THE NAUTILUS 1T3(1):14-18, 2()09 Page 14 Establishment and persistence of the copse snail, Arianta arbiistonim (Linnaeus, 1758) (Gastropoda: Helicidae) in Canada Donald F. McAlpine Frederick W. Sehueler John E. Maunder New Brunswdck Museum 277 Douglas Bishops Mills Natural HistoiyCentre P.O. Box250, Pouch Cove Avenue, Saiut |ohu New Brunswick, RR # 2, Oxiord Station Ontario, Newfoundland and Labrador, CANADA E2K 1E5 CANADA KOG ITO CANADA AOK 3L0 [email protected] Ronald G. Noseworthy Maiy C. Sollows Yale Academy441-3 Seohong-Dong, New BrunsvMck Museum 277 Douglas Sogwipo jejudo 697-080, REPUBLIC Avenue, SaintJohn New Brunswick, OE KOREA CANADA E2K 1E5 ABSTRACT established populations. Until recently, the only pub- lished North American record of A. arbiistonim is an Although recorded from Newfoundland in 1885, by the late 1885obseiwationfromSt.JohnsNewfoundland,reported w1a9s30sbetlhieevecdopstoe nsnoaill,onAgreiranbtea eaxrthannsttoinniNmor(tLhinnAameeursi,ca1,75W8)e, by Whiteaves (1904), Grimm (1996) mentioned the oc- in\’estigated sites in Newtoundland, New Brunswick, and currenceofonecolonyinaravineinToronto,Ontario,Imt lOinsthaerdioi,nCtahensaedaproavnidncfeos;unedxttahnattpAo.pualrabtuisotnsonhuanveispweerlslisetsetdabi-n Ap.roavribdieidsntoondiemtaiilns.NHeewrfeouwnedldaoncdu,meNnetwtheBroucncsuwrirceknceanodf Newfoundland for at least the past 30years and in Ontario for Ontario and confirm the persistence or reintroduction of morethan 50years, \\4ierepresentin Canada, thespecies may thisspeciesinOntarioandNewfoundland.Wealsore\4ew sometimes be abundant, altlurugh populations are quite local, records ofnon-native plant pests intercepted by federal sometimes occupying less than 1 ha. Canadian Food Inspec- authorities from across Canada and show that A. arbiis- tion .Agency records show A. arbustonun to have been inter- tonim has been regularly imported into the countiy for cepted 7'egularly (0-3 interceptious/year) since record-keeping morethan40years. starterl in 1963. Interceptions have occurred in 7 pro\inces spanning the countiy trom Nova Scotia to British Columbia, Nurseiystockoiigiuatingin the Netherlands appears tobe the MATERIALS AND METHODS main vector, but preliminaw molecular data from Newfound- land populations suggests multiple European points ot origin. Following discovery ofA. arbiistonim in western New- Additional Kei/ivords: Introduced species, invasive species, foundland by RGN in 1970 and its subsequent discovery Newfoundland, New Brunswack, Ontario in New Brunswack in 2004, we accumulated datain each We region in order to delimit local distribution. also examined specimens deposited Ity the late F. W. Grimm in the Canadian Museum of Nature and consulted his unpuJ'ilished field notes at the Bishops Alills Natural INTRODUCTION Histoiy Centre, for reference to Ontario occurrences. These notes plus additional occurrence information The cop.se snail, Arianta arbnstortmi (Figure 1), (X'curs from entomologist D. Monty Wood, one of Grimm’s coinnionly across northwestern and central Europe correspondents, led DEM and FWS to make confirma- (Kerney and Cameron, 1979). Despite this wide.spread toiy searches of ravine sites in Toronto. In addition, European distrihntion, and the signilicant nnmher ot Canadian Food Inspection Agency records, maintained European inollnscan taxa now found in North America since 1963, were examined and all interceptions of (Robinson, 1999), A. arhiistonnti has apparently never A. arbiistonim noted, alongwith countiy of origin, num- become established in the United States ami has only ber ofsnails intercepted, and plant host. Voucher mate- rarely liecome established in Canada. Dundee (1974), rial of A. arbiistonim collectetl during this study is ilia list ofintroduced mollnsks ofeastern Nortli America, deposited in the collections of the Bishops Mills Natural noted interceptions ol A. arbnslonim bythe US Depart- Histoiy Centre (EOBM), the New' Brunswick Museum ment ol Agriculture at ports in six eastern states, but (NBM), and the Provincial Museum of Newfoundland neither Mead (1971) nor Dundee (1974) reported any and Labrador (NFM). D. F. McAlpine et al„ 2009 