VOLUME:6SUMMER, 2006 More on The Capitoline Museumand Dioscorides’ the Castellani Collection Etruscan by AntonellaMagagnini CuratoreArcheologo,MuseiCapitolini Herbs OnDecember 23, 2005, theCapitoline Museums, after along effort coordinated by by JohnScarborough AnnaMuraSommella,DirectoroftheMusei University ofWisconsin Capitolini,andagreat financialcommitment, were enriched by anew wing,focused on a In his “AnEtruscanHerbal?” (Etruscan largelight-filled, glassed-inhallinthespaces News,5[W inter, 2006]),KyleP. J ohnson previouslyoccupiedbytheRomanGardenof makes someinteresting points regarding the thePalazzodeiConservatori. Theoriginal manuscript traditions that include alternative bronze equestrian statueof Marcus Aurelius namesfortheplants andherbs inDioscorides’ hasfinallyfoundits worthyhomein thispiaz- Materiamedica.1Itwasbeyondthescopeof za-like space, along with thelarge b ronzes Johnson’s brief introductory note, however, donatedbySixtus IVto theRomanpeoplein andhence itisthegoalofthisarticle,tosug- Pimpernel,from t he Vienna Dioscurides 1472. From this hall one can marvelat the gest how and why these synonyms,not (WikimediaCommons) enormous,imposing remains of thefounda- includedby Dioscoridesinhisoriginalwork,2 tions of the Templeof Jupiter Capitoline enterthemanuscript history,andmoreimpor- inalwork.5 revealed by recent archaeologicalexcava- tantly,whythesenames mightindicateapar- Inestablishing his Greek text of the tions. ticularly Etruscanherbalism. Materiamedica,Max Wellmann pulled most In thegalleries next to the so-called Thesynonym-listswerecompiledseparate- of the alternativenomenclatures from the “GiardinoRomano”areexhibitedthevarious ly by lexicographers, collectors of words in main text, andplaced themas part of his collections.TherenewedGalleriadegliHorti what we would call “dictionaries” on dis- apparatuscriticuswiththedesignationRV.It andthenearby galleriesfeaturethesculptures paratesubjects,including thevocabulariesof is among these “alternativenames” that one thatonceadornedtheluxurious Imperialresi- medicine and related disciplines.3As scribes finds theEtruscan terms for someplants and dences and their parks andgardens; these copied and re-copied the Materiamedica, herbs. These are, indeed, remnants of what cametolightinthecourseof excavationsof sometimes rearranging Dioscorides’ original couldbecalledan“Etruscanherbal:”bitssur- the secondhalf of the19thc. in the areas of format(calledbyRiddlea“drugaff initysys- vivingfromlexicographers’hungrysearchfor theQuirinal,Viminal,andEsquilinehills. The tem”),4thosescribesattachedportionsofthe arcanewords,aliterary genrethatflourished CastellaniCollection,given totheCapitoline separate synonym-lists to the text itself, and throughout the centuries,6 and which is with Museums by AugustoCastellani, awell- over the centuries the alternativenames fre- ustoday. known goldsmithand c ollector in Romein quently wandered into the body of the work WellmannlistssixteenEtruscan wordsthat themid- to late19thc.,is now displayed in Top:Aristonothos Crater with theblinding itself. With the advent of printed editions in appear in the RV,7 but significantly the threegalleriesadjacenttothelargeglassed-in of the Cyclops Polyphemos, and the the Renaissance, anumber of the earliest Etruscantermsareonly oneof twenty-sixlan- hallaccordingtomaterialtype,adivisionthat artist’s signature. From Cerveteri. 7th printed versions simply replicated the com- guagesrecordedby Pamphilusandother lexi- Castellanihimselfestablished. century B.C.Rome,CapitolineMuseum. positeGreek texts(ortheLatin translationsof cographers. Etruscan ––by comparison with As is well known,AugustoCastellani put thosemanuscripts) so that medical students the “Roman,” “words of the [Egyptian] togetheroverthecourseof severaldecades a Bottom:Aristonothos Crater withabattle andprofessors of pharmacology in the seers,” “Egyptian,” “Gallic,” “Dacian,” and richcollection of objects covering a wide betweena war shipandamerchant ship. Renaissance universities often learned all of others8––isatinyfractionoftheterminolo- chronologicalrange,fromthemost important 7thcentury B.C.Rome, C apitoline thenames asiftheyhadbeenpartoftheorig- [See“Herbs”onpage9] archaeological sites of Etruria, Latium, and Museum. MagnaGraecia. The 700 or so objects given originalcontext; recent researchcarried out by Castellanitothemuseumincludedalarge onrelatedobjects,however,has madeitpos- quantity of pottery, both imported from sibletoidentifysomeof theproduction cen- Greeceandlocally made. Inthefirst gallerya ters. number of these vases are displayed in Othercollectionsofthe19thc. includethat chronological order, allowing the visitor to oftheMuseoArtisticoIndustriale, conceived follow the development of Greek production by AugustoCastellani andhis brother fromthe7thtothe4thc. B .C.throughimpor- Alessandroalong withotherimportantfigures tant and well-preserved examples. TheAttic of 19thc. culturein Rome, on themodel o f vases,in particular, areimportant for an similar museums in London andParis. The understanding of thehistory and the artistic newdisplayincludesafew noteworthyexam- production of the craftsmen,not only of ples of Attic vases from the archaeological Greekculture b ut also ofcontemporary cul- sectionofthisrichcollection, whichcame to turesintheMediterranean. themuseuminthe1950s. The secondgallery exhibits locally pro- Also onexhibit is theoinochoefrom duced ceramics from thenecropoleis of the Tragliatella(Cerveteri),given tothemuseum major Etruscancities as well as from the in 1964 in memory of TommasoTittoni, a tombs of Latiumand theFaliscanTe rritory, Romanstatesmanandcollectoroftheendof e.g. CivitaCastellana. Unfortunately, even the19thc. Theinterpretation ofthefigures on more than for theGreek vases,Castellani avoided recording their exact provenance or [See“Castellani”onpage9] Letters to theEditors TotheEditors: AA rr tt ii cc ll ee ss At the timeof writing my article “A Possible SouthEtruscanTombGroup,” (EtruscanNews 5)I was unawareof two recent articles by Jennifer Neils whichdis- cussed the bird askos now in theCleveland The Study of Etruscan books,on theprophecies ofVegoiaandTages. edgeof thesubjectfromhisownexperiences Museum. Thefirst is entitled “Herclein Alsointhiscategoryarethemany shadowy asanaugur ofstatereligion. Religion Cleveland”(ClevelandStudiesintheHistory figureswhoarementioned asbeingconsulted This first-century Romandebateis of ofArt,1998 pg.6-21),thesecondappearsin Excerpt fromtheIntroduction to for advice by the Romans, the soothsaying course sophisticated andprobably shows theCVA(USA35,ClevelandMuseumo fArt The Religion of theEtruscans priests or haruspices, as for example, somethoughtpatternswellbeyondanypres- 2, 2000). In these works,Neils refers to the Umbricius Melior, described as “most ent in Etruscan religious teaching. Quintus by Nancy T.deGrummond stylistic connection between theCleveland skilled,” theEarly I mperial soothsayer of Cicero supports credence in divination from askos,theother pieces Imentioninmyarticle Galba.Sullahad hisharuspexPostumius,and the standpoint of Stoicphilosophy, a nd Inantiquity the study of and theorizing and several other ItalianGeometric vases. thefamous Spurinna tried to warnCaesar Marcus Cicero,whilerejectingactualfaithin about Etruscan religion was already well Theseshouldbeincluded inanybibliography about theIdes of March. Theremust have divination,in the end admits theimportance developed,withscholarshipthatwemay dis- fortheitems. been many more Romanized Etruscans of traditional rites and ceremonies solely for tributeinto three main categories: canonical involved in thesepursuits (there are afew politicalaims. Hehas greatcontemptformost texts,philosophical treatises, and AngelaMurockHussein more such figures whosenames alonehave divinatorypracticesandheaps scornupon,for historical/antiquarianwritings. comedowntous),for weknow thatasagen- example, theimportant E truscan revelation TheCanonicalTe xts eral principle, the Romans thought the myth of theprophetic c hild Tages. What is There were studies of themany different Etruscan teachings tobe so important that mostimportantinthetreatisefor ourpurpos- Etruscantextshavingtodo withtheEtrusca they had apractice of sending their sons to esistheabundantevidenceabouttheprinci- disciplina,thatbodyoforiginalEtruscan reli- Etruriatostudythisancientlore. palEtruscanmethodsofdivining,byreading gious literature describing PhilosophicalTexts of entrails and by interpretation of lightning. the cosmos and the Theforegoing individuals wehavemen- When we can sort theseout from Roman Underworld, as well as tionedmayberecognizedasrealpractitioners interpolation, wehave someof themost prescribing various rituals ofEtruscanor Etruscan-stylereligion,andas meaningful reports from antiquity on and ways to interpret and act such they had their ownbias. O ur second Etruscanpractices. uponmessagesfromthegods. The divisionisrelated,butitmanifestsadifferent The treatiseof Seneca, Quaestiones natu- namesofthetextsthathavesurvived approach:intellectuals withaconcernforphi- rales, written shortly beforehis death in 65 include the Libri rituales, Libri fatales, losophy.Thereis nomoresignificantsurviv- CE,alsopromotesphilosophybutisfascinat- Libride fulguratura (“on lightning”) and ing text for the study of Etruscan religious ing for its sympatheticpresentation of the LibriAcheruntici (concerning Acheron,i.e., practice than the treatiseon divination by point of view of Etruscan priests.We have a the Underworld), as well as books named Cicero,writtenaround thetimeof thedeathof clear statement of the contrast of thought afterthetwoprincipalEtruscanprophets,who Caesar,ca.44BCE. InDedivinationeCicero betweenthetwosides,in thefamous declara- werecalledTagesandVegoiain Latin:Libri presents a vivid debateon the reliability of tion that “this is the difference between us Tagetici and LibriVe gontici. BothEtruscans divination in its various manifestations, with [philosophers] and theEtruscans, who have and Romans wereinvolved in this study, theprincipal i nterlocutors represented as his consummate skill in interpreting lightning: which included translating andinterpreting brother Quintus andhimself. The evidence we think that because clouds collide, light- theold textsandteachingthemtoappropriate This askos from theClevelandMuseum presentedonbothsidesisallthemoreinter- ningisemitted;buttheythinkthecloudscol- individuals. Thepractitioners of this typeof ofArt is the subject ofJennifer Neils’ two esting becauseCicero h ad intimateknowl- lide in order that lightning may be emitted.” study perhaps relate to their material ina articles.The central panel was thought mannersimilartothatoftheJewishandEarly by FrankBrommer to represent themyth Christian scholars who studied, taught, and ETRUSCAN NEWS of Herakles and the CyrenaianHind. If commentedontheirreligiousliterature. the attribution is correct, this would be EditorialBoard, Issue#6,May 2006 Unfortunately, weknow so littleof these