truly than of most series that it supplies a real want. Mr. Johnson is well known as one of the most experienced and successful teachers of history at Oxford, and the book has all the merits which the fact of being written by a good teacher can give it. It is clear, sensible, and accurate, and commendably free from fads or bias.’—Manchester Guardian. ‘There is certainly no other single book in English which covers the ground so adequately.’—University Correspondent. ‘Mr. Johnson’s narrative is clear and accurate, and his grasp of the history of his period wonderfully strong and comprehensive.’—Journal of Education. THE ASCENDANCY OF FRANCE, 1598–1715 By H. O. Wakeman, M.A., Late Fellow of All Souls College, Oxford. Forming Volume V. of Periods of European History. ‘His story is no dry compendium, but a drama, each act and scene of which has its individual interest.’—Guardian. ‘Mr. Wakeman has produced an excellent sketch, both clear and concise.’—Oxford Magazine. ‘Mr. Wakeman’s book is a sound, able, and useful one, which will alike give help to the student, and attract the cultivated general reader.’—Manchester Guardian. ‘A thoroughly scholarly and satisfactory monograph.’—Leeds Mercury. THE BALANCE OF POWER, 1715–1789 By A. Hassall, M.A., Student of Christ Church, Oxford. Forming Volume VI. of Periods of European History. ‘Although it contains more than 400 pages, we felt as we read its last page that it was too short. It is not, however, too short to prevent its author dealing adequately with his subject according to the scheme of the whole Series. There is little detail in it, and but little theorising, and what it contains are clear statements of masterly summaries.... We may cordially recommend this interesting and well- written volume.’—Birmingham Daily Gazette. ‘Treated with much accuracy, patience, and vigour.’—Educational Times. ‘The author has struggled manfully with the difficulties of his subject, and not without a distinct measure of success. He has availed himself of the latest researches on the period, and his narrative is well ordered and illustrated by excellent maps and some useful appendices.’—Manchester Guardian. REVOLUTIONARY EUROPE, 1789–1815 By H. Morse Stephens, M.A., Professor of History at the University of California, U.S.A. Forming Volume VII. of Periods of European History. ‘As a piece of literary workmanship can hardly be surpassed.... The result is a boon to students, and a serviceable book of reference for the general reader.’—Daily News. ‘Mr. Stephens has written a very valuable and meritorious book, which ought to be widely used.’—Manchester Guardian. ‘An admirable, nay, a masterly work.’—Academy. ‘To say that Mr. Morse Stephens has compiled the best English textbook on the subject would be faint praise.’—Journal of Education. ‘We are happy to extend a hearty welcome to this much-needed Series, which, if it throughout keeps on the same high level of this volume, will fill up a painful gap in our accessible historical literature.’—Educational Times. ‘The volume contains one of the clearest accounts of the French Revolution and the rise of the First Napoleon ever written. In fact, it is the work of a real historian. The style of the book is strong and picturesque.’—Western Morning News. MODERN EUROPE, 1815–1899 By W. Alison Phillips, M.A., formerly Senior Scholar of St. John’s College, Oxford. Forming Volume VIII. of Periods of European History. ‘An exceedingly difficult task has been accomplished, we may say without hesitation, to admiration. We have read the book with the keenest and quite unflagging enjoyment, and we welcome it as one of the very best histories that have been written within the last few years.’—Guardian. ‘It has achieved, with a remarkable success, the difficult task of compressing into a compact space the long history of a time of extraordinary complications and entanglements; but—much more important—it has never lost vigour and interest throughout the whole survey.... The completeness of the book is really extraordinary.... The book is by far the best and handiest account of the international politics of the nineteenth century that we possess.... Should give Mr. Alison Phillips distinct rank among historians of the day.’