Page 15 western Nevvdonndland (Figure 2a; 49.16° N, 57.43° W; NFM MO-1971, 1972; [all lat/lougs reported here are consistent \\4th NAD83]) and from close to the Deer Lake Airport (49.1917° N, 57.4083° W; NFM MO- 1970), but JEM was unable to relocate either of these RGN populations in 2006. In 1976, collected A. arbus- torum at Pettv’ Harbonr-AIaddox C(we (northern site) near St. John’s (Figure 2c; 47.4853° N 52.7049° W; NFM M6-1973). In 1984, RGN and JEM again collect- ed A. arbustonim from this locality (NFM MO-389). Subsequent obseiwations and collections of the species in the general St. John’s area by JEM and RGN beRv'een Figure 1. LiveAiicmta arbustonnn, central Saint John, New 1986 and 2007 include: Three Island Pond between Bninswlck, May2007. Scalebar= 1cm. PhotoM. Sollows,2007. Torbay and Bauline (47.6767° N, 52.7778° W'), just east of Lundrigau’s Marsh (47.6031" N, 52.6813" W), Kent’s Pond (47.5864° N, 52.7242° W), a hydro pole-line near RESULTS Oxen Pond Road (47.5825° N, 52.7535° W), Masonic Ontario: Collections data (Canadian Museum of Terrace (47.5656° N, 52.7072° W), Syme’s Bridge Nature 059910 and Field Museum of Natural History (47.5433° N, 52.7244° W; Figure 5), Bowring Park 2ti6o7nS2r9e)poprrtoevdidbey mGorriemmdet(a1il9s96)o;n mtahteerOianltawriaos pcooplluelcat-- ((snoourtthheerrnn ssiittee)) ((4477..55222729°"NN,,5522..77544477°"WW;),NBFoMwnMinOg-6P8a4r,k ed from the Lawi'euce Park School comple.x on the 1370, 1391) and Pettv Harbonr-Maddox Cove (southern north slope of Chatsworth Ravine, Toronto, 14-15 site)(47.4682° N, 52.7067° W). October 1970 by FW. Grimm and Cavanaugh The total Nevvdonndland population ofA.arbustrorum |. (43.720° N, 79.406° W; Figure 2a). Grimm’s field presently occupies ten small localities (collectiv'ely cov- notes also indicate material was collected by D.M. ering ~1 ha; Figure 2c) vvutliin a narrow area of alrout Wood from Rosedale Ravine, alront 6 km away, 23.5 X 6 km radiating north-south from the original around 1950. Unfortunately, vouchers from this site 1885 discoversite at the entrance to St. |ohn’s Harbour. no longer exist. However, Wood recently stated that Canada Food Inspection Agency Interceptions: his material was collected opposite Parliament Street Table 1 summarizes records of A. arbustonnn inter- on the north side ol’ the ravine at 7 Dale Avenue cepted fry the Canadian Food Inspection Agency at Ca- (S4e3a.r6c7h3e°s oNf,DFth7Me9.3C7h2a°tswWo,rthperRs.avicneommb,y FtoWSDF(MM)a.y bnaedeinanreipnosrpteecdtioonn 2st6atoicocnassisoinnsce(r1a9n6g3.e oTfhe0-s3peicniteesrcheaps- 2006) and (September 2007) revealed that the tions/year) at stations in Nova Scotia, New Bi'imsvvdck, population is still extant, at least on the basis of Quebec, Ontario, Saskatchewan, Alberta, and British n(uEmOeRroMus16f6r7;eshN-dBeMad 3s6h7e;llsE;ighuorweev3e)r,weAr.e auruhcusofmomnoinm pCloalnutmsbiiam,pourstuealdlyfrinomasstohceiaNtieotnhevrvdltahndasvnu(d7e3ty%'),ofogra,rdleesns relative to the co-occurring Ccpaea nemoralis (Lin- commonly, other European countries (23%). naeus, 1758). Dead shells were restricted to an area of ~L5 h wuthin the Chatsworth Ravine. Searches of the Rosedale Ravune by DFM and FWS in August DISCUSSION and September 2007 revealed no A. arbustonnn, al- though urban development and gated and fenced Whiteaves (1904) reported A. arbustonnn from “grassy properties precluded our access to some areas. sk)pes facing the sea near tlie nai'rovv/s of St. Johns Har- bour, Newfoundland" in mid-July 1885. Hovv'ev'er, New Brunswick: lu 2004, DFM and MCS found a Brooks (1936) and Brooks and Brooks (1940) noted that well established population ofA. arbustonnn in central their searches of the area around St. John’s in 1934 did Saint John (Site 2, Figure 2b; 45.270" N, 66.078" W; not reveal the species. Pilsbry (1939) suggested that the NBM 143, 8602). Collections were snlrsequently made Newfoundlaud population might no longer persist and elsewdiere in the ciU (Greenhead, 45.267" N, 66.133° M7 deemed the species a "rather doubtful member of the NBM 136; Figure 4; west Saiut John, 45.249° N, American fauna’’. The Pettv Harbonr-Maddox Cove 66.062° W; NB"m 