theearliest representationof that myth. writings and teachings that we are unable to PresidentoftheU.S. LarissaBonfante [email protected] discernwhat,if any,may havebeentheirthe- TotheEditors: SectionoftheIstitutodi Classics Department ologicalconcerns or what debates may have Igaveapaper for AIACinMay(whichis StudiEtruschi edItalici, NewYorkUniversity enlivened their encounters. Further,it is a ofcourselisted inEN!).Theneatest thingwas exofficio 25Waverly Place perennial frustration in studies of Etruscan that AlessandroNaso k new who I was, and NewYork,NY10003 religionthatlittleabout Etruscanpropheticor gaveme avery kindintroduction, b ased on priestly texts canbe confidently traced back EtruscanNews. Sothankyou! Editor-in-Chief JaneWhitehead [email protected] earlier than thefirst century BCE, when in ModernandClassicalLanguages fact Etruscancivilization had becomefully Hilary Becker ValdostaStateUniversity submergedinthedominantRomanculture. Valdosta,GA31698 Among thenames that have survived are TotheEditors: individuals who lived in thefirst century LanguagePageEditor RexWallace [email protected] Congratulationsonthelatest EN- splendid! BCE, suchas A ulus Caecinafrom Volterra, Classics Department It looks really good. I was particularly inter- friendof Cicero,whowroteDeEtrusca disci- UniversityofMassachusetts estedintheherbal refsonthefront page,fol- plina,apublicationthathasbeendescribed as Amherst,MA 01003 lowingourresearchintoGalen’s ointmentfor a“majorevent”intheintellectuallifeof the Olympicathleteswithblackeyes. B ut Ilook Late Republic; the admired and erudite EditorfortheFellows Elizabethde G. Colantoni [email protected] forwardtoreadingitall,andthankyouvery Nigidius Figulus, who composed books on Classics Department muchforincludingthesistrum. Ihopesome- dreams,privateaugury,diviningfromentrails OberlinCollege onemight comeupwithsomecomments. andabrontoscopiccalendar(thelatter surviv- Oberlin. OH44074 ing in aGreek translation)and T arquitius JudithSwaddling Priscus,friendof Varro,known tohavewrit- BookReview Editor Francescode Angelis [email protected] TheBritishMuseum tenan OstentariumTuscum , atranslation of Art HistoryandArchaeology anEtruscan work on prodigies and signs, as ColumbiaUniversity wellasabookonprognosticatingfromtrees. Addendum NewYork,NY10027 Tarquitius also produced a translation of the WewanttothankAliciaDillon forthepho- cosmicprophecies of thenymph Vegoia, a Submissions,news,pictures,or othermaterialappropriate tothisnewslettermaybesentto tograph of theArchaeologicalTours group fragmentofwhichhassurvived. Anotherfig- anyoftheeditorslistedabove.Theemailaddressispreferred. Forsubmissionguidelines, published in EtruscanNews 5,on page 2, urein thiscategoryis Cornelius Labeo,whose seeEtruscanNews 3(2003)9. NominationsformembershipintheSectionmaybesentto andapologizefor failingtocredit heratthat dateis unknownbut whoseemstohavewrit- LarissaBonfanteattheaboveaddress. time. ten translations and commentaries,in fifteen Page 2 In fact, weknow little about theEtruscan other gods beside Jupiter,for example, Vertumnus, andinterestingly has thegod studiesofthenatural sciences,butthepassage Minerva andJuno, were allowed to throw changesextoappear asan oldwoman in the in Seneca tends toconfirm suspicions that lightningbolts. ItwasVarrowhoprovidedthe story of the courtship of Pomona( Meta. PPaasstt CCoonnffeerreenncceess their observation of natural phenomena was famousandprecious referencetoVertumnusas 14.623-771). HiscalendarintheFasti,replete carried out with religious premises and con- the “principal godof Etruria” (Delingua withloreof earlyreligioninRome,isrelevant clusions. Latina5.46). butmustbeusedwithcaution,bothbecause the Historical/AntiquarianTexts Hewasofcoursefrequently quotedbyother poet is sometimes inaccuratein his citations AIAC Presentations in Athirdandratherdifferentbrandof scholar- antiquarians, suchas P liny theElder (d. 79 (andhedoesnottellhissources)andbecause shipisthatofthehistorians,philologists,a nd CE),whodrewfromhiminformationaboutthe thematerial on theEtruscans iscertainlycol- Rome antiquarians. Livy(d.12or17 CE)transmitted decorationofEtruscanshrines,in hisbookon oredbytheRomancontext. Ofcourse, allthe agreat dealofinformationinhisnarrativesof paintingandmodeling sculpture(HN35.154), poeticliterature—of Vergil,Propertius,Ovid, TwoMeetings of AIAC,Associazione Roman/Etruscan politics and war,suchas in andaboutthetombof Porsenna,inhissection andothers—must bereadcriticallyasjustthat, InternazionalediArcheologiaClassica, were hisfrequentreferencestotheEtruscanfederal on building stones and architecture( HN rich inallusions, sometimes created for the heldin the spring of 2006. Since 2000 the sanctuary of the shrineof Voltumna(3.23.5, 36.91). Plinyincludedagood bitof Etruscan occasion by thepoet andnot necessarily Association has been organizing monthly 25.7,61.2;5.17.6;6.2.2).Verrius Flaccus,the materialinhisencyclopedicHistoriaNaturalis reflectingEtruscanbelieforpractice. meetingsinthevariousnationalarchaeologi- tutor of thegrandsons of Augustus, wrote a aspartofhisgoalofbeing compendious,and After this, we can note a crowdof later calinstitutestopermityoungscholars,doctor- treatiseon Etruscan matters (Libri rerum inthiswayhepreserved manyinterestingfrag- Roman polymaths who took an interest in alresearchers,grant recipients,etc.,topresent Etruscarum)thathasnotsurvived,butwedo ments of information from various sources, Etruscanculture, probably most often using theirworkand tomeeteachother. havesomeof hisobservationsaspreservedin suchas loreaboutsignsfromthebirdsinhis someof the writers wehave a lready cited. theepitomeby FestusofhisDesignificatuver- sectionsonzoology;hereferstoanillustrated Festus(secondcentury CE),asnoted,prepared Thefirst meetingtookplaceonJanuary23 borum, whichcontained rare andobsolete Etruscantreatise(HN10.28,30,33,35-49). anepitomeof Verrius Flaccus,andthiswasin at the SwedishInstituteon the subject words and accompanying archaic antiquarian Amongtheantiquarianswemay alsoclassi- turnepitomized by Paulus Diaconus in the “Nasconderelaprofonditànella superficie.” lore. Vitruvius, apracticing architect of the fy selected Latin poets who drew on early eighthcentury . ThegrammarianCensorinus Themoderator was HelgaDiGiuseppe. The timeof Augustus,has leftapreciseaccountof RomanandEtruscanantiquities foronereason (third century CE) wroteon a wide rangeof speakersandtopicswere: thetheoreticalandpracticalaspects ofbuilding oranother,duringthatperiodof thefirst centu- topics suchas theorigin of human life and JoséCarlos Sánchez Pardo(Scuola andlocating anEtruscan temple(Dearchitec- ry BCE whenwedetectsomuchotheractivity time.Theindefatigableandgenerally trustwor- Spagnola), Territorio epopolamento tra tura1.7.1-2,4.7). regardingEtruscanreligion.Vergil,exposedto thy Servius (fourthcentury C E)has left an Antichità eil Pieno Medioevo: analisi Thepureantiquariansareespeciallyuseful. Etruscanculturein hisnativeMantua, hasleft abundanceofobservationsontheEtruscans in spazialeeGIS. Theywereintrigued withthepast andrecord- ushisstirringdescriptionofthewarriorpriest hiscommentaryonVergil’sworks. He tooka OlafSatijn (IstitutoOlandese), Asocio- edinformationobjectivelyabout Etruscanreli- fromPisa,Asilas,skilledin theinterpretation greatinterestinaugurallore,andthoughhedid economicandpoliticallandscapearchaeolo- gion out of curiosity. A great variety of of all the signs from thegods, e mbracing not alwaysreferdirectlyto theEtruscans,his gyoftransition:southernLazio fromthelate Etruscantopicswastreatedbythemost learned entrails,thestars,birds,andlightning (Aeneid commentsareusefulinaugmenting ourknowl- Romanperiodtoincastellamento. ofallRomans,Varro(116-127 BCE),ranging 10.246-254). edgeof thisimportantbranchofEtruscan reli- DuniaFilippi (Università diRoma “La fromthepractice ofsacrificingapig foraritu- NotextfromtheRomansismoreimportant giouspraxis. Macrobius(probablyfifthcentury Sapienza”),IlVelabroeleorigini delForo. alpact(Dererustica2.4.9),totheEtruscan rite forstudyingEtruscandivinity thanthepoemof CE), whoseSaturnaliais apotpourri ofanti- forlayingoutacity(Etruscusritus;Delingua the UmbrianPropertius about the statueof quarian,scientific,and especiallyphilological Thesecondmeeting tookplaceonMarch Latina 5.143). He wrote atreatiseon human Vertumnussetup inRome(4.2). I t expresses lore, provides in his dilettante’s way little 6,2006,attheVillaLante, theInstitutum anddivinematters ofantiquity(i.e.,whatwas vividlytheEtruscan tendencytobe vagueor nuggetsofEtruscaninformation,for example, RomanumFinlandiae, onthesubject“Orare ancientatthattime,47 BCE),theloss ofwhich ambivalentaboutthegender andother charac- ontheuseof thesacredbronzeplow infound- etdonare.”Vincent Jolivetwasthemodera- is most unfortunate. It contained fascinating teristicsofaparticular deity. ingacity(Sat.5.19.13)oronthegoodomen tor.Thepapers deliveredwere; material on theloreof lightning,suchas that Ovid, too,has related themyth o f seeninthewoolofsheepwhenitwasnatural- SophieHelas (Deutsches lytintedpurpleor golden(Sat.3.7.2). Finally, Archaeologisches InstitutRom),Santuari wemay include in this groupArnobius, a puniciaSelinunte. rhetoricianandChristianconvert living in LetiziaCeccarelli (CambridgeUniversity), Letter to our Readers Africainthelatefourthande arlyfifthcentury Materiale votivodietà’medio-repubblicana CE,whoassembledhistextintelligentlyfrom daArdea DearReaders, othersources,asshownby hispassagequoting Antonio Ferrandes (Università diRoma Varro on thegroup gods suchas thePenates “LaSapienza”),Ceramicaesantuariurbani. Withthisissuewehope toestablishad ifferentandmore regularrhythmtotheappearance recognizedbytheEtruscans (Adv.nat.,3.40). Produzione,distribuzioneeconsumodiman- ofEtruscanNews. Anabsolutely singular caseis that of ufatticeramicia R oma traIV e III secolo WeareextremelypleasedwiththeenthusiasticreceptionofEtruscanNews 5.Wereceived Martianus Capella. He, too,flourished in the a.C.:il contributodeidepositi votivi. manycomplimentsonthecontentsoftheissue: onecolleagueremarkedthatwearemanag- atmosphereof NorthAfricainthefifthcentury, Internet:http://www.aiac.org ingtocombine theimmediacy ofanewspaper withthescholarlymaterialofajournal. leaving as his chief worka c ompendious Contatti:[email protected] Theimmediacy is even more served by our new interactive web site, EtruscanNews pedanticallegoryonthemarriageof Mercury Online(www.umass.edu/etruscannews),whichservesasaplace forpeopletopresentworks andPhilology (Denuptiis M ercurii et New YorkArchaeological inprogress,andasaforumfordiscussionsofissuesandarticles.Themore recentvolumes Philologiae). Regarded as eccentric, tedious, ofEtruscanNews canbe accessedherein PDFformat;allofthevolumesareavailablein this andsuperficialinitsdiscourseon thesevenlib- Consortium sameformat on the web siteof theCenter for Ancient Studies (www.nyu.edu/fas/center/ eralarts, thetextofMartianusisnonethelessof ancientstudies)at NYU.Weplantoadd anIndex forissues1-6soon. thegreatest