—Literature. ‘Altogether, the book offers a most luminous and quite adequate treatment of its subject, and makes a worthy conclusion of a Series that well deserves to be popular.’—Glasgow Herald. ‘He presents his materials with model clearness and arrangement, and with a sound literary style, which will make the book attractive to the general reader as well as useful to the student.’—Scotsman. ‘Mr. Phillips shows decided literary power in the handling of a not too manageable period, and few readers with any appreciation of the march of history, having once commenced the book, will be content to lay it aside until the last page is reached.’—Manchester Guardian. ‘This thoughtful volume will give the intelligent reader both profit and pleasure.’—Spectator. E U R O P E IN THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY 1494–1598 BY A. H. J O H N S ON, M.A. HISTORICAL LECTURER TO MERTON, TRINITY AND UNIVERSITY COLLEGES, OXFORD P E R I O D I V R I V I N G TO N S K I N G S T R E ET, C O V E N T G A R D E N L O N D O N 1909 Fifth Edition 34 All rights reserved vii P R EFAC E The limits as to length imposed upon me by the Editor of the Series forced me to adopt one of two alternatives. I had either to content myself with a very slight sketch of the whole of European History during the period, or I had to exercise some principle of selection. Unwilling to do over again that which has already been well done by Mr. Lodge in his History of Modern Europe, I have fallen back on the second alternative, and confined myself to the greater Powers of Western Europe. Nor is such a selection without some justification; for it is the struggle for supremacy between these Powers which underlies the other issues, affects every movement (even the religious ones), and gives unity to this many-sided and involved period of the world’s history. My readers will therefore find no reference to the affairs of England, nor to those of the Kingdoms of Northern and Eastern Europe, except so far as in their foreign policy they affect the course of that great struggle. My best thanks are due to Mr. Armstrong for help, more particularly in points of Spanish History, and to Mr. Fletcher, who has revised the proofs, and assisted with his kindly criticism. Oxford, May 1897. viii P R EFAC E TO F O URT H EDIT IO N I have only to thank my critics, and especially Mr. Armstrong and Mr. Fotheringham, for many helpful suggestions. Oxford, Jan. 1903. LIS T O F MAP S PAGE 1. Spain, 1494–1598, xvi 2. The Swiss Confederation, 119 3. Netherlands, 314 4. Portuguese and Spanish Discoveries, 473 5. Italy, 1494–1559, 6. France, 1494–1598, 7. Germany in 1547, � �at end of book C O NT ENT S CHAPTER PAGE Bibliography, x Introduction, 1 I. The Italian Wars, 1494–1518, 4 II. Internal History of France, Spain, and Germany, 1494–1519, 90 III. From the Election of Charles to the Battle of Pavia, 129 IV. From the Treaty of Madrid to the Treaty of Crespi, 181 V. From the War of Schmalkalde to the Treaty of Cateau Cambrésis, 220 VI. The Counter-Reformation and Calvinism, 261 VII. Philip and Spain, 277 VIII. The Revolt of the Netherlands, 315 IX. The Reformation and the Civil Wars in France, 387 Appendix I.—The French Constitution in the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries, 449 Appendix II.—Constitution of Florence in the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries, 458 Appendix III.—Venetian Constitution in the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries, 467 LIST OF POPES AND GENEALOGIES, 472 INDEX, 477 ix BIBLIO G R AP HIC AL NO T E General— Cambridge Modern History, vol. i. Lavisse et Rambaud, Histoire Générale. Creighton, History of the Papacy during the Reformation, c. vii. to the end. Philippson, La Contre-Révolution religieuse. Ranke, Fürsten und Völker von Süd-Europa im 16 u. 17 Jahrhundert. Zur Kritik neuerer Geschichtschreiber. Maps.