315). Locally, the species is abundant. population was v^eiy small vvdien discovered in 1976, and Collection sites are 0.3-5.25 km apart and collectiv^ely does not appear to have spi'ead much since. The Pettv encompass an area of ~20 h straddling the St. John Harbour-Maddox Cov^e localities are physically sepa- River (Figure 2b). rated from the eight remaining sites bytlie steeply rising 200+ m north-sotith trending Sonthside Hills. Likewise, Newfoundland: In 1970, RGN collected A. arlms- the Bowring Park (southern site) population vwis also tonim from an urban garden close to the trans-island veiy small w4ien it was discovered in 1986, restricted to railway corridor on Chapel Hill (road). Deer Lake, in the grounds ofan (4d estate. Ilow^ever, it appears to have Page 16 THE NAUTILUS, Vol. 123, No. 1 Figure 2. a. Ea.stern North America showaiigsites (•) in Ontario, New Brunswick and Newfoundland whereArkinto arhustonnn has lieen reported, b. Saint John, New Bnmswackwdth sites ofoccurrence forA. arbustonim: 1. Greenhead; 2. Saint John central; .3. Saint John west. c. St. John’s, Newfoundland and environs whtli sites for A. arbiistonnn: 1. Three Island Pond; 2. Lnndrigan’s .Marsh; .3. Kent’s Pond; 4. Oxen Pond; 5. MasonicTerrace; 6. Svmes’s Bridge; 7. BowringParknorth; (S. BowringParksouth; 9. Pettv' Ilarbonr-Maddox Cove north; 10. Pett)' Ilarbonr-MaddoxCove south. spread significantly during recent years and is probably An undated collection record in the Eield Mnsenin of tJie sonrce of the eight occurrences now knowai in the Natural Ilistoiy (FMNII 38439) reports a single diy main St. |ohn’s area. Preliininaiy molecular data suggest shell from “Selkirk, New Bruuswdck”. A search ofrecent that the present-day Newfoundland populations are and histoi'ical gazetteers reveals no such location in that derived from at least two separate introductions from proxdnce. The specimen and original label appear to be Europe; the Petty Ilarbonr-Maddox Cove populations missing. The specimen was originally in the collection of beinggenetically distinct from the greater St. John’s area G.K. Glide, a malacologist resident in the United King- populations (A. Grindon, Nottingham University, pers. dom, who was active in the early 20^'’ Centuiy. Gude comm, to DEVI). The Deei' Lake records may represent produced ver)/ small labels and it seems iphte likely that ephemeral populations derived from snails transported he would have abbrevdated liis label data (J. Gerber, Irom St. John’s in rail cargo, since lioth localities are pers. comm, to DEM). We suggest that this record as located along the formei' trans-island railway corridor. reported is the result of an error in transcription. While Although the area occupied byA. arl)ustorum in New it may referto Selkirk, Manitoba (MB), rather than New Brnn.swick suggests a long-standing population, it is not Brunswick (NB), the record may not even be North possilde to estimate a likely date of introduction for American. Gude undoubtedly exchanged widely; howev- A. arhustonim to Saint John. Matthew and Stead (1903) er his research interests focused on regions outside the made no mention ol the species in their list of land and North American continent, and there is no material Iresliwater mollusks collected in and near Saint John from the Gnde Gollectiou now in the Field Museum about 1890-1900. Unfortunately, the mollnsk sniwey of labeled as being from Alauitoba. Coleman (1966) conducted iu Saint John is incomplete, Gonsidering that A. arhustonnn is widely distributed even for the marine and freshwater species sampled. ami common iu Europe, and appears to be imported not D. F. McAlpine et al„ 2009 Pa^e 17 Figures 3—5. Representative specimens oiArianta (ii'hiisfonim troni .3. Ontario (NRM StSfi), 4- New Brunswick (NHM 355), and 5. Newtonndland (NBM 8355). Scale Bar = 2 cm. inlrequently into Canada, it is .surprisingthat the species been repeatedly introduced; preliminan' exidcmce indi- has not lieen recorded as more widely established in cates multiple introductions. It has also been present in temperate regions of Nortli America. Robinson (1999) New Brunswick and Ontario for some time. F’nrther