importancefor Etruscanstudies. It TheCenter for Archaeology at Columbia Onthescholarlyside,wearehappy topresentarticlesonEtruscanglossesbytwowell- contains the singlemost significant text in University has renewed theNew York knowninternationalscholars,John ScarboroughandDominiqueBriquel. Thesearticlestake LatinforunderstandingtheEtruscanpantheon ArchaeologicalConsortium,in which gradu- upthesubjectfromverydifferentpointsofview,andrepresentanexampleof thekindof fol- andcosmos(1.45-61). Martianussetsthestage ate students andfaculty in Art History, low-upthatwehope toinspire:thesubjectofglosseswasraisedbyinthefront-pagearticle fortheweddingofMercuryandPhilology by Classics,andAnthropology holdopendiscus- by KyleJohnson onapossibleEtruscanh erbalinEtruscanNews 5. sendingout invitationsto godsall aroundthe sions of their current research projects. The Although EtruscanNews will now be freely availableon line, many people, including sky,andhedepictsthemas inhabitingsixteen mainobjectiveof therecentevent,whichtook libraries,prefer thenewsprint version.Weourselvesarefondof thisformat,andwillcontin- maindivisions. place Friday,March 24, was todivulge c ur- uetoprinttheedizionecartacea(welike thatword).Wehopeof coursethatyouwillcontin- Scholarsareunitedinregardingthisnumber rentresearchprojectsandtoestablishcontacts uetosenduscontributionsforyoursubscriptions. Inany casepleasebesuretosendusyour as a clue that Martianus was following the betweenalumni andfaculty of different col- emailaddresses,eitherbycontactingoneof usdirectlyorcommunicatingwithusbywayof Etruscansystemofdividing thesky(cf. Cicero, leges within the city. The topics presented thewebsite,sothatwecanknowourreadershipandplan toaddress theirinterests.Wehope De div. 2.18.42), andhavefound that the involvedthefields ofanthropology,archaeol- tocontinue toinformyouofinterestingprogramsathomeandabroad,includingourown. schemeagreesinsomestrikingdetailswiththat ogy, art history,history of architecture, and Pleaselet usknowyourthoughts,yourinterests,andyourplans. other famous documentof theEtruscancos- historyofreligion. mos,thebronzemodelofa sheep’sliverfrom For moreinformation contact Carola Withbest wishes, Piacenza.Theuseof deitieswhomayberead- GarciaManzano,CCA ProgramCoordinator, ily equated with well-knownEtruscan g ods, [email protected] LarissaBonfante, [email protected] along withdivinities who are completely JaneWhitehead,[email protected] obscurein Roman religion, suggests that we mayindeedhavehereareflection ofanorigi- [See“Conferences”onpage8] nalEtruscandoctrine. Page 3 LL aa nn gg uu aa gg ee PP aa gg ee Notes on anInscribed 3. Etruscan inscriptions are Community at Poggio Civitate,” Etruscan citedfromRixetal.1991=(ET) Kyathos from Cerveteri Studies7(2000)109–112. andfrom Wallace,Shamgochian, Wallace, Rex,MichaelShamgochian& andPatterson 2004-2006 = by Rex Wallace James Patterson. 2004-2006, EtruscanTe xts (ETP). University ofMassachusetts Amherst Project Online, etp.classics.umass.edu. 4.Wallace(inpress). Colonna Amherst,MA: U niversity of Massachusetts 2005: 331 reads this section of Overadecadeago,MariaAntoniettaR izzo Amherst. theinscription in a different andMauroCristofani published anEtruscan Wallace, Rex. (In press). “Etruscan inscription incised on the conicalbaseof a manner:paiººinaÇÇe[. Hisreading Inscriptions on Fragments of Bucchero kyathosfromatomb(no. 1)excavated inthe cannot be correct,however. KyathoiRecoveredat PoggioCivitate,”Studi locality of SanPaolo (Cerveteri).1 The Thereis no doubt that theletter Etruschi71. thathetakestobe a ÇÇ isinfact kyathoswasrecoveredbrokenintofragments, but conservators were successful in restoring an"" thecuptosomethingclosetoitsoriginalstate. 5. NeilsenandTuck2001:44, Theinscription, whichwasincisedinaspiral 50-55. EtruscanGlosses aroundtheconicalfootofthecup,survivedin 6. See Schulze-Thulin 1992: goodshape,exceptfortwoplaces.Twoletters 180. by DominiqueBriquel aremissing atthebeginning,andafew letters 7. Fordiscussionofthedistri- aremissing about two-thirds of the way bution of theseletters on Ernoutusedtospeakof“thepoverty ofthe through theinscription. C ristofani recon- Baseof thePoggioCivitatekyathos (Drawingby Dylan inscriptions from the informationthathascomedowntous.”1This structedthetextoftheinscription asfollows: DeWitt) Orientalizing period see povertyisfurtheraccentuatedbythefact that, BagnascoGianni 1993. though particular aspects of theEtruscan [mi]˜˜ivenelpaiººinåå[smu]luvnice Thesefacts conspire to suggest that the 8.Theonly otherinscriptionwiththiscom- vocabulary are relatively well represented in familynameon thekyathosrecoveredatSan bination of letterforms is ETCr 0.1, which the very limited total number of glosses that was incised on akyathos recovered from the havecomedowntous,theyarenot necessar- Given that this inscription is a dedication, Paolo be completed as paiººina[ie] or TombaCalabresiat Cerveteri. ily those that we would consider themost anexceedingly common epigraphic typein paiººina[ies] rather than paiººina[s] and that 9. The two inscribed kyathoi were dis- important for our understanding of thelan- archaicEtruscan, 2 theforms restored by theinscription berestoredasin(2).Thefam- cussedby Colonna2005:332,buthetookthe guage.Twenty-fouroutofthe60orsogloss- Cristofani arein no way controversial. He ily nameon the SanPaolo inscription would familynamestobe paiººina-,whichisimpos- es, almost 45%, concern two specific sectors observes that the verbform [mu]luvnice is then find aperfect match with thefamily of thelexicon:names of themonths and siblefor theinscriptiononthePoggio Civitate missingavowelintheante-penultimatesylla- nameon the kyathos recovered at Poggio botanicalterms.2 kyathos.Thecupsandinscriptionscanbe con- ble and that it should be emended to Civitate.9 nected only if thefamily nameon the San Intheformer categoryareindications ofthe [mu]luv<a>nice. Andhepoints out that the names of eight months of the year,from Paolo kyathos is restored as paiººina[ie(s)]. familynamepaiººina[s]maybecomparedto [mi]nivenelpaiººina[ie(s) March toOctober. 3 These areincluded in a Colonnaalsonotesthat ETP4fromVetulonia, paiººunas, which is found atVolsinii(ETVs mu]luv<a>nice ofwhichonlyasmallfragmentremains([–– verylatesource,themedievalcompilation of theeighth-centuryLiber Glossarumor“book 3.4),andtopaiººnas,whichisattestedatVulci (ETP196) –]e p[– – –] ), could well belong to this of glosses.” Its information was taken up (ET Vc 2.41).3 It turns out,however, that a samegroup. again –– with the exception of themonth o f muchmorecompellingcomparandumexists. If thefamily nameon the SanPaolo 10. Colonna2005:332. April, Cabreas, whichdoes not appear here Thefamily namepaiººinaiewasincisedona kyathosisrestoredaspaiººina[ie(s)],it ispos- 11.Tuck2000:111. ––byanevenmorerecentcollection,Papias’ sibletoconnect thetwoinscribedkyathoiand fragment of the conicalbaseof a kyathos Elementarium,aglossary ofthemiddleof the recently recovered at Poggio Civitate(ETP speculate along thelines offered by Colonna REFERENCES 11thcentury. 353).4Formally,paiººinaieisaderivativein - inhisnoteon thePoggio Civitatekyathos.10 The Liber Glossarum is comprised of a First of all,members of the sameimmediate Agostininani,Luciano. Le ‘iscrizioni par- seriesof116wordsdealingwiththetermsfor ie built from thepatronymic b ase *paiºena-, family,perhaps brothers,perhaps father and lanti’dell’Italiaantica(Florence1981). themonths in different languages. These are theancestoroftheforms attestedatVulciand son,had these twocups inscribed. Second, a BagnascoGianni,Giovanna, “Aproposito alwaysintroducedwiththesamestandardfor- Volsiniiand, according toCristofani,of the member of the paiººina[ie(s)] family from di trekyathoi in buccheroa rilievo,” mula:“N:X-orumlinguaNmensisdicitu r.”4. formontheSanPaolo kyathos. Produzione artigianale ed esportazionenel Caerewasincontactwiththeresidentsofthe Inthismanneraregivenare thenames ofthe Thesimilaritiesbetweenthesetwoinscrip- mondoantico—ilbuccheroetrusco (Milano, Orientalizingcomplexat PoggioCivitateand monthsamongtheHebrews (Hebraeorumlin- tionsandthebuccheroceramicon whichthey 10-11maggio1990)(Milano1993)207-216. had afinely decorated andinscribed kyathos gua),theEgyptians (Aegyptorumlingua),the wereincised may rundeeper thananetymo- —, cat. no.,II.D.1.1,in Sgubini Moretti, sent there as agift. We might imagine an Syrians (Syrorum lingua), theCappadocians logical relationship connecting thefamily AnnaMaria, ed.,Veio,Cerveteri,Vulci. Città exchangeof gifts tocement political or eco- (Cappadocum lingua), theEtruscans names.ThekyathosfromPoggioCivitatewas d’Etruriaaconfronto. CatalogodellaMostra nomic ties, which is an intriguing idea given (Tuscorum lingua, often variously writtenas not alocally produced product; the bucchero Roma2001)166-67. thegeographicaldistance between the two Tucorum, Tuquorum, Turcorum lingua), the fragments of this cupare unlikeother buc- Colonna, Giovanni, “Ager Clusinus: communities. Thereis alsoanother,more Athenians (with the designation Thenerum chero products produced at the site.5 The intriguing,possibility thatdeservestobe men- Murlo.” StudiEtruschi 70, REE 51 (2005) lingua in the Liber Glossarum, Teucrum, or kyathos is, therefore, an import andone that tioned.ThekyathosfromPoggioCivitatewas 331-332. Teucrorum lingua in Papias), the may well have been made in a workshop at recovered from the remains of the so-called Nielsen,Erik andAnthony Tuck, “An Macedonians (Macedonum lingua), the Caere. Consider the similarities:(1)The OC3/TripartiteBuilding. We might imagine, Orientalizing PeriodComplex at Poggio Bithynians (Bithiniensium lingua), the Poggio Civitate kyathos and the SanPaolo if the TripartiteBuilding at Poggio Civitate Civitate,”EtruscanStudies (2001)8.35-63. Perinthians (Perinthiorum lingua), the tkiyoantshosinwesrieniinsctriosevdersweithddieredcictiaotonryspinirsaclriinpg- hadareligiousfunction,11thatthiscupwas EdiRtiiox,mHienlmoru.tBd.e It. aEliini.leiEtutrnugs,kKioscnhkeordTaenxtze,. dBeysziagnntaitneeds (aBsi zGanrteienko(ruHmellilnengourau),manldintghuoas)e. aroundtheconicalbases ofthecups.(2)Both offered as a votive dedication to the deity or Indices; II.Texte.