Essential Public Health Theory and Practice Essential Public Health Theory and Practice Stephen Gillam, Jan Yates and Padmanabhan Badrinath CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS Cambridge,NewYork,Melbourne,Madrid,CapeTown, Singapore,SãoPaulo,Delhi,Tokyo,MexicoCity CambridgeUniversityPress TheEdinburghBuilding,CambridgeCB28RU,UK PublishedintheUnitedStatesofAmericabyCambridgeUniversityPress,NewYork www.cambridge.org Informationonthistitle:www.cambridge.org/9781107601765 ©CambridgeUniversityPress2007,2012 Thispublicationisincopyright.Subjecttostatutoryexception andtotheprovisionsofrelevantcollectivelicensingagreements, noreproductionofanypartmaytakeplacewithoutthewritten permissionofCambridgeUniversityPress. Firstpublished2007 SecondEdition2012 PrintedintheUnitedKingdomattheUniversityPress,Cambridge AcataloguerecordforthispublicationisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary ISBN978-1-107-60176-5Paperback Additionalresourcesforthispublicationatwww.cambridge.org/9781107601765 CambridgeUniversityPresshasnoresponsibilityforthepersistenceor accuracyofURLsforexternalorthird-partyinternetwebsitesreferredto inthispublication,anddoesnotguaranteethatanycontentonsuch websitesis,orwillremain,accurateorappropriate. Everyefforthasbeenmadeinpreparingthisbooktoprovideaccurateandup-to-date informationwhichisinaccordwithacceptedstandardsandpracticeatthetimeofpublication. Althoughcasehistoriesaredrawnfromactualcases,everyefforthasbeenmadetodisguise theidentitiesoftheindividualsinvolved.Nevertheless,theauthors,editorsandpublisherscan makenowarrantiesthattheinformationcontainedhereinistotallyfreefromerror,notleast becauseclinicalstandardsareconstantlychangingthroughresearchandregulation.The authors,editorsandpublishersthereforedisclaimallliabilityfordirectorconsequentialdamages resultingfromtheuseofmaterialcontainedinthisbook.Readersarestronglyadvisedtopay carefulattentiontoinformationprovidedbythemanufacturerofanydrugsorequipmentthat theyplantouse. Contents Listofcontributors pagevii Forewordtosecondedition ix Forewordtofirstedition xi Forewordtofirstedition xiii Acknowledgements xiv Introduction StephenGillam 1 Part I The public health toolkit 1 Management,leadershipandchange StephenGillamandJanYates 13 2 Demography PadmanabhanBadrinathandStephenGillam 29 3 Epidemiology PadmanabhanBadrinathandStephenGillam 43 4 Thehealthstatusofthepopulation PadmanabhanBadrinathandJanYates 77 5 Evidence-basedhealth-care PadmanabhanBadrinathandStephenGillam 90 6 Healthneedsassessment StephenGillam,JanYatesandPadmanabhanBadrinath 104 7 Decisionmakinginthehealth-caresector–theroleof publichealth JanYatesandStephenGillam 115 v vi Contents 8 Improvingpopulationhealth StephenGillamandJanYates 128 9 Screening JanYatesandStephenGillam 146 10 Healthprotectionandcommunicablediseasecontrol JanYatesandPadmanabhanBadrinath 163 11 Improvingqualityofcare NicholasSteelandStephenGillam 183 Part 2 Contexts for public health practice IntroductiontoPart2–whatdowemeanbycontexts inpublichealth? JanYates 200 12 Thehealthofchildrenandyoungpeople KirsteenL.Macleod,RachelCrowtherandSarahStewart-Brown 209 13 Adultpublichealth VeenaRodrigues 227 14 Publichealthandageing LincolnSargeantandCarolBrayne 244 15 Healthinequalitiesandpublichealthpractice ChrissiePickinandJenniePopay 257 16 Healthpolicy RichardLewisandStephenGillam 273 17 Internationaldevelopmentandpublichealth JennyAmery 284 18 Sustainabledevelopment–theopportunitiesandthechallenges forthepublic’shealth DavidPencheon 303 Glossary 315 Index 326 Contributors JENNY AMERY ChiefProfessionalOfficerHealthandEducation,UKDepartmentforInternational Development,London PADMANABHAN BADRINATH AssociateClinicalLecturer,DepartmentofPublicHealthandPrimaryCare,University ofCambridge,andConsultantinPublicHealthMedicine,NHSSuffolk CAROL BRAYNE Director,InstituteofPublicHealth,Addenbrooke’sHospital,Cambridge RACHEL CROWTHER PublicHealthConsultant,Oxford STEPHEN GILLAM DirectorofPublicHealthTeaching,SchoolofClinicalMedicine,Universityof Cambridge,andVisitingProfessor,UniversityofBedfordshire,andGeneral Practitioner,Luton RICHARD LEWIS Director,HealthAdvisoryPractice,Ernst&YoungUK KIRSTEEN L. MACLEOD PublicHealthRegistrar,Bedfordshire DAVID PENCHEON Director,NHSSustainableDevelopmentUnit(England) CHRISSIE PICKIN DeputyDirectorofPublicHealth,TasmanianDepartmentofHealthandHuman Services,Tasmania,Australia vii viii Listofcontributors JENNIE POPAY ProfessorofSociologyandPublicHealth,FacultyofHealthandMedicine, DivisionofHealthResearch,LancasterUniversity VEENA RODRIGUES ClinicalSeniorLecturerinPublicHealth,NorwichMedicalSchool,University ofEastAnglia,Norwich LINCOLN SARGEANT PublicHealthConsultant,NHSCambridgeshire NICHOLAS STEEL ClinicalSeniorLecturerinPrimaryCare,NorwichMedicalSchool,University ofEastAnglia,NorwichandPublicHealthConsultant,NHSNorfolkPrimaryCare Trust SARAH STEWART-BROWN ChairofPublicHealth,SchoolofMedicine,WarwickUniversity,Coventry JAN YATES PublicHealthConsultant,NHSMidlandsandEast