ALEXANDER DUGIN EURASIAN MISSON AN INTRODUCTION TO NEO-EURASIANISM ARKTOS 2014 First edition published in 2014 by Arktos Media Ltd. Copyright © 2014 by Arktos Media Ltd. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilised in any form or by any means (whether electronic or mechanical), including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. ISBN: 978-1-910524-24-4 BIC CLASSIFICATION Russia (1DVUA) Geopolitics (JPSL) Political science and theory (JPA) EDITOR John B. Morgan IV LAYOUT AND COVER DESIGN Tor Westman ARKTOS MEDIA LTD. www.arktos.com Contents Editor’s Note Introduction EURASIANISM Milestones of Eurasianism The Common Home of Eurasia The Eurasian Idea The Eurasianist Vision I The Eurasianist Vision II Autonomy as the Basic Principle of Eurasian Nationhood The International Eurasian Movement The Eurasian Economic Club The Greater Europe Project Eurasian Keys to the Future THE FOURTH POLITICAL THEORY Against the Postmodern World The Third Totalitarianism Some Suggestions Regarding the Prospects for the Fourth Political Theory in Europe The Fourth Political Theory in America GLOBAL REVOLUTION The Manifesto of the Global Revolutionary Alliance On “White Nationalism” and Other Potential Allies in the Global Revolution If You are in Favor of Global Liberal Hegemony, You are the Enemy Editor’s Note Editor’s Note The following texts were selected by me in collaboration with Prof. Dugin from many different sources as giving an overview of the ideology of neo-Eurasianism as propagated by the International Eurasian Movement (IEM) in Russia today. Chapters 1 through 8 were originally published as a booklet in Russia in 2005. Chapters 9 and 11 were written in 2011, chapters 10 and 12 in 2012, and chapters 13 and 14 in 2014. Chapter 15 was published as a booklet by the IEM in Russia in 2012. Chapter 16 was compiled by me from various informal statements that Prof. Dugin made on his Facebook wall in 2012 and 2013. Chapter 17 is the transcript of an interview with Prof. Dugin that was conducted in February 2012, shortly before the re-election of Vladimir Putin. The Introduction is original to this volume. Some of these texts were originally written in English, and some were translated anonymously by volunteers from the International Eurasian Movement — all were re-edited by me. To these volunteers I give my thanks. Those who are interested in learning more about neo-Eurasianism can visit the official Fourth Political Theory Website at www.4pt.su. JOHN B. MORGAN November 24, 2014 Introduction Introduction Eurasianism and the Fourth Political Theory Eurasianism as structuralism First of all, Eurasianism is a philosophy, and as all true philosophy it implicitly contains a political perspective, an approach to history and the possibility of being transformed into an ideology. Eurasianism as a philosophy is based on structural analysis and it is not a coincidence that the founder of Eurasianism, Count Nikolai Trubetzkoy, was a leading figure in structuralist linguistics. Eurasianism is a type of structuralism with the accent placed on the multiplicity and synchronicity of structures. The structure is viewed as a whole that is something much more than the sum of its parts. This is the rule of Eurasianism. It is holism dealing with organic, structural entities. The primary concern of Eurasianist philosophy is civilization. There are different civilizations, not only one. Each of them has its own structure that defines the elements of which it consists, and which gives them meaning and coherence. We cannot apply the rules and structure we find in one such structure to those we find in other civilization — not in a diachronic or a synchronic way. Each civilizational structure possesses its own sense of time (la durée) and its own space. They are thus incomparable with one another. Every human society belongs to a particular civilization and should be studied only in accordance with its own criteria. This brings us to the starting point of modern anthropology, which began with Franz Boaz and Marcel Mauss, which insists on the plurality of human societies in the absence of any universal pattern. It is therefore no mere coincidence that Claude Lévi-Strauss, the well-known father of structural anthropology, studied under Roman Jakobson in the United States. Jakobson had been a colleague and friend of Trubetzkoy. The plurality of human societies, each one of which represents a specific kind of semantic structure that is entirely unique and incomparable with any other, is the basis of Eurasian philosophy in general. Eurasianism as hermeneutical tool This principle was applied by the Eurasianists to various fields, including Russian history, geopolitics, sociology, international relations, cultural studies, political science, and so on. In any field the uniqueness of Russian civilization in comparison with all others, Western and well as Eastern, was affirmed and defended. Thus, Eurasianists view Western, European