(Tübingen1991). Onecanthusreconstitute11 listsofnamesof inscriptionshaveObject -Subject -Verbword deitiesworshippedthere. Rizzo,M. A . &MauroCristofani, “Un themonths; among thesefigure alist of order,which is relatively rarein this typeof kyathosealtrivasiiscrittidale tombeoriental- Etruscan terms, reduced toeight, witha text.6 (3) Inboth i nscriptions theletter FOOTNOTES izzantidiSanPaolo aCerveteri,” Bolletino sequence beginning in March –– the begin- d’Arte delMinistr o per iBeni Culturali e gammahastheformofa shepherd’sstaff,P, ning of the year according to the ancient 1.Rizzo&Cristofani 1993.Theinscription Ambientali82(1993)1-10. and theletter theta is a small circle without Roman system –and e nding with themonth was also published in Sgubini Moretti 2001: Schulze-Thulin,Britta, “Zur Worstellung any internal punctuation, O.7 This combina- 166-167. imEtruskischen,”SE58(1992)177-195. of October,the tenth month ofa year begin- ninginJanuary. tion of letters is a rarity on Etruscan inscrip- 2. For this variety of ‘iscrizioneparlante’, Tuck,Anthony, “Architecture and Thisisnottheonly instanceofatruncated tionsfromthisearlyperiod.8 seeAgostiniani1981. Page 4 list – only theCappadocianandByzantine quarianinterestedintheyearandits divisions listsarecomplete.Theselists alsoquiteclear- had collected these, no doubt in a source on ly have errors. For theEtruscan l ist,one c an the subject of the Etruscandisciplina and MM uu ss ee uu mm NN ee ww ss share apriori the skepticism of theEnglish moreprecisely in the ritualbooks, libri rit- scholar,J.F. M ountford,5 who carefully uales,whichcouldhavelisted themarranged recordedthesemistakes, toward(H)ermiusas accordingtotheirplaceinthecalendar.10 a term for August, becauseEJ rmaios is the This series of glosses,in spiteof the very MFAhead plans Rome trip nance. Archaeologists havelong argued that nameof aGreek m onth(November in the late dateof the texts in which they occur, thisisagiveaway thattheworkswereexca- Byzantinelist), a nd thegodHermes,for couldthushavepreserved relativelytrustwor- todiscuss disputed works vated and smuggled from Italy –a violation whomitisnamed,doesnothavethisnamein thyinformationonthisparticularaspectofthe Etruscan;thegod whocorrespondstohimand Etruscanlanguage. by GeoffEdgers ofa1939Italianl aw. Globestaff Inthepast,museums havelargely ignored shareshisimageis Turms. Italianclaims. Butthe2004conviction ofart But we shouldnot reject out of hand the (Excerptedandtranslatedby JaneK. trustworthinessofthissourceofinformation.6 Whitehead) ReprintedfromtheBoston Globe, dealer GiacomoMediciand thetrialofHecht March16,2006 and Truehaveled to museumdealers being Theindications thatitgiveshavebeeninpart moreresponsive. confirmed by authenticEtruscandocuments. 1. A. Ernout, “Les éléments étrusques du Two of our longest Etruscandocuments, the vocabulairelatin,” Bulletin de la Société de Amonthafter theMetropolitanMuseumo f “The question,of course, is what is being linenbook of Zagreb and theCapua “Tile,” Linguistique deParis 30 (1930) 82 = Art in New Yorkagreed to return toItaly negotiated,”saidarchaeologist MalcolmBell, areritualcalendars, whichstipulatethecere- PhilologicaI(Paris 1946)21. objects suspected of being looted, the whose study of works suspected of having monies tobe performed at different dates of 2.Wearenot yetaskingthequestionatthis MuseumofFineArts announcedthatdirector been looted from Italy was included in the the year.Theformer of these, in its calendar pointwhetherthewordspresentedassuchare MalcolmRogerswilltraveltoRome tomeet casefileof therecent Metagreement.“But I indications,mentions festivals occurring in actually Etruscan. A. Ernout,op.cit,speaksof with government officials making similar thinkthemost importantthingisthatthey’re what appear tobe successivemonths: acate, “thenames ofplants,moreor lessexact”sup- claimsonMFAworks. planningtotalk.” qucte,celi.7Thefirst nameverylikelycorre- pliedbythebotanicalglosses. The visit, announced yesterday and sponds to the aclus of the Liber Glossarum, 3. TLE 856: Velcitanus Tuscorum lingua planned for lateApril, resulted from an MalcolmBell i.e. June,andcelitoCelius,i.e. September. Martius mensis dicitur; TLE 818: Cabreas exchangeof letters betweenRogers and Comments Further Itistruethatquctedoesnotresembleany- Tuscorum linguaAprilis mensis dicitur;TLE ItalianCultureMinister RoccoButtiglione thing that appears in this work. We might 805:AmpilesTuscorumlinguaMaius mensis thismonth.Thetripwillcomein themidst of MalcolmBellIII,aprofessor ofarthistory explain this, withMassimo Pallottino, as a dicitur; TLE 801:Aclus Tuscorum lingua thehigh-profile trial of former J. PaulGetty attheUniversityofVirginia,isthevicepres- resultofdifferencesinthenames indifferent Iunius mensis dicitur; TLE 854: Traneus Museumcurator M arion True and art dealer ident for professional responsibilities at the places and times, and think that Qucte refers Tuscorum linguaIulius mensis dicitur; TLE Robert Hecht.Theyareaccusedofbeingpart ArchaeologicalInstituteof America. His either to Traneus or to the (H)ermius of the 836: [H]ermius Tuscorum linguaAugustus of anart smuggling ring that placed works comments here appeared in the New York glosses, as another namefor J uly or August. mensis dicitur; TLE 824: Celius Tuscorum illegally taken from Italian soil inAmerican Times. Otherwise wemight accept, as didJ. F . lingua September mensis dicitur; TLE 858: museums,including theMFA. “PaoloFerri,theItalianprosecutorwhois Mountford,thesuspectcharacterofthename XosferTuscorumlinguaOctober mensisdici- TheGetty andtheMet havealreadyagreed investigating thepurchases of antiquities by of August as it is given in the Liber tur. toreturnanumber ofantiquities. Italianoffi- major American museums,has hit hardest at Glossarum, and assume that that of Traneus, 4. On this question the study by J. F. cials say they wouldfavor anarrangement theJ. PaulGetty MuseuminMalibu, whichin whichevokes thenameof theEtruscanVe nus, Mountford, “Demensium n ominibus,” similar to that made with theMet, which recentdecadesrapidlybuiltupanimpressive Turan,is more trustworthy for July, and we Journal ofHellenic S tudies 43 (1923) 102- requiresthemuseum tosendback21objects collection of Greekand R omanart…Ferri’s thus might conclude that the actualEtruscan 116,has notbeensuperseded. Onemight also and, in return, receiveloans of equal value outrageatthelooting ofItaly’sheritageis jus- nameof themonthofAugust isqucte. consult T. Mommsen, “Handschriftliches,5, fromthestatecollection. tified. But thenames of June and September are Glossarien,” Rheinisches Museum 16 (1861) MFAspokeswomanDawnGrif finsaidyes- “Bylayingbarethearchivesandwarehous- foundin theglosses and also in our longest 145-147,G. K eil,Corpus G lossariorum terday that it is too early to know what will es of major dealers,hehas revealed corrup- Etruscantext,theritualonthelinenbook now Latinorum6(Leipzig1899)691-692. resultfromthemeeting. A groupofMFAoffi- tionatthecoreof themarket. Butinprosecut- in themuseumat Zagreb, foundin Egypt, 5. J. F. Mountford,op.cit.,108. cialswilljoinRogersfortheRomemeeting. ing True, hehas used decades-old evidence where, cut up into strips,it served to wrapa 6. Aparticularproblemisposedbytheform “What wehope c omes out of this is the againstacuratorwhobroughtneededreform mummy. The second-longest text,inscribed ofthemonthofOctober, Xosfer.TheinitialX, exchangeof information,information we totheGetty Museum,andIcano nlyhopethe onaplaqueimproperly calleda“tile,”discov- in this word as in other terms in the same havenot receivedyet,“shesaid.“Rightnow, Italiancourts recognize thegood shehas ered in thenecropolis of Capuain the19th source, may have the valueof theGreek chi we don’t even have alist of theobjects [the done. century andnow in theBerlin Museum,is (E. Fiesel,“Etruskisch‘acht’und‘Oktober,’” Italians believe werelooted and sold to the “Ifthereis onemajor lessontobe learned alsoa ritualcalendar. It also gives us the StudiEtruschi 10 [1936] 324-325). But one MFA].” fromFerri’sinvestigations,it isthatcollectors names of themonths in formulas of succes- might alsoattribute to this X the valueof a Foryears,theMFAhas saidit hasnoevi- andmuseums,in America and around the sive dates:8 there apparently occur,in the number — themonth o fOctober being the denceanyworksinitscollectionwerelooted. world,musttakeintoaccount notjusttheaes- locative, themonth o f apirase, themonth tenthmonthofthesolaryear. But a1998 Globe study, conducted with the thetic valueof theobjects they acquire but anpilie,andfinally themonth acalve. 7.SeeM. Pallottino,“Ilcontenutodel testo helpofseveralclassical scholars,determined also the ethicalandlegalconsequences of Here again a comparison with theglosses dellamummiadiZagabria,” StudiEtruschi 11 that only 10 of 71classicalartifacts donated theiracquisitionpolicies.” canbe made:anpilieresemblesAmpiles,May, (1937)203-237=SaggidiAntichità 1(Rome orsoldtothemuseuminthemid-1980s had andacalvesuggestsAclus,June–– whichalso 1979)547-578; in particular “Ilcontenuto: any recorded ownership history,or prove- seemstobe foundin theaculeoftheZagreb ritualein formadicalendario religioso,”210- linenbook, a d ocument of thefirst century 217=554-561. Viterbo,EtruscanMuseum: T hefinds from Blera B.C.,four centurieslaterthantheCapua tile. 8. See K. Olzscha, “Götterformel und Apirasehasbeenproposedasthenamefor the Monatdaten inder grossenetruskischen January 21, 2006 saw theopening of the Superintendent, Valeria d’Atri, and the monthofApril. Thewordfor April,it istrue, InschriftvonCapua,”Glotta34(1955) 71-93; new archaeological galleries of theMuseum Swedishambassador, S tàffanWrigstad, as is givenas Cabreasin the Liber Glossarum, theanalysisistakenupagain inM. Cristofani, of RoccaAlbornoz atViterbo,with thefinds well as important Scandinavian representa- but,aserrorshavemanaged toslipintothese TabulaCapuana, uncalendario festivoetr- from the excavations of theEtruscan sites of tives.Theirpresencewasduetothefact that lateglosses,onemight suggestthattheinitial uscodietà a rcaica(Florence 1995)esp. 60- SanGiovenaleandAcquarossa. Objectsfrom the SwedishInstitute sponsored the excava- Cis afalse a ddition, and that we couldper- 61. the excavated habitation sitenear B lera will tioncampaignsinthisareaofEtruria,Tuscia, haps reconstruct Abreas, whichcomes very 9. Letusrememberthatsincethe[b]didnot be exhibited to thepublicfor thefirst time. fromthe1950s tothe1980s,excavationsthat closetoapiraseandwhichmightpossiblybe existinEtruscan,abreascanbe restoredtoa This exhibition has been organized by the included,alongwithmanyotherparticipants, linkedtotheLatin Aprilis.9 formwithapr-,whichmightresultinaprim- ArchaeologicalSoprintendenzaof Lazio and GustavusVIAdolphus,King ofSweden. Thelists of theEtruscan m onths that one itiveapir-. theSwedishInstituteof ClassicalStudies,and cangatherfromthesetwomedievalglossaries 10. Ontheimportance oftheEtruscan reli- sponsoredbytheComuneof Viterbo. CorrieredellaSera,Cronaca diRoma, –theonly textsremainingtous–wouldhave giousscienceasultimatesourceofthisinfor- Presentattheinauguration weretheMayor January21,2006. preserved, long after the disappearance of mation, see M. Torelli, “Glosse etrusche: of Viterbo, Giancarlo Gabbianelli, the Etruscanas aspokenandevena writtenlan- qualcheproblemaditrasmissione,”esp.1004 guage, a sequence of themonths of the forthenames ofthemonths. Tyrrhenian year. It is probable that ananti- Page 5 RR ee vv ii ee ww AA rr tt ii cc ll ee ss EtruscanReligion : Maurizio Gualtieri Gualtieridoes notunderminethewrittenevi- when middle-sized properties were the rule, Some Recent LaLucania romana. dence,whichhasbeenexploited onnumerous less soas the estates worked by slavelabor Publications occasions by historians of theMiddle a nd came to predominate. The elements of Cultura e Societànella d oc- LateRepublic,hehas placeditinanew per- Toynbee’sscenarioareallpresentinthepic- reviewedby FrancescodeAngelis, umentazione archeologica. spectivesoas toillustratehow ancienthisto- ture drawnby G ualtieribut the shadows are ColumbiaUniversity riansdramatized,andin dramatizingexagger- fainter, the detail is infinitely expanded, and Napoli. 