listed the .species as an nncommonly imported invasive, investigation may reveal that this European alien is more accounting lor <0.1 % ol more than 4,900 US intercep- widely distributed at temperate latitudes in Nortli Amer- tions over about a b-year period. Although this percent- ica than was pre\ionsly thought. age is small, it still accounts for a sizable nnniber ol animals. In Canada, <5% ol tropical plants from the ACKNOWLEDCiMENTS United States are examined but 100 % of off-continent nurseiv stock is inspected (D. Parker, pers. comm, to W'e thank D. Parker, Head, Identification and Kc'gulatoiA' DFM). One interception at Edmonton, Alberta, in Entomology, Canada Food Inspection Agencx; Ottawa, 1999-2000 originated at Coulds, South Florida. As there lor making records of intercepted plant pests available are no vouchers for this interception the identification to us. D.M. Wood for sharing his knowk'dge ol the cannot be confirmed. However, given the species re- Hosedale Ravine jiopnlation with us. N. Djan-Chekar, striction to north-temperate latitudes in Europe, estab- Proxincial Mnsc'um of Newionndland and Labrador, lishment of A. ar])ustonun in Floridaseems unlikely. |.-M. Cagnon, Canadian Mnsemn ol Nature, Ottawa, In snmmar'y, A. arhiisloriim may have persisted for and |. Gerber, Field Mnsemn of Natural Historv, more than a centniw on Newdbnndland or may have Cliicago, for access to collections data and rc-sponded Page 18 THE NAUTILUS, Vol. 123, No. 1 Table 1. Ganadian recoixls of interceptions of Arianta arbustonun 1963-2005. Year Location # Host Origin 1964-65 Belgium Ontario 1 Qnercus 196.5-66 Netherlands Quebec 1 Lonicera 1966-67 Belgium Saskatchewan 1 Berberis 1967-68 Europe; Monaco Quebec 2 Herbaceous plants 1968-69 Belgium Quebec 2 Acer; packingwith plants 1969-70 Netherlands Britisli Columbia 1 Aesculus 1970-71 Netherlands Quebec 1 Packingwith plants 1971-72 Netherlands British Columbia 1 Packingvrith plants 1972-73 Netherlands Nova Scotia 1 Finns 1976-77 Netherlands Saskatchewan 1 Sambttcus 1979-80 Netherlands British Columbia 1 Spiraea 1980-81 Netherlands Quebec; British Columbia 3 Caragana Maiiis;Rosa ; 1982-83 Netherlands Quebec 1 Packingwith plants 1986-87 Netherlands Quebec; Saskatchewan; Alberta 3 Caragana; Rosa;Vibumum 1989-90 Netherlands Quebec; British Columbia 3 Plants; Sambucus; Sphagnum 1998-99 Netherlands Quebec 1 Caragana 1999-2000 Florida Alberta 1 Ficus 2004-05 Netherlands New Brunswick 1 Tilia to our enquiries. A. Grindon, Nottingham University Grimm, F. W. 1996. Terrestrial Molluscs. In: I. M. Smith (ed.) for preliininaiy molecnlar data. R. ForsN-tli drew our BiodiversityAssessmentoftheMLxedwoodPlain Ecozone, attention to the Selkirk record in tlie Field Museum of Agriculture Canada, Ottawa http://www. naturewatch.ca/ Natunrl Histoiy. niLxedwoocFlandsnaiy. Cited27 Fehruaiy2006 Kerney, M. P. and R. A. Cameron. 1979. A Field Guide to the Land Snails of Britain and Northwest Europe. William LITERATURE CITED Collins & Sons, London, 288pp. Matthew, W. D. and G. Stead (1903) Land and freshwater Brooks, S. T. 1936. The land and freshwater niollusca of shells collected near St. John, N.B. Proceedings of the Newfoundland. Annals ofthe Carnegie Museum 25: 83- Miramichi Natural HistoiyAssociation 3: 48-49. 108. Mead, A. R. 1971. Helicid land mollusks introduced into Brooks, S. T. anti B. W. Brooks. 1940. Geographical distribu- North America. Biologist 53: 104-111. tion of the recent niollusca of Newfoundland. Annals of Pilshiy, H. A. 1939, Land MolluscaofNorthAmerica(north of the Carnegie Museum 28: 53-65. Me.xico), 1(1). Monographs of the Academy of Natural Coleman, R. VV. 1966, Certain mollusks of the environs of Sciences ofPhiladelphia3: 1-573. St. lohn. New Brunsxrick, Canada. Iowa Academy ofSci- Robinson, D. G. 1999. Alien invasions: theeffects oftheglobal ence 73: 405-407. economy on non-marine gastropod introductions into the Dundee, D. S. 1974. Catalog of introduced molluscs of United States. Malacologia 41: 413-438. eastern Nortli America (north of Mexico). Sterkiana 55: Whiteaves, J. F. 1904. Helicigona arbustonun in Newfound- 1-37. land. Ottawa Naturalist 17: 192.