civilization as one concrete structure with its own understanding of time, space, history, human nature, values and goals. But there are other civilizations, namely Asian, African, Latin American and Russian. Russian civilization possesses some of the same features as Europe and some of the features of Asian culture (above all of the Turanian type), representing an organic synthesis of the two, and cannot therefore be reduced to the mere sum of its Western and Eastern elements. Rather it has an original identity. The structural method caused the Eurasianists to begin to study this Russian civilization as an organic whole with its own semantics, which revealed the nature of its identity in its implicit way of understanding history, religion, normative politics, culture, strategy, and so on. But in order to conduct such a study in a truly structural way they were obliged to radically reject Western pretensions to universality, thus deconstructing Western universalism, ethnocentrism and its implicit cultural imperialism. Since the nature of Russian civilization is not Western, it should be defined beyond the “self-evident” principles taken for granted in European modernity, such as progress, linear time, homogeneous space, materialistic physics, capitalism as the universal destiny of social development, and so on. The term Eurasia, which could also be expressed as Russia-Eurasia, was introduced in order to define a clear line of demarcation between the two civilizations: the European, which was judged to be essentially a purely local phenomenon historically and geographically, and the Eurasian one. From this starting point, two schools emerged: the radical critics of Western universalism and eurocentrism (their position being formulated in Trubetzkoy’s book Europe and Mankind, in which Europe is portrayed as being opposed to humanity as a whole in a way that is similar to Toynbee’s duality of “the West and the rest”), and those who dealt with the independent Russian-Eurasian structure taken as a key for deciphering Russian history and as a means of creating a normative project for the Eurasian future — a Eurasian project. The interpretations and projects of the Eurasianists The Eurasian project was developed in the form of a political philosophy on the basis of the multipolarity of civilizations, anti-imperialism, anti-modernism and on the structure of Russia itself. This last was defined in terms of the principles of the Slavophiles, along with the important addition of a positive evaluation of the cultural elements which had been borrowed by the Russians from Asiatic societies beginning with the period of the Mongols. Indeed, one of the most important books of the Eurasianist movement, also written by Trubetzkoy, was called The Legacy of Genghis Khan. Therefore for the Eurasianists the West was in the wrong — a purely regional phenomenon pretending to universal status via imperialism; thus it follows that modernity, which was also a Western phenomenon, is also entirely a product of this locale and is inherently imperialistic. Russian history was considered as the struggle of Eurasian civilization against the West, and in the last centuries also as the struggle against modernity. Russia’s Eurasian future should be built in a form that corresponds to the specificity of Russia’s structure and in accordance with its values and basic beliefs. The Eurasianists proposed to take and affirm these qualities as its norms. They said “no” to progress. They saw social development as a cycle, not in terms of capitalist notions of development. They called for an organic, agricultural economy, not materialism, and for ideacracy (the power of ideas). They also said “no” to democracy, favoring popular monarchy. They rejected the notion of purely individualistic, superficial liberty, and advocated for social responsibility and spiritual, inner freedom. The Eurasianists identified Russian-Eurasian structures within Bolshevism, but only in a very perverted and Westernized form (Marxism). They viewed the October Revolution of 1917 as more of an eschatological, messianic revolt than as a transition from a capitalist phase to a socialist one. The Eurasianists foresaw the inner transmutation of Bolshevism, which would bring about its metamorphosis into a Leftist Eurasianism and bring about a future return to the Christian Faith, to monarchy and to a pre-modern type of agricultural economy. Their short-term expectations for the evolution of Eurasianism proved to be incorrect but were later realized in the 1980s, long after the extinction of the Eurasianist movement that had existed as a part of the White émigré movement following the October Revolution. Looking back from a time when most of their analyses have been confirmed, we have adopted their heritage as our own and thus commenced the second wave of Eurasianism: neo-Eurasianism. Neo-Eurasianism: new features Neo-Eurasianism, as well as early Eurasianism, was conceived by us from