00front.qxd 7/9/01 1:08 PM Page i Ethics and Security in Canadian Foreign Policy 00front.qxd 7/9/01 1:08 PM Page ii Canada and International Relations Kim Richard Nossal, Brian L. Job, and Mark W. Zacher, General Editors The Canada and International Relations series explores issues in contemporary world politics and international affairs. The volumes cover a wide range of topics on Canada’s external relations, particularly international trade and foreign economic policy. 1 David G. Haglund, ed., The New Geopolitics of Minerals: Canada and International Resource Trade 2 Donald McRae and Gordon Munro, eds., Canadian Oceans Policy: National Strategies and the New Law of the Sea 3 Theodore H. Cohn, The International Politics of Agricultural Trade: Canadian- American Relations in a Global Agricultural Context 4 Russell S. Uhler, ed., Canada-United States Trade in Forest Products 5 A. Claire Cutler and Mark W. Zacher, eds., Canadian Foreign Policy and International Economic Regimes 6 Andrew F. Cooper, Richard A. Higgott, and Kim Richard Nossal, Relocating Middle Powers: Australia and Canada in a Changing World Order 7 Lawrence T. Woods, Asia-Pacific Diplomacy: Nongovernmental Organizations and International Relations 8 James Rochlin, Discovering the Americas: The Evolution of Canadian Foreign Policy towards Latin America 9 Michael Hart, with Bill Dymond and Colin Robertson, Decision at Midnight: Inside the Canada-US Free-Trade Negotiations 10 Amitav Acharya and Richard Stubbs, eds., New Challenges for ASEAN: Emerging Policy Issues 11 Donald Barry and Ronald C. Keith, eds., Regionalism, Multilateralism, and the Politics of Global Trade 12 Daniel Madar, Heavy Traffic: Deregulation, Trade, and Transformation in North American Trucking 13 Elizabeth Riddell-Dixon, Canada and the Beijing Conference on Women: Governmental Politics and NGO Participation 14 Nelson Michaud and Kim Richard Nossal, eds., Diplomatic Departures: The Conservative Era in Canadian Foreign Policy, 1984-93 15 Rosalind Irwin, ed., Ethics and Security in Canadian Foreign Policy 00front.qxd 7/9/01 1:08 PM Page iii Edited by Rosalind Irwin Ethics and Security in Canadian Foreign Policy 00front.qxd 7/9/01 1:08 PM Page iv © UBC Press 2001 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without prior written permission of the publisher, or, in Canada, in the case of photocopying or other reprographic copying, a licence from CANCOPY (Canadian Copyright Licensing Agency), 900 – 6 Adelaide Street East, Toronto, ON M5C 1H6. Printed in Canada on acid-free paper ¥ ISBN 0-7748-0862-4 National Library of Canada Cataloguing in Publication Data Main entry under title: Ethics and security in Canadian foreign policy (Canada and international relations, ISSN 0847-0510; 15) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-7748-0862-4 1. Canada – Foreign relations-1945- – Case studies. 2. Canada – Foreign relations – Moral and ethical aspects. 3. Security, International – Moral and ethical aspects – Canada. 4. International relations – Moral and ethical aspects – Canada. I. Irwin, Rosalind. II. Series. FC600.E86 2001 327.71 C2001-910771-4 F1034.2.E83 2001 This book has been published with the help of a grant from the Humanities and Social Sciences Federation of Canada, using funds provided by the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada. UBC Press acknowledges the financial support of the Government of Canada through the Book Publishing Industry Development Program (BPIDP) for our publishing activities. We also gratefully acknowledge the support of the Canada Council for the Arts for our publishing program, as well as the support of the British Columbia Arts Council. Set in Stone by Brenda and Neil West, BN Typographics West Printed and bound in Canada by Friesens Copy editor: Joanne Richardson Proofreader: Lesley Cameron Indexer: Christine Jacobs UBC Press The University of British Columbia 2029 West Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z2 (604) 822-5959 Fax: (604) 822-6083 E-mail: [email protected] www.ubcpress.ca 00front.qxd 7/9/01 1:08 PM Page v Contents Preface / viii Acknowledgments / ix Part 1: Introduction 1 Linking Ethics and Security in Canadian Foreign Policy / 3 Rosalind Irwin Part 2: Ethics and Security: Conceptual and Analytical Issues within a Changing Global Context 2 The Ethics of Mutual Vulnerability: A Developmental Perspective for Foreign Policy / 17 Jorge Nef 3 The Ethics of Development Assistance and Human Security: From Realism and Sovereigntism to Cosmopolitanism / 38 Peter