ESSENTIAL WORKS OF FOUCAULT » 9 5 4 - * 0 8 4 PAUL R A B I N O W SERIES EDITOR Ethics Edited by Paul Rabinow Aesthetics, Method, and Epistemology Edited by James D. Faubion Power Edited by James D. Faubion M I C H E L F O U C A U L T P O W E R Edited by JAMES D. FAUBION Translated by ROBERT HURLEY AND OTHERS ESSENTIAL WORKS OF FOUCAULT 1954 10 4 .. 8 CONTENTS Series preface by vii Acknowledgments ix Inttoduction by CoUn GolYlon xi Note on T^en and Tran^slations xlti T^ruth and Jw'idical 1 The PoUtlcs o.f Health in the Eighteenth Century 90 Preface to Ann.Oedipus lo6 ■Truth and Power 111 The Birth of Soofal Medicine 134 Lives of ^^mous Men 157 About the Concept of the "Dangerous Individual” in Nineteenth-century Legal Psycbialry 176 Gove^mentality ilOl Questions of Method 11115 Int^erview with ^Michd Foucault *39 “^Omhes et S^lngulatim": Toward a Criritique of Political Ron&Otv 1198 The Subject and P^mrer 5116 Space, Knowledge, Po^wer 349 vi Contents The Risks of Security 365 What Is Called “Punishing”? 382 Interview withActes 394 The Political Technology of Individuals 403 Pompidou’s Two Deaths 418 Summoned to Court 423 Letter to Certain Leaders of the Left 426 The Proper Use of Criminals 429 Lemon and Milk 435 Open Letter to Mehdi Bazargan 439 For an Ethic of Discomfort 443 Useless to Revolt? 449 So Is It Important to Think? 454 Against Replacement Penalties 459 To Punish Is the Most Difficult Thing There Is 462 The Moral and Social Experience of the Poles Can No Longer Be Obliterated 465 Confronting Gove^rnments: Human Rights 474 Index 477 SERIES PREFACE Michel Foucault provides a splendid defmition of work: “That which is susceptible of introducing a significant difference in the field of knowledge, at the cost of a certain difficulty for the author and the reader, with, however, the eventual recompense of a cer­ tain pleasure, that is to say of access to another figure of truth.”1 Diverse factors shape the emergence, articulation, and circulation of a work and its effects. Foucault gave us intellectual tools to un­ derstand these phenomena. In Michel Foucault’s Essential Works, we use these very tools to understand his own work. Though he intended his books to be the core of his intellectual production, he is also well known for having made strategic use of a number of genres—the book and the article to be sure, but also the lecture and the interview. Indeed, few modern thinkers have used such a wide array of forms in so skillful a fashion, making them an integral component in the development and presentation of their work. In this light, our aim in this series is to assemble a compelling and representative collection of Foucault’s written and spoken words outside those included in his books. Foucault died on June 25, 1984, at age fifty-seven, of AIDS, just days after receiving the first reviews of the second and third vol­ umes of The History ofSexuality, in the hospital. A year previous to his death, when he was showing no signs of illness, he had written a letter indicating that he wanted no posthumous publications; through the course of complex negotiations between those legally responsible to him, intellectually engaged with and emotion­ ally close to him, it was decided that this letter constituted his will. He left behind, as far as we know, no cache of unpublished texts; we must conclude, then, that his papers were “in order.” Ten years later, Editions GaUimard published Dits et ecrits, well over three thousand pages of texts, organized chronologically. The editors, Daniel Defert and Fran;ois Ewald, sought to collect all of Foucault’s published texts (prefaces, introductions, presentations, interviews, ^^cles, interventions, lectures, and so on) not included in his books. We have made a selection, eliminating overlapping or rep­ viii Series Preface etition of different versions of similar materials. Likewise, a num­ ber of the lectures and courses will in time be published separately in English. ^^at we have included in this and the previous two volumes are the V\Titings that seemed to us central to the evolution of Foucault’s thought. We have organized them thematically. Selecting from this corpus was a formidable responsibility that proved to be a chal­ lenge and a pleasure. Many of these texts were previously unavail­ able in English. In broad lines, the organization of the series follows one proposed by Foucault himself when he wrote: “My objective has been to create a history of the different modes by which, in our culture, h^nan beings are made subjects. My work has dealt with three modes of objectification which transform human beings into subjects.”2 In Volume One, following his course summaries from the College de France, which prov.de a powerful synoptic view of his many unfinished projects, the texts address “the way a human being t^urn him- or herself into a subject”^ Vol^ne Two is orga­ nized around Foucault’s analysis of “the modes of inquiry which try to give themselves the status of the sciences.”* Science, for Fou­ cault, was a domain of practices constitutive of experience as well as of knowledge. Consequently, this volume treats the diverse modes of representations, of signs, and of discourse. Finally, Vol­ ume Three contains texts treating “the objectivizing of the subject in dividing pratices,”^ or, more generally, power relations. Paul Rabinow NOTES 1 Foucault, “Des Travaux,” in Dits etecrits (Paris: Gallimanl, 1994), vol. 4, p. 567. 2 Foucault, “The Subject and Power," in Michel Foucault: Beyond Stmcturalism aandHerme­ neutics, 2d ed., Hubert Dreyfus and Paul Rabinow (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1983), p. 208. 3 Tbid. 4 Tbid. 5 Tbid. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank Zeynep Gursel for her role in editing this volume. Thanks, too, to Mia FuUer for her help with the translations and for her bibliographical sleuthing. Paul Rabinow and I offer spe­ cial thanks to Colin Gordon, who selected the texts for the volume and provided us with a draft of the introduction. Mr. Gordon was to have served as editor, but was unable to complete the project. I have accordingly emended the manuscript, and we have jointly re­ vised Mr. Gordon’s introductory essay for publication here. —JDF