2003 (272 p.) ated, both the splendors and the shadows of undertheEmpireHannibalappears farlessan The Religion of theEtruscans , edited by theirsubject.Thedepthofthedocumentation elementinthehistory ofLucaniathanfactors Nancy T. de Grummond andErika S imon. offered by Gualtieri’s book is particularly emanatingfromRome.Thesefactors areboth By R.Ross Holloway impressive,especiallysinceinItalianarchae- political,asseeninthegrowthoftheholdings Austin:Univ.ofTexas Press,2006. Institutefor Archaeology and the ology, where the catalogues of exhibitions, of magnates and theimperial f amily, which ReligioninAncient Etruria.by Jean-René Ancient World,BrownUniversity conferences, andpoorly circulated publica- created a villa system independent of the Jannot. Translated by JaneK. Whitehead. tionsformagrowing percentageof thebibli- cities, and economic, the result of theforce Madison:Univ.ofWisconsinPress,2005. In1947 EmilioMagaldipublishedthefirst volumeof his study of ancient Lucania, La ography,mastery oftheavailablematerialfor exerted by the demands of Romeon the Thesaurus cultus et rituumantiquorum a such wide area as ancient Lucaniais an south’sresourcesincereals,livestock,oil,a nd Lucania Romana I, asource book on every (ThesCRA),vv.1-3. Los Angeles:TheJ. Paul achievementthatmustberecognized. wine. Inall periods,however, thesefactors aspectofthisregionofancient Italy.Itsuse- Getty Museum,2004-2005. ArnoldToynbee(Hannibal’sLegacyvol.2 exist against a backgroundof middle-size fulness has hardly diminished over the sixty Stranierienon cittadini nei santuari [London1965])ended hischapteronthedev- holdingsandagriculturalvillages(vici). years that haveintervened since its publica- greci. AttidelConvegno Internazionale, astation in southernItaly and Sicily wrought Thepopulating of the country in inland tion.The second volumeof Magaldi’s study, by Hannibal’s invasion and Rome’s revenge Lucania, as distinct from thehinterlands of Udine,novembre2003,editedby Alessandro which was to have beendevoted toLucania onrebelliouscitieswiththesewords,“Atthe theGreekcolonies of the coast,is evident Naso. Florence:LeMonnier, 2006. under the RomanEmpire, was never pub- timeof writing,A.D. 1962,themarks ofdirus wellbeforeHannibal. Norwastownlifecata- lished. This task has now been taken upby Hannibal’s presence in South-EasternItaly strophically affected by the wars of the third Thestudyofreligioniscertainlyoneof the MaurizioGualtieri,whowithHelenaFracchia istheexcavatoroftwoexceptionalLucanian during thefifteen years 217-203 B.C. were century B.C. (or successive slave revolts). most fascinating and rewarding topics for still discernible.” According toToynbee, the Documentationoffarmsteadsandthevillasof sites, Roccagloriosa andMasseriaCiccotti those who areinterested in theEtruscans, stagnation in the south under theBourbons, mediumsizehas multiplied,andthetestimo- (OppidoLucano). whomLivyfamouslycharacterizedas“more theindif ference of the United Kingdom of nyofinscriptions,notably atVolceiandin the Inconversation, thelateCharles A lexander thanany other[people]dedicatedtoreligion, Italy,theshadowofByzantiumand theincur- Vallo diDiana, suggests that theowners in Robinson asserted more than once that allthemore sincetheyexcelinpracticingit.” sions of the Saracens all bow in their conse- somecaseswereLucanianfamiliesantedating archaeologyistheonly sourceoffundamental quencestotheenduringwoundssuffereddur- the confiscations after theHannibalic W ars. Andindeed thereis noscarcityofessaysand newknowledgein ancienthistory;thetruthof ingtheHannibalicWarandits aftermath. His Thesepeoplehad never lost their estates or articles devoted to this matter in thefieldof thisstatementemergesclearlyfromthefash- storyofMagnaGraeciaafter Hannibalisone hadquicklyreclaimedthem. Etruscanstudies.Tomentiononlyoneof the ioninwhichourconceptionofthehistory of ofdevastationleadingtotheimpoverishment By the beginning of theEmpire, Roman majorpublicationsonthetopic,theproceed- the third region of AugustanItaly has been changed over thelast half century. While ofthecitiesandtounsteadywavesofrecov- magnates had begun toassemble theproper- ingsoftheconferenceLespluxreligieuxdes eryinthecountryside;recoverywashealthier tiesthatarethepreludes tothegreat estatesof hommes:État delarecherchesurlareligion thelater times. Aspecialplaceinthearchae- étrusque (“TheMost Religious of Men: The ologyofancient Lucaniamust bereservedfor Stateof Research onEtruscanReligion”), the evidence of magnificent villas and their heldin Paris in 1992,include essays from SUBSCRIPTION FORM owners in theLateEmpire. N ot unlike the Englishcountry houses of alater time, these scholarswithverydifferentbackgroundsand establishments rivaled thegreat houses of expertises,butalsowithacommoninterestin ThesuggestedcontributionforanindividualsubscriptiontoEtruscanNews is Romein theirsizeandarchitectureandatthe Etruscanculture. $25.00peryear.Wewelcomedonationsofanyamount. Pleaseremitthisform same time served as theheadquarters of vast The recent publication of the books listed withacheckpayabletoISEE –EtruscanNews, toLarissaBonfante, Classics farmingenterprises. above alsodeserves a warm welcome, espe- On theother hand, the results of surface ciallybythereadersofEtruscanNews,for at Department,25Waverly Place,NewYorkUniversity,New York,NY10003. survey,if notofexcavation,point tothecon- least two reasons. First, up to now therehas tinued existence of the settlements best ______________________________________________________________ beennomonographinEnglishfocusedexclu- described as vici in the Republicanand sively on Etruscan religion. Now wehave Imperialages. Andit hasbeenestimated that PleasesendmeEtruscanNews. I wouldlike ______subscriptionsat$25.00 despitethegrowthinlargeestates,64%ofthe two, bothAmericanenterprises,namely the villas withanAugustan p hase were still collective volume edited by Nancy de each. I wouldalsoliketomakeadonationintheamountof_____________to inhabitedstillinthefifthcentury A .D. GrummondandErikaSimon,andthetransla- helpdevelopandexpandtheprojects oftheU.S.SectionoftheIstitutodiStudi Gualtieri’sbook gives anew dimensionto tion of aFrenchbook whose author is Jean- EtruschiedItalici. the study of RomanLucania, not by seeking RenéJannot. A s we will see, despite todiscredit or replace theprevious general Thetotalamount enclosedis:_______________________________________ inevitable similarities, they are different in worksontheareaandperiod, butbyshowing natureandapproachthesubjectfromdifferent the continuities that exist alongside more perspectives. salientdevelopmentsthatarefrequently given Second,notwithstandingconstantscholarly Name:__________________________________________________________ more emphasis by thegeneral h istorian. The cities of Lucania didnot sink into insignifi- interest in this subject, there are still aspects Address:________________________________________________________ cance in the Roman period. The countryside ofitthatareunderinvestigated,ornotinvesti- wasnotthepreserveof thelatifundia. Ina true gated on a systematic basis. All the titles in ________________________________________________________________ senseLucaniaprofited from the almapax ourlist,especiallythetwoby deGrummond whichthesurvivorsoftheturbulentcenturies andJannot, c ontribute to fill someof these ofRomanexpansion greetedwithsuchrelief, City:___________________________________Stateor province:_________ gaps. and as devotees of theimperialcult (apoint that Gualtieriillustratesatlength),theywould Postalcode: _______________________ 1. The Religion of theEtruscans is the have attributed their condition far more to happy final outcomeof a conference heldin AugustusthantoHannibal. Country:__________________________ 1999 in honor of Erika Simon, who at that time was LangfordEminent Scholar in Page 6 Classics at Florida State University, an which was attributed to theprodigy child zation Tinia/Zeus himself had toaskbefore Thus,it isbasicallytheproximity toGreek important Americancenter for Etruscanstud- Tages. It has tobe stressed that this version, using his most powerful thunderbolt. and Roman religion which has prompted ies. This event brought together someof the by JeanMacIntoshTurfa, isthefirst E nglish Similarly,thediconsentes,whohadnoname, attention to theEtruscans. N evertheless, the most prominent scholars in thefield, whose translationofthishighlyinterestingtext.This form, sex, and even nocult or sanctuary, pictureof Etruscan religious features that contributionshavebeensubsequentlycollect- byitselfwouldmakeowning thebookamust. acted as counselors of Tinia/Zeus, and were results from the ThesCRA entries is far from edandeditedinthisvolume.Theseare,how- subsequentlyadoptedalsoby theRomans. being biased by classicizing views. When ever,much m ore than mere conference pro- 2.ReligioninAncient Etruriaisthetrans- The emphasis that Jannot lays on these chapters arefurther subdivided according to ceedings. Each of the contributors was lation, by JaneK. Whitehead, of Jean-René notionsofthedivine,whichherightlyseesas culturalarea, Etruriais often present witha instructedtofocusonasingleissueor setof Jannot’s1998bookDevins,dieuxetdémons. peculiarly Etruscan,explainswhyhetendsto sub-sectionofitsown.Thishappensnotonly related issues, sothat intheendallthemost Regardssur la religionde l’Étrurie antique. attributelittle religious relevance toGreek forareas whereone wouldexpect it,suchas relevantaspectsofEtruscanreligionarecov- Being the work of only one scholar,it com- mythology in theEtruscancontext. “Divination” (A. Maggiani), but also in less ered. The result canbest be characterized pensateswithconsistency whatitmaylackin According to him, “Etruscan thought (as we obviouscases,suchas “Music”(J.