Penz Part 3: Ethics and Canadian Policies towards Human Rights and Development Assistance 4 Moral Vision and Foreign Policy: The Case of Canadian Development Assistance / 59 Cranford Pratt 00front.qxd 7/9/01 1:08 PM Page vi vi Contents 5 Niche Diplomacy in Canadian Human Rights Policy: Ethics or Economics? / 77 Heather Smith 6 Gender, Food Security, and Foreign Policy Towards Africa: Women Farm- ers in Kenya and the Right to Sustenance / 95 Terisa E. Turner,Leigh S. Brownhill, and Wahu M. Kaara Part 4: International Humanitarian Law and Norms 7 Soft Power, Moral Suasion, and Establishing the International Criminal Court: Canadian Contributions / 113 W. Andy Knight 8 Echoes of Apartheid? Canada, Nigeria, and the Politics of Norms / 138 David Black 9 Theorizing the Landmine Campaign: Ethics, Global Cultural Scripts, and the Laws of War / 160 Andrew A. Latham Part 5: Humanitarian Intervention and Democratization 10 Humanitarian Intervention in Zaire: A Case Study of Humanitarian Real- ism / 181 Howard Adelman 11 Promoting Democracy in Haiti: Assessing the Practical and Ethical Impli- cations / 208 Tom Keating Part 6: The Ethics of Energy and Natural Resource Security: Fishing and Nuclear Policy 12 The Ethics of CANDU Exports / 229 Duane Bratt 13 Fishing for Norms: Foreign Policy and the Turbot Dispute of 1995 / 249 Peter J. Stoett 00front.qxd 7/9/01 1:08 PM Page vii Contents vii Part 7: Conclusions 14 Towards Human Security? / 269 Rosalind Irwin Questions for Discussion / 275 Suggested Readings / 281 Contributors / 286 Index / 289 00front.qxd 7/9/01 1:08 PM Page viii Preface Recent public opinion polls suggest that Canadians support a policy of assertive internationalism in accordance with core Canadian values of democracy, peacekeeping, and human rights. However, foreign policy deci- sion making inevitably involves weighing these values within a changing historical context that has particular constraints and opportunities for action. A growing interest in ethical issues has created a demand for authoritative, informed analysis of the relationship between ethics and security from a Canadian perspective. While provoked by recent debates and events, the analyses presented here go beyond the headlines to provide an in-depth, incisive, and endur- ing set of reflections. Contributors to this volume deal with both the abstract notions of value, culture, norms, and ethics, and the concrete questions of policy, law, and enforcement. The authors span the domestic and international contexts of law, norms, diplomacy, and politics. They trace in detail the theoretical and practical issues of ethics and security in Canadian foreign policy, using case studies to illustrate key problems. They assess the challenges and the opportunities presented by new concepts – such as human security, mutual vulnerability, soft power, global cultural scripts, “good governance,” and niche diplomacy – for foreign policy deci- sion making. This collection brings together a wide range of perspectives from some of Canada’s leading scholars on issues such as Canadian nuclear policy and human rights and democratization. Collectively, they provide a comprehensive and critical consideration of issues of ethics and security from a Canadian perspective in the rapidly changing global environment of the twenty-first century. 00front.qxd 7/9/01 1:08 PM Page ix Acknowledgments The editor gratefully acknowledges the financial and organizational sup- port of the York University Centre for International and Security Studies and Director David Dewitt in the preparation of this volume. Thanks go as well to Steve Mataija and Heather Chestnut as well as to all of those who participated in the Centre for International Security Studies’ Ethics and Security Workshop, particularly Bernie Frolic, John Saul, Andrew Latham, Paul Gecelovsky, Anne-Marie Traeholt, Gerald Dirks, Pat Sewell, Eric Fawcett, Matina Karvellas, Cheshmak Farhoumand-Sims, Maire O’Brien, Timothy Donais, Nigmendra Narain, Yasmine Shamsie, Mark Neufeld, Claire Turenne Sjolander, and John David Cameron. Thanks to David Leyton- Brown for his inspiration. The editor would also like to thank three anony- mous readers for their invaluable assistance. Some research was aided by the library of the Canadian Institute of International Affairs as well as the YCISS Library. Thanks also go to speakers in the YCISS Canadian Defence and International Security Seminar Series, particularly Andrew Cooper, Cranford Pratt, Kim Nossal, and Chris Shelley. 00front.qxd 7/9/01 1:08 PM Page x