—Spruner Menke, No. 8. Putzger, Historischer School Atlas. Clarendon Press Historical Atlas, No. 8. N.B.—The Clarendon Press Maps, with Notes, can be purchased separately, the Spruner without Notes. A chronological summary will be found in Hassall, Handbook of European History. France— Cambridge Modern History, c. xii. Martin, Histoire de France. Michelet, Histoire de France. Grant, The French Monarchy. Gasquet, Précis des Institutions Politiques et Sociales de l’ancienne France. Chéruel, Dictionnaire historique des Institutions, mœurs et costumes de la France. Cherrier, Histoire de Charles VIII. Godefroy, Théod., Histoire de Charles VIII. et Louis XII. (a collection of Chronicles). Müntz, La Renaissance en Italie et en France à l’Époque de Charles VIII. Philippe de Commines, Mémoires. Lettenhove: Commines, Lettres et négoc. avec un Commentaire. Memoirs given in Pétitot, Michaud et Poujoulat, especially Fleuranges, Bayard, Tavannes, Condé, La Noue. Mignet, Rivalité de François Ier et de Charles Quint. De Thou, Historiarum sui temporis libri cxxxviii. (translated into French). Ranke, Französische Geschichte (translated The Civil Wars in France). Armstrong, Civil Wars in France. Baird, The Rise of the Huguenots. Forneron, Les Ducs de Guise. Aumale, duc d’, Histoire des Princes de Condé. Delaborde, Coligny. Whitehead, Coligny. Solden, Geschichte des Protestantismus in Frankreich. Willert, Henry IV. (Heroes of Nations Series). Mornay, Ph., du Plessis Mémoires. Maps.—Spruner Menke, No. 54. Clarendon Press Historical Atlas, Nos. 57, 58. Germany— Cambridge Modern History, cc. ix. xvi. xvii. xviii. xix. Nitzsch, Geschichte des deutschen Volkes. Krönes, Handbuch der Geschichte Österreichs. Ranke, Geschichte der romanischen und germanischen Völker (translated.) Bezold, Geschichte der deutschen Reformation (Onckens Series). Alman, Kaiser Maximilian I. Vehse, Memoirs of the House of Austria (translated). Hutten, Ulrich von, Schriften. Ed. Bocking. Strauss, Ulrich von Hutten (translated). Geiger, Renaissance und Humanismus in Italien und Deutschland (Onckens Series). Johann Reuchlin. Erasmus, Opera. Ed. Le Clerc. Froude, Erasmus. Lamprecht, Deutsche Geschichte (good for the Social and Economic History). Allgemeine deutsche Biographie. Zeller, Histoire d’Allemagne: La Réformation. Ranke, Deutsche Geschichte im Zeitalter der Reformation (part translated). Janssen, Geschichte des deutschen Volkes seit dem Ausgange des Mittelalters (in course of translation). x 1 ten ten xi xii Beard, The Hibbert Lectures, 1803. Köstlin, Martin Luther. Maurenbrecher, Studien u. Skizzen zur Reformationszeit. Geschichte der katholischen Reform. Karl V. und die deutschen Protestanten. Armstrong, Charles V. Baumgarten, Geschichte Karls V. Garchard, Life of Charles, in Biographie Nationale, vol. iii. Mignet, Rivalité de François Ier et de Charles Quint. Sir Stirling Maxwell, Cloister life of Charles V. Lanz, Correspondenz des Kaisers Karl V. Staatspapiere zur Geschichte des Kaisers Karl V. Bradford, Correspondence of Charles V. Garchard, Correspondance de Charles Quint et d’Adrien VI. Brandenburg, Moritz von Sachsen. Ranke, Zur deutschen Geschichte vom Religionsfrieden bis zum dreißigjährigen Krieg. Wolf, G., Deutsche Geschichte im Zeitalter der Gegenreformation. Köstlin, Martin Luther. Kampschutte, Calvin. Maps.—Spruner Menke, Nos. 43, 73, 74. Clarendon Press Historical Atlas, Nos. 37, 38, 39, 47. Bohemia— Palacky, Geschichte von Böhmen. Map.—Clarendon Press Historical Atlas, No. 46. Switzerland— Dierauer, Geschichte der schweizerischen Eidgenossenschaft. Coolidge, Article in Encyclopædia Brit. Map.