-R. Jannot) withthetitleof Simon’sownarticle, “Godsin variety. In this regard alook at theindex of rather ambitiously claim toknowit)was not or“Prayer”(A. Maggianiagain),whichpres- Harmony.” contents is telling. Not surprisingly,wefind mythic. FortheEtruscans mythwasonlyalle- enthighlyinterestingsynthesesonthesesub- TheEtruscan p antheon, Simon argues, manyofthesamethemesthatarepresent also gorical. Greek myths do not describe the jects. Etruscanvotiveofferingsarepresented “had a special power to integrategods from in thepreviously discussed volume. worldof theEtruscangods,whoweredefined along withItalicones in the chapter on outside, which was strengthened by the ten- Nevertheless, the two lists do not overlap notbystoriesandacts,butbystatesofbeing, “Dedications”by A. Comella,J.M.Turfa,and dency for harmony among themembers” (p. completely, andfurthermore they are abilities,andfunctions” (170). Giventheper- I.E.M. Edlund-Berry. Thereis of course a 45). Ina similar way, this book integrates arrangedinadifferentorder. vasiveness of Greek mythology in Etruscan treatment of “Sacrifices” in Etruria(L. chapters by scholars from foreign countries As in theother book, thefirst block of culture, onemay wonder if this view is not Donati), which includes a discussion of the (viz. GermanyandItaly) intowhatisthefirst chapters deals with those sides of Etruscan too clear-cut, andif theinteraction between interesting issueof human sacrifice — comprehensiveAmerican volumeon thesub- religion that are connected with writing. GreekandEtruscan religiousnotionsdidnot althoughonewouldhaveliked toseeinclud- jectofEtruscanreligion. Itisnocoincidence Nevertheless it differs from it in that Jannot produce more complex situations. edinthebibliographytheimportant bookby that oneof the co-editors of the book is highlights thepractices as they werepre- Nevertheless it is undeniable that Etruscan D.Steuernagel,MenschenopferundMordam NancydeGrummond,whoiswellknownfor scribed in its sacred texts. Twochapters are religioncanhardlybeunderstoodif wetryto Altar (“HumanSacrifice andMurder at the having directed a similar collective enter- thus explicitely devoted to rituals, thefirst, assimilateit too strongly to theGreek; and Altar,”1998). prise, A Guide toEtruscanMirr ors (1982), divinatory, the second, funerary. Discussion even thepeculiar fluidity of mythological Notwithstanding the superficial similarity still the best introduction to that particular oftheritespertainingtothepassagefrom the imagery in Etruriamay be due, at least in instructure with the LIMC(numbers inbold subject. worldof theliving to the worldof the dead part, to this radically peculiar natureof their are assigned toeach o f the various pieces of Thefirst twochapters dealwiththe written naturally leads toa c hapter on the under- notionofwhatagod was. evidence mentioned), the ThesCRA chapters sources on religion, both literary and epi- world,orratherthe“afterworld,”asthetrans- are better read as independent, separate graphic. In thefirst,Nancy de Grummond lator puts it. “The traditional term 3. The Thesaurus Cultus et Rituum essaysonthevarioustopicsthanas reference presents a useful survey of theinformation Underworld, which is generally used for the Antiquorum—orThesCRA,asitasksto(and entries. In fact, the very natureof the evi- available about ancient authors and texts RomanandGreek p lace of the afterlife, undoubtedly will)be called—is an interna- dencemakesitimpossibletoaim atthesame dealing with the disciplinaEtrusca. (The seemed inappropriatein that theEtruscans tionalSwiss-based scholarly enterprise con- levelofcompleteness asinthe LIMC.When beginning of her chapter is reprinted in this appear toconceiveof deathas ‘away’— ceived andplanned in the wakeof the dealing with votiveof ferings,for example, issueof EtruscanNews,p. 2). In thenext, across a body of water — not ‘below.’The Lexicon IconographicumMythologiae thereis noalternativebuttoproceedaccord- LarissaBonfante shows, through carefully termAfterlife, also traditional, conveys a Classicae(a.k.a.LIMC),thatmostinvaluable ing to samples of types which have tobe chosenexamples, themany ways in which stateof existencebutnotasenseof location. of tools for everybody interested in Greco- takenas representativeof thousandsmore. In writingplayedacentralrolein Etruscanreli- ‘TheBeyond’evokes the U.S. Air Force, Roman(andEtruscan)art andculture. Notby theend,thus,thisoeuvrecanbe definedasa gion. somehow. Thus I have settled on the term chance this new project is dedicated to the sibling,butcertainlynotatwin,of itsprecur- Thefollowing twochapters canalsobe Afterworld,whichmakesroomfortherather memory of Lilly Kahil (1926-2002), the sor. seenas forming a couplet. They concern the concrete, though fantastic, geographies of inspirationandsouloftheLIMC. principal humanand d ivine actors of the Etruscanbelief” (p.xiii). Rather than focusing on thefigures and 4. AlessandroNaso, whosefocus has long Etruscan religious world. Nancy de The subsequent chapters,on sanctuaries characters of ancient mythology, thenew beena studyofEtruscanandItalicmateriali n Grummond reviews the evidence about andon temples, bring us back to real spaces series of volumes (three of which have seen theAegean(see EtruscanNews 2,2003,page prophets andpriests, a ndErika S imon intro- and architectures. Attention then turns to thelight sofar)intendstopresentancientreli- 6), was very appropriately theorganizer of duces us to theEtruscan p antheon. A useful priests and worhsippers. Interestingly, the gion in its cultic and ritualdimension. theimportant conferenceStranierienon cit- glossary of theprincipal g ods worshipped in treatment of the divineprotagonists of Drawingontheextensivevisualmaterialcol- tadinineisantuarigreci,heldin Udineunder EtruriaconcludesSimon’schapter. Etruscanreligion,whichconcludes thebook, lected for thepreparation of the LIMC, the theauspices oftheAlexander vonHumboldt Beliefs and rituals are the subject of the issubdividedintotwoparts:thegods andthe ThesCRAincludesiconographicandarchaeo- Stiftung. Dealing with the evidence for the next twoarticles, b y IngridKrauskopf and divine. Infact,Jannot stressesthefact thatthe logicalsourcesinadditiontoliteraryones. presence of foreigners andnon-citizens in JeanMacIntoshTurfa. Theformer author is pictureof theEtruscan p antheon as it is The subject matter has been subdivided Greek sanctuaries, the twenty-twocontribu- concernedwiththefunerary sphere,thelatter knownfromthebulkofoursources—espe- according to three “levels:” 1)a “dynamic tions are divided into three sections, each of with votiveof ferings. Issues of sacred space cially theiconographicones —does not level,”coveringallthetraditionalactivities of which is followed by a discussion:I. andarchitectureareaddressedinthelast two reflect,or reflects only in part,Etruscan cult practice (the three published volumes Historical, chaired by Peter Funke; II. contributions:IngridEdlund-Berry dealswith notions of the divine. Hepoints to thefact belong to this “level”); 2) a “staticlevel,” Archaeological,chairedby Helmut Kyrieleis; thegeneral relevanceofthespatialdimension that,asliterarysourcestellus,just asimpor- regarding cult places,personnel, a ndinstru- andIII. Literary,withthediscussionmoderat- inEtruscanreligion,whileGiovanni Colonna tantastheindividualgods,whosenames and mentsofcult;3)athird“level,”dealingwith edby GianpieroRosati. discusses more specifically the sanctuaries aspects we are able specify beyond doubt those aspects of religious behaviour pertain- What didit mean tobe a “foreigner,” or andthereligiousbuildingsinsidethem. (they areoften m odelled after their Greek ing to the conduct of everyday life, suchas “barbarian,” in various periods in theGreek Afinal —and very substantial — gift is counterparts),weretheirnamelessandcollec- marriageanddeath. context?Thevariousessaysprovideanswers offered to the reader with theAppendices, tivecolleagues. AsintheLIMC,theEtruscan worldis well to this question from different perspectives, which present all theprincipalancient “Etruriais thehomelandof anonymous representedintheThesCRA. Itisstatedinthe as is evident also from those that focus on sourcesonEtruscanreligioninboththeorig- gods. These weregrouped into ‘colleges’or Introduction that Etruscanculturehas been EtruscanandItalicpeople. I nthisrespectwe inal texts and translations. Theseinclude the entities, and their number is both unknown “included for its kinship to theClassical,” can mention the religious-historicaldiscus- brontoscopiccalendartransmittedtousbythe and unknowable” (172). Far from detracting although “thereis generally less attention sionby A. Mastrocinqueon possiblerelations Byzantine author Johannes Lydus, whose fromtheirrelevance,thesefeatures weretyp- paid to religion at theperiphery of the betweenthecultofApolloat Delphiandthat contents go back toaLatin translation, by ical for someof themost mighty Etruscan Classical world, unless it is firmly based on of Apollo Soranus in theFaliscan territory, Nigidius Figulus,of anEtruscan sacred text divinities,like thediinvoluti,whoseauthori- homelandpractice” (p.XII). [Continuedonnextpage] Page 7 with its peculiar priests able to walk on hot coals; or the epigraphic andprosopographic RR ee vv ii ee ww ss investigationbyS. DeVidoandC. A ntonetti into theinteractions betweenGreeks and indigenous Elymian frequenters of the sanc- tuaries at Selinus in Sicily. ToA. Naso him- selfweoweanextremely interestinganduse- Wikander,Charlotte, and Imagined Etruscan ly. In 1972,Bur gess remarks, “Lawrence ful overview of objects dedicated as votive alwayslackedthedisciplineandobjectivity of ÖrjanWikander. Etruscan Landscapes approach which mark the true scholar… offeringsby E truscans andother I talic wor- shippersinGreeksanctuaries. Inscriptions from the by LarissaBonfante Nevertheless,his highly idiosyncratic approach to theEtruscans has probably been Also worth reading are the reports of the Collections of Olof August Arecent review of a biography of D.H. moreinfluential – –among nonspecialists,of discussionsthatfollowedthevariouspresen- Danielsson. Addenda to Lawrence: TheLifeof AnOutsider in The course–– thantheworksoftruescholars.” In tations, which were recorded andhave b een New YorkTimes Book Review (December 4, anessay published in 19573 Massimo included in the volume. We thus learn that CIE II,1,4. 