the outset as a Russian form of Third Way ideology belonging to the same philosophical family as the German Conservative Revolution. We therefore accepted it as a particularly Russian paradigm of a broad anti-modern philosophical and political tendency, akin to traditionalism or the Third Position. Left Eurasianism was represented by National Bolshevism. An important confirmation of the relevance of Eurasianism to politics can be found in the way in which geopolitical thinking is conceived in dualistic terms, such as thalassocracy vs. tellurocracy or Atlanticism vs. Eurasianism. This coincides perfectly with the primary way that the first Eurasianists framed things in their Weltanschauung. Likewise, the Eurasianist Nikolai Alexeyev was the first scholar in Russia to cite René Guénon. Also, Eurasian criticism of modernity and eurocentrism was very close to the spirit of the European New Right as represented by Alain de Benoist. Neo- eurasianism was thus enriched by new themes: traditionalism, geopolitics, Carl Schmitt, Martin Heidegger, the Conservative Revolution, structuralism, anthropology, and so on. In the early 1990s neo-Eurasianism was an integral part of the larger patriotic and anti-liberal movement (those in the opposition who represented a synthesis of the Left and the Right). After that, the Eurasianists became the core of the National Bolshevist movement. It wasn’t until the late 1990s that an independent neo-Eurasianist movement, with its own political program, was formed. It based itself not only on older sources but also on new elements taken from Western anti-modern sources, including some from the school of postmodernism. In early 2000 it gained some level of social recognition and received its first positive responses from within the political circles around Vladimir Putin. The Fourth Political Theory The last important ideological shift in the philosophy of neo-Eurasianism occurred in 2007–2008, when the basic principles of the Fourth Political Theory were laid down. That was the moment of the resolute and irreversible step from Eurasianism as a Russian version of the Third Position to the Fourth Position. This was a continuation of Eurasianist ideas — still consisting of anti-liberalism, anti-modernism, anti-eurocentrism, the structuralist approach, and multipolarity — but instead of it being a creative synthesis of the anti-liberal (socialist) Right with the identitarian (non-dogmatic, or Sorelian for example) Left, it began to move in a direction taking it beyond all the varieties of political modernity. This included transcending the Third Position, or rather the mixture of the far Left with far Right (National Bolshevism). The idea behind this was to create the normative for the future, completely removed from any modern political tendency — beyond liberalism, Communism and fascism. The Fourth Political Theory has begun, little by little, to take shape by overcoming the logic and principles of the Third Way, instead inviting those who consider it to freely affirm unmodern and non- Western structures as a valid foundation for a normative and sovereign civilization. The philosophical basis for the total destruction of modernity was laid by Heideggerian philosophy, which annihilates all of the modern philosophical concepts: subject, object, reality, time, space, technics, the individual, and so on. Some people, as for example the Brazilian philosopher Flavia Virginia, refer to this as “Dasein politics.” In the field of international relations, the theory of the multipolar world was recently elaborated by Eurasianists. Besides these geopolitical works, studies have been conducted in many other fields, such as ethnosociology, the sociology of imagination, noology, neo-traditionalism (based on the theme of the Radical Subject), an approach to an original Russian phenomenological philosophy, archeomodern studies, and so on. The amount and quality of such works created within the framework of the Fourth Political Theory have been sufficient to carve out a niche for it that is independent from both Eurasianism and neo-Eurasianism, but which continues in the same profound lines of forces. We could therefore consider the Fourth Political Theory as developing out of and as a continuation of Eurasianism in which Eurasianism represents its basic paradigm and starting point. It is theoretically possible to study the Fourth Political Theory without any knowledge of Eurasianism, but in order to understand its principles more deeply, familiarity with Eurasianism is desirable. Looking at how things have developed, we can now recognize that Eurasianism is a kind of preparation for the Fourth Political Theory: the first stage leading to it. But at the same time, Eurasianism represents a coherent and self-sufficient philosophy and Weltanschauung based on this philosophy, and is thus a subject worth studying in its own right, apart from the more complicated and detailed domain of the Fourth Political Theory.