—Clarendon Press Historical Atlas, No. 44. Italy— Cf. Cambridge Modern History, cc. iv, v, vi, vii, viii, xvi, xvii, xviii, xix. Gregorovius, Geschichte der Stadt Rom, vols. vii. viii. (translated). Creighton, Popes of the Reformation. Ranke, Die römischen Päpste (translated). Pastor, Geschichte der Päpste (translated). Sismondi, Histoire des Républiques italiennes du moyen âge. Brown, H. F., Kalendar of Venetian State Papers. Venice. Romanin, Storia documentata di Venezia. Perrens, Histoire de Florence. Guicciardini, Storia d’Italia. Considerazione intorno ai Discorsi di Machiavelli: opere inedite, vol. i. Storia Fiorentina: opere inedite, vol. iii. Guido Capponi, Storia della repubblica di Firenza. Capponi, G. A., Storia del Reame di Napoli. Jovius, Vitæ illustrium virorum: Elogia virorum illustrium: Historia sui temporis. Burcardas Diarium. Ed. Thuasne, 1883–1885. Giustiniani Dispacci. Ed. Villari. Albèri, La relazione degli Ambasciatori Veneti al Senato durante il Secolo xvi. Da Porto, Lettere Storiche. Sanuto, I Diarii. Symonds, The Renaissance in Italy. Zeller, Italie et la Renaissance. Burckhardt, Die Cultur der Renaissance in Italien (translated). Geiger, Humanismus und Renaissance in Italien und Deutschland (Onckens Series). Yriarte, Venise. César Borgia. La vie d’un Patricien de Venise. Burd, Machiavelli: Il Principe (with Biographical and other Notes). Machiavelli, Storia Fiorentina (French translation, Perier, 1842). Legazioni e Commissarii, vol. iii. of Opere Discorsi. Morley, Machiavelli (Romanes Lecture). Villari, Niccolò Machiavelli (translated). La Storia di G. Savonarola (translated). Ranke, Savonarola u. die florentinische Republik. xiii 1 Sarpi Paolo, Istoria del Concilio Tridentino (translated into French by Courrayer). Maps.—Spruner Menke, No. 27. Clarendon Press Historical Atlas, Nos. 68, 69. Spain and Netherlands— Cambridge Modern History, cc. xi. xiii. Schäfer und Schirrmaker, Geschichte von Spanien. Lafuente, Historia general de España. Prescott, Ferdinand and Isabella. Philip II. Forneron, Histoire de Philippe II. Hume, Spain. Philip of Spain (Foreign Statesmen Series). Philippson, West Europa im Zeitalter von Philip II. Bergenroth, Calendar of Spanish State Papers. Ranke, Die Osmanen und die spanische Monarchie im 16 und 17 Jahrhundert (translated). Lettenhove, Histoire de Flandre. Harrison, William the Silent (Foreign Statesmen Series). Miss Putnam, History of the People of the Netherlands (translated from Dutch of Blok). William the Silent. Guillaume Le Taciturne. Correspondance. Ed. Gachard. Motley, The United Netherlands. Maps.—Spruner Menke, No. 19. Clarendon Press Historical Atlas, Nos. 61, 62, 52. The Ottomans— Cambridge Modern History, c. iii. La Jonquière, Histoire de l’Empire ottoman. Finlay, History of Greece. Hammer-Purgstall, Geschichte des osmanischen Reiches. Ranke, Die Osmanen und die spanische Monarchie im 16 und 17 Jahrhundert (translated). Maps.—Spruner Menke, No. 89. Clarendon Press Historical Atlas, No. 82. Discovery— Cambridge Modern History, cc. i. ii. Bancroft, The Pacific States of North America. Beazley, The Dawn of Modern Geography. John Sebastian Cabot (Builders of Great Britain Series). Danvers, The Portuguese in India. Fiske, The Discovery of America. Harrisse, Christophe Colomb. John Cabot. The Discovery of North America. Markham, Sir C. R., Life of Christopher Columbus. History of Peru. Kretchmer, Die Entdeckung Amerikas. Payne, History of the New World called America. Peschel, Geschichte des Zeitalters der Entdeckungen. Prescott, History of Conquest of Mexico. History of Conquest of Peru. Winsor, Narrative and Critical History of America. Maps.—Spruner Menke, No. 20. Clarendon Press Historical Atlas, No. 85. This list may be supplemented by reference to the following Bibliographies:— I. The Cambridge Modern History, of which vol. i. has already appeared. II. Armstrong, Charles V. III. Monod, Bibliographie de l’Histoire de France. IV. Dahlmann-Waitz, Quellenkunde der deutschen Geschichte. V. Förster, Kritischer Wegweiser durch die neuere deutsche historische Litteratur. VI. Pirenne, Bibliographie de l’histoire de Belgique. VII. Lavisse et Rambaud, Histoire Générale. xiv ten ten ten ten xv SPAIN, 1494–1598. xvi