2005)1 ignored the enduring popularity of Pallottino already notes instances of cases after thehistorical talks there was a discus- (Medelhavsmuseet Memoir Lawrence’sbesttravelbook, EtruscanPlaces. whereLawrence’s understanding of Etruscan sion on theissueof Delphic treasuries Yettheauthorhasdeeplyinfluencedtheway art, and even ofEtruscan h istory, was more belonging tocommunities of ancient Italy, a 10, 2003.) Pp. 162,figs. 36. people see and experience thelandscapes of accuratethanthatofscholarslessinvolvedin topic that had already attracted scholars like Museum ofMediterranean Tuscany that continue toenthrall modern the reality of themonuments and theland- D. Briquel(“LecittàetruscheeDelfi,” Annali tourists, residents of Chiantishire, readers of scape: henoticed, for example, that the andNearEastern TheNew YorkTimesTravelSection,andaudi- Etruscantumuliofthenecropolis ofCerveteri dellaFondazioneMuseoFaina 5[1998]143- ences of thefilm, Under the TuscanSun . were alocal p henomenon, blending into the 169). The treasuries of Caere and Spina Antiquities, Stockholm Unlike Sea and Sardinia,or ThePlumed natureof thesurroundinglandscape,eliminat- reflected economic and culturalcontacts in 2004. Serpent,whichhavelittle todo withSardinia ing thenecessity of explanations involving theMediterraneanand theAdriatic respec- or Mexico, EtruscanPlaces actually does foreigninfluencefortheirforms.Scholarship tively. It is also intriguing to note that the capturetheatmosphereof theplace –thesur- and art andliteraturehad becomeisolated importance of prophecy and divination at Reviewedby LarissaBonfante prisinglycolorfulundergroundtombpaintings fromeachotherinthenineteenthcentury; but Delphi matches in some way its importance of ancient Tarquinia, theolivegroves and agood scholarneedstohavethepassion and in Etruscan religion. An investigation into The authors of this valuablelittle b ook, vineyards of Tuscany.We who belong toan loveof lifeof anartist. this and related questions definitely con- themselves distinguished Etruscan scholars earliergenerationcaneven somehowimagine Today,in whatisinsomanywaysanewly teachinginSweden,havecarriedoutexcava- the desolatemalaria-ridden maremma,of romantic era, when young people aremore tributes toan understanding of theplace of tionsinthearchivesoftheUniversity Library Lawrence’stime. opentofeelings,whenobjectivityisnotnec- theEtruscans in Greek thought, andof the at Uppsala, thelocation of Olof August I was surprised to find that Lawrence’s essarilyavirtue,andtheissueof conservation extent to which theGreeks distinguished the Danielsson’spapers–diaries andletters. The descriptions resonated with the seventeen- looms large, we canbetter appreciate various Etruscancities at different moments publicationoftheirfindsconcernsmostlyhis andeighteen-yearoldstudentsofaFreshman Lawrence’sromanticattitudetowardsnature, oftheirhistory. painstakingly careful reading of Etruscan honorsclasstowhomIassigned thebooktwo and sharemany of his concerns. On the Tosum up, although neither the ThesCRA inscriptions,butitalsoilluminatesourunder- years ago. Though noneof them had ever importance of theoriginalcontext: “If only northebookonsanctuarieseditedby Nasois standingofthescholarlyhistoryoftheperiod, heardof D.H. Lawrence,orknewanythingof wewouldrealizeit,andnot tearthingsfrom devotedspecificallytoEtruscanculture, both including the character,lives andinterrela- Lady Chatterley’s Lover,theywerethrilledby their settings. Museums anyhow are wrong. containextensiveaswellasintensivediscus- tionshipsofsomeof thegreat scholarsofthe hispersonal,colorfultakeon ascholarlysub- But if onemust havemuseums,let thembe past, andinforms us about the scandals and ject;oneof mystudentsproudlyreportedthat small, and above all let thembe local.” On sionsandtreatmentsoftheEtruscan situation, hardships that beset themand that accompa- asubwayriderwhohadbeenreadingthebook menand women: “TheEtruscans shared the andprovide new insights on topics whose niedthisambitiousundertaking. overhershoulderjotteddownthetitlefor fur- banqueting bench with their wives, which is information potential is still far from having The secondpart makes up the bulk of the therreferencewhenshegot offthetrain. more than theGreeks or Romans did, at this beenfullyexploited. volume, andpresents the epigraphicmaterial Whatgi ves the book its power today? period.” On the roleof tombguardians: “So, relatingtoCIEII,I,4(for whichseereview, Certainly Lawrence’s invocation of the con- on theother handfrom the deer, wehave Conferences JRS 66,1976, 243-244)organized as adden- trast between the vitality of ancient Etruscan lionesses andleopards. These, too, aremale Continuedfrompage4 da.Thedivisionsfollowthoseof theCIEvol- “phallic” art and theplodding militarism of andfemale…So thesefierce ones guard the ume, with provenances for theinscriptions ancient Rome, by which hemeans treasureandthegateway…”4 Joint ICAHM and from Bomarzo,Ferento-Acquarossa, Orte, Mussolini’s Rome, reflected a conflict that UNESCO Statistics Tuscania, Musarna, Casteld’Asso,Norchia, suitedhispersonalartistic view,aswellasthe 1.FrancineProse, “Slayer of Taboos,” Blera, SanGiuliano, theAger Tarquiniensis. reality of thehistorical m oment. As Anthony Institute(USI)meeting, reviewofJohnWorthen,D.H. Lawrence:The Cerveteri(though thesemake up more than Burgess points out in his introduction to the Lifeof AnOutsider, in TheNew YorkTimes Montreal,January 6, 2006 halfthenumber inCIEII,I,4, theyareunfor- Penguin edition of D.H. Lawrence in Italy, BookReview,December4,2005,page56. tunately almost missing in Danielsson’s col- Lawrencebecamefascinated bytheEtruscans 2. Anthony Burgess, “Introduction,” in by ChristopheRivet,Secretary,ICAHM lection), SantaMarinella, andCivitavecchia. as early as 1920. In 1927, when he visited D.H. LawrenceinItaly. Harmondsworth1997 Designationsarethoseusedby HelmutRixin theirsiteswithanAmericanf riend,Italywas (originallypublished1972)pagex. Present were representatives of: the his standard collection of inscriptions, justabouttobecome thecountryadmiredby 3. Massimo Pallottino, “Scienza epoesia UNESCO Statistics Institute; the UNESCO Etruskische Texte, Editio Minor (Tübingen Miss JeanBrodie a nd theladies of Tea with alla scoperta dell’Etruria,” Quaderni WorldHeritageCentre; theGetty 1991). Mussolini; “Mussolini had not yet made the dell’AssociazioneCulturaleItaliana 24 ConservationInstitute;theWorldMonuments trains run on time…”2 EtruscanPlaces was (1957), reprinted in D.H. Lawrence: Paesi Fund; and the UNWorld T ourism Alonger versionofthisreviewappeared publishedposthumouslyin1932. etruschi, Siena, Nuovaimagine, 1985,pages Organization. inAJA(2006). For along time EtruscanPlaces was 9-26. Presenters were asked toaddress theissue enjoyed by apublicfascinated by the 4.D.H. Lawrence,EtruscanPlaces (1932), of defining statistical indicators for the con- “Etruscanmystery,”andappreciatedbyartists servation of archaeological sites that areon vation. andwriters.Scholarsandintellectuals consid- “ThePainted TombsofTarquinia,”passim. the WorldHeritageList. WillemWillems TheICAHM presentation focused on the eredittobe tooromantictobe takenserious- (Netherlands,VPEurope)gave thepresenta- WorldHeritagenomination process,thetools tionpreparedonbehalfofICAHMbyWillem used in this process (theOperational Willems,Christophe R ivet (Canada, Guidelines, themanagement regime require- developindicators. For moreinformation,please visit thefol- Secretary) andDougComer (US, VPNorth- ments and especially the criteria), and the Theconclusionofthesessionwasthatthere lowinglink(forabriefabstract): America). basicprinciples of conservation as stated in isaneed tocontinue thediscussioninamore http://www.archaeological.org/webinfo.ph Thepresenters addressedtheissueof meas- thecharters,tosuggestaframework todevel- substantial format and toaddress themany p?page=10248 uring theimpact of tourism, theimpact of opindicatorsforsiteconservation.Themain concerns associated with indicators in differ- Thepresentations willbemadepubliclyin availability of government resources for site arguments were that themain criteria(the 6 entfora. ICAHMhasexpresseditsavailabili- thenear future by the USI.We will keep the conservation,multiple values,criteriafor site culturalcriteria +authenticity andintegrity) tytocontinue thediscussiononindicatorsfor membershipinformedofanyfuturedevelop- monitoring, and theobjectiveof site conser- andthemanagement requirementsdetailedin siteconservationissues. ment. thenomination proposal were effective to Page 8 Herbs intheMateriamedica. Fig.1:Attic red-figurecupby the Onesimos Painter, withathlete seen Continuedfrompage1 NOTES from theback.5thcentury B.C. gies appearing in themanuscript tradition. 1. Greektext:Max Wellmann,ed.,Pedanii Rome,CapitolineMuseum. Botanical terms in Etruscan perhaps had Dioscuridis AnazarbeiDemateriamedica, 3 becomefairly rare by Pamphilus’ day; or, vols. (Berlin 1906-1914, reprinted 1958). Fig. 2:Attic red-figurecupby the giventheEgyptianprovenanceofPamphilus’ Expertly translated from the Wellmann edi- Onesimos Painter, withathlete originaldictionary ,it is quitelikely that the tion by Lily Y. Beck, with introduction by drawing water froma well.5th alternativesinEgyptianpredominatetheman- John Scarborough, Pedanius Dioscorides of century B.C.Rome,Capitoline uscript traditions in company with “Greek” Anazarbus Demateriamedica (Berlin and Museum. and “Roman.” ThoseEtruscan sixteenare NewYork2005). important,in spiteof their small fraction of 2.Thebasicessayremains MaxWellmann, thewhole,sincecarefulidentificationsofthe “Pamphilos,”Hermes51(1916)1-64. species and the drugs made from themcan 3. E.g. the “Hippocratic Terminologies” indicate some aspects of aparticularly compiled by Erotian inGreek, sometimein Etruscanherbalism. theFlavianera. E rnst Nachmanson, ed., Materiamedica,II,175(We llm.,I,pp. Erotiani VocumHippocraticarumcollectio 242-243) is a description of the batrav- (Göteborg 1918). Erotian is evidence that Fig.1 Dioscorides’MateriaMedica achievedimme- cion, probably thelesser celandineor pile- diatepopularity,sinceMM,IV, 76(Wellm. II, wort (Ranunculus ficaria L.), and the 237 [“aconite”])is quoted. Earlier “Tuscan” name( RV)is givenas a[pioum> “Hippocratic” lexica appeared beginning in raJ nivnoum.> Theseterms are similar to the the 3rd cent. B.C. Wesley D. Smith, The Greeka[pion(“pear”)or Latinapium(“cel- HippocraticTradition(Ithaca1979)s.v.index ery”or“parsley”),andLatin’s rana(“frog”).9 entries,Bacchius [ofTanagra]. 4. John M. Riddle, Dioscorides on Dioscorides also says that it is called sevli- PharmacyandMedicine (Austin1985). non a[grion(“wildcelery”)inSardinia:not 5. Especially evident in the unsatisfactory aparticularly significant detail until one translationproducedby JohnGoodyersome- remembers that Sardinia was part of the timeafter1650(butnotpublisheduntil1934), Etruscan orbit in the westernMediterranean. lightly edited by Robert T. Gunther as The Pliny’s translation of “littlefrog” for the GreekHerbal o fDioscorides (Oxford1934; Greekreflectsthefrog-like(or fig-like)shape Fig. 2 reprintedNewYork1959). of themoist and swollen root-tubers of this 6. Extant aremany such listings in Greek perennial. The common name, “pilewort” ranging from Hesychius and theByzantine recordsthehistoricalherbaluseof therootsin Suda, to thegigantic c ompilation knownas thetreatmentofhemorrhoids:alogical result theEtymologiconMagnum. fromthepresence inleavesandrootsoftan- 7.Wellmann,Vol. III,p. 358. nins,ascorbicacid,andantemol,allextreme- 8. “Alpha’” under “Romana” (ibid. 350- ly astringent natural substances. Suggestive 351)alonehas 46 entries andnumbers of Fig. 3 tooistheuseof theleaves andstemsaspre- alternatives.“Aegyptiaca”(ibid.327-329)has scribed by Dioscorides for the treatment of 150entries,etc. mange, wart-removal, as a sternutatory, and 9. Pliny,NaturalHistory,XXV,172, trans- forreliefofthepains ofatoothache. Etruscan Fig. 3:Etruscan terracotta statuetteofa latesbatrachionintoLatin’s ranunculus(“lit- herbalists,bycontrast,employedthe“froggy seatedancestor from theTombof the tlefrog”). roots” for hemorrhoids, ause not mentioned FiveChairs,Cerveteri. 7thcentury B.C. Rome,CapitolineMuseum. Fig.4:AntonellaMagagnini,Curatore Archeologadei MuseiCapitolini. Fig.4 included this onein his first donation of Castellani objects to theMuseoCapitolino. There were Continuedfrompage1 originallyfivestatuettes,dated650-600 B.C., seatedonfivechairscarvedintothetufaof a the three registers of this famous Etrusco- side chamber intended to represent a small Corinthianvase,madebetween630-600 B.C., domesticsanctuaryfortheancestorcult.The isstillcontroversial. object is thus tobe seenas anancestor, Etruscan objects of particular importance invokedinritualceremonies. are displayed separately. TheAristonothos Inthefirst galleryareexhibitedonawood- krater, acquired by AugustoCastellani at enbase twoterracottasarcophagi,one witha Cerveteriaround1869( Bollettino di femalefigure, theother withamale. These CorrispondenzaArcheologica),latercameto werepart ofCastellani’sfirstdonationtothe theCapitolioneMuseum. I nitsnewdisplayin Capitoline collections in 1866 and were thecenterofthegallery,thedecorationofthis almostcertainlyacquiredbyhiminTuscania, importantfind,datingfrom675-650 B.C.,can where they werefoundin tomb contexts of bestudiedfromalldirections:on onesideis themid-2ndc. B.C. Arecentstudyofitscon- theblindingoftheCyclops Polyphemos,and servationhasshownhowradical18thc. inter- on theother, a b attle between two ships. ventions werein restorations of ancient Prominentlydisplayedonthevaseis thesig- objects.Thestudyalsorevealedthatbothsar- natureof Aristonothos,theartistwhocreated cophagi wereinscribed: on theoneof the it. femalefigure withanEtruscan i nscription Another case contains the terracotta stat- paintedinblack,on theone withthemalefig- uetteof aseatedmalefigurefrom theTombof ure, withaLatin inscription in dark gray theFiveChairs in Cerveteri; another two paint.These are theonly inscriptions known were sold by Castellani to theBritish up to now on the46 terracotta sarcophagi Museum. Heacquiredthegroupin1866and madeinTuscania. Violet,from theViennaDioscurides (WikimediaCommons) Page 9 CC aa ll ll ss ff oo rr PP aa pp ee rr ss “TerracottaFigurines in Halma-Ipel ?UMR8164(CNRS, Lille 3, expressionsofinterestcanbe senttothechair “Preistoria eprotostoriain MCC) of the conference organizing committee, theGreekand R oman Histoire, Archéologie, Littérature des Professor FrancoDeAngelis (University of Etruria: Paesaggi reali e EasternMediterranean Mondes Anciens BritishColumbia)at paesaggi mentali” BP60149 [email protected]. Abstracts of no ProductionandDiffus ion, F-59653 Villeneuve d’Ascq,Cedex, morethan100-150wordsfortalksoftwenty EighthMeeting, S eptember 15-17, 2006. FRANCE. minutes should be sent by e-mail attachment Università degli StudidiMilano. Iconography and Fax:+33.3.20416365. by the September 15, 2006 deadline to the DipartimentodiScienze d elleAntichità, Function” E-mail:<[email protected]>. programme co-ordinator,Professor Robert SezionediArcheologia. Please submit anabstract of no more than Todd(UniversityofBritishColumbia)at bob- 300beforeJuly 1,2006bye-mail(ifpossible) [email protected]. The evocative title, “Real landscapes and Date:June 2-6, 2007 to:<terracott [email protected]>,or by fax to: mental landscapes,” derives from a question Venue:Izmir,Turkey +90.232.453 41 88. Theissuenumber 24 “The Romans and Water: thatcameupin2002,in thecourseof anear- (Dec. 2006) of thejournal Instrumentum is lier meeting of this groupdedicated to the Management, Technology An internationalconference on the terra- planned as a special issue containing the studyoftheprehistory andearliesthistoryof cottafigurin es of theEasternMediterranean Conferenceabstracts. andCultur e” Etruria: “What landscape would atraveler inAntiquity(7thc. B.C.-A.D.4thc.) willtake see, wandering through Etruscan places a place on June 2nd-6th, 2007 at Dokuz Eylul “Regionalismand thousandor moreyearsfromnow? Andhow University(DEU)in Izmir,Turkey. Place:ColumbiaUniversity would such travelers interpret what they Theaimofthismeetingistoreportonthe Globalism inAntiquity” Date:September 22-23, 2006 saw?” stateof researchconcerning theterracottafig- The reconstruction of ancient landscapes, urinesofantiquityinabroadsense,between KeynoteSpeaker:Professor LordColin TheCenter invitesabstractsofpapersfrom which today lie buried underground as “fos- ca. 7thcentury B .C. and4thcentury A .D. in Renfrew allinterestedscholars,including graduatestu- sils,”isstilltheideal waytopresenttheland- theGreekandR omanEasternMediterranean. (CambridgeUniversity) dents.Theconferenceisopentoall aspectsof scape as a whole, joining together the dis- Thegeographicalareas concernedareTurkey, the subject,including nautical technology, parate elements of archaeologicalevidence Greece, Cyprus,Egypt, S yria, Israel, TheClassicalAssociation of theCanadian irrigation,aqueducts,disputesettlement,river availabletousfromexcavations,surveys,sur- Lebanon,Jordan, therestoftheNear Eastand West (CACW)and theClassicalAssociation management,religion,baths,water-mills,and face finds, bibliographical information, and theBlackSea countries.Thefocus is,howev- ofthePacificNorthwest (CAPN)willholda economics of transport. Hellenistic submis- other research. This year themonographic er,AsiaMinor. Intended tobring together joint conference March 16 - 17, 2007, tobe sionsalsowelcome. sectionofthemeeting willbededicatedonce Turkish,European,Mediterranean,a ndNorth hosted by theDepartment of Classical,Near The underlying purposeof the conference more to the subject of landscape, whether Americanscholarstodiscuss arangeof issues Eastern, and Religious Studies at the istoconsider howtheRomans—meaningby waterorvolcanic,urbanorrural,theresultof concerning terracottafigurines, this confer- UniversityofBritishColumbia, inVancouver, this,thepeoples ofthewholeRomanEmpire agricultureor animalhusbandry. Butthefocus ence should be anexcellent opportunity to BritishColumbia, Canada. — reacted toandmanaged both the sea and will be not only on the actual landscape, but increaseour knowledgeof thismaterial. Thethemeof thisconferenceisregionalism theirfresh-waterresources,aspartofalarger alsoonthementalimageof thelandscape, on The quantities of figurines that have come andglobalism i nantiquity . As in the world discussion about their interaction with their spacethatisnotneutral,butlivedin,andthat to light on numerous sites, as well as recent today, ancient life at thelocal l evel was naturalenvironment. Speakersareencouraged has acquired a symbolic andideological researchonthevariouscollectionsfromthese shaped by regionalandglobal p henomena. toconsider the longue durée but may also meaning. The second section will include geographicalareas,allowustomakesignifi- Thisconferenceseekstoexplore theireffects concentrateon theparticular when it seems reportsonrecentdiscoveriesandresearchon cantadditionstothearchaeologicalevidence, on thelocal spatialdimension. We invite illuminatingtodo so. Etruria.Therewillbeaposter session. as has beendonein coroplastic research in papers and thematicpanels on this subject Abstracts will be considered as they come To register for themeeting, c ontact nuc- westernEurope. Thegoalofthecolloquiumis from scholars,including graduate students, in. We canaccommodate 20-, 30-and40- [email protected],or nuccia.negroni@vir- now toconcentrateon unpublished finds or interested in any aspect and time-periodin minutepapers. Send abstracts (not complete gilio.it. collections from theEasternMediterranean antiquity,in theMediterraneanbasin and papers,please) toW.V. Harris,wvh1@colum- andAsiaMinor,in ordertofocusonaseries landsbeyond. Papersinallfieldsareencour- bia.edu. aged—literature, epigraphy,history,philoso- of questions. These canbe grouped as four phy,oratory, religion, and art and archaeolo- principal,interlinked andoverlapping themes: OO bb ii tt uu aa rr ii ee ss gy.Weencourageawide varietyofapproach- production and diffusion,iconography and es—disciplinary andinterdisciplinary,theo- function. reticaland e mpirical, and comparative and On these themes and questions, any cross-cultural —and theparticipation of a approach or method that might bring some Helmut Rix aknackforfindinginnovativesolutionstodif- wide variety of scholars,not just classicists, progress to our knowledgeis of course very ficultlinguisticproblems. butalsoNear Easternscholars,Eurasianpre- welcome: archaeology, archaeometry,history by Rex Wallace His publications profoundly influenced historians, and any others interested in the of art, culturalanthropology,iconology and many areas of language study including, but conferencetheme. criticalapproaches to texts. Papers andoral Scholarswhostudythelanguages ofancient notrestrictedto,thelanguages ofancient Italy, Explanations of regionalandglobal p he- presentations may be given inEnglish, Italy were deeply saddened by thenews that ancient Greek,andIndo-Europeanlinguistics. nomenahaveoftenbeencouched intermsof French,German,Italian,Greek o r Turkish, Prof. Dr. HelmutRix (1926-2004)died in an Inmanyofhispapersheofferedbrilliantsolu- “influences”disseminatedfromareasofhigh- but Englishwillbethepreferred languagefor accident inAlsace on July 9, 2004. Prof. Dr. tions to seemingly intractableproblems. H is erandmorepowerfulculture toonesofweak- oralpresentations. RixwaseducatedatWürzburg. AfterWWIIhe analyses of difficult texts suchas theOld ness andlower abilities. Recently,however, If you wish to participate, please contact studiedattheUniversityofHeidelberg,where UmbrianinscriptionfromPoggioSommavilla therehavebeenmorenuanced discussionsof oneof theorganizers: he received his doctoraldegree in 1950. He (nowin theMuseum ofFineArts in Boston) themechanics of interregionalandintercul- Yard. Doc. Dr.ErgunLafli,M.A. was awarded a teaching position at the (SabellischeTexte,Um2),thePalaeo-Volscian turalcontact andinteraction that could be Dokuz EylulUniversitesi University of Tübingen in 1959 and ayear inscription on theminiature a xe-head from investigated further. Workelsewherein the Fen-Edebiyat Fakultesi laterattheUniversityofErlangen-Nürnberg. Satricum( Sabellische Texte, VM1), a nd the human sciences also suggests a rolefor psy- ArkeolojiBolumu At the timeof his death he was professor Old Umbrian inscription on the vasefrom chologicaland “epidemiological” factors in OdaNo:A461/1 emeritus in the Sprachwissenschftliches Tolfa( Sabellische Texte, Um 4) virtually thecreationofregionalismandglobalism that Tinaztepe/KaynaklarYerleskesi,Buca Seminar at Albert-Ludwigs-Universität, changed the ‘look’of theoldest layer of deservemoreattentioninthestudyofantiqui- TR-35160,Izmir,TURKEY. Freiburg. Sabellic texts. In 1976 hepublished ty. Herethebrainhasbeenshowntoact likea Fax:+90.232.4534188. Rix’sscholarlycareer,whichspannedsome HistorischeGrammatik des Griechischen, common denominator in socioculturaldevel- E-mail:<[email protected]>. 50years,wasdistinguishedbyawide-ranging whichsoonbecameoneof themost influential opmentandculturetospreadlikeanepidem- or researchagenda, by akeen m ethodological booksonhistoricalGreekgrammar.Itremains icor virus. Prof. Arthur Muller rigor — one that deservestobe emulatedby a standard referencetool in thefield. On the Papers areparticularly encouraged on top- UniversitéCharles-de-Gaulle-Lille 3 youngermembersofourprofession—andby Indo-EuropeansideofthingsRixmaybestbe ics related to this theme. Questions and Page 10