Essential JAPANESE Speak Japanese With Confidence TUTTLE Publishing Tokyo Rutland, Vermont Singapore EEsssseennttiiaall JJaappaanneessee__IInntt..iinndddd 11 11//3300//1122 33::1144 PPMM The Tuttle Story: “Books to Span the East and West” Most people are surprised to learn that the world’s largest publisher of books on Asia had its humble beginnings in the tiny American state of Vermont. The company’s founder, Charles E. Tuttle, belonged to a New England family steeped in publishing. And his first love was naturally books—especially old and rare editions. Immediately after WW II, serving in Tokyo under General Douglas MacArthur, Tuttle was tasked with reviving the Japanese publishing industry. He later founded the Charles E. Tuttle Publishing Company, which still thrives today as one of the world’s leading independent publishers. Though a westerner, Tuttle was hugely instrumental in bringing a knowledge of Japan and Asia to a world hungry for information about the East. By the time of his death in 1993, Tuttle had published over 6,000 books on Asian culture, history and art—a legacy honored by the Japanese emperor with the “Order of the Sacred Treasure,” the highest tribute Japan can bestow upon a non-Japanese. With a backlist of 1,500 titles, Tuttle Publishing is more active today than at any time in its past—inspired by Charles Tuttle’s core mission to publish fine books to span the East and West and provide a greater understanding of each. Published by Tuttle Publishing, an imprint Distributed by of Periplus Editions (HK) Ltd. North America, Latin America & Europe Tuttle Publishing www.tuttlepublishing.com 364 Innovation Drive North Clarendon, VT 05759-9436 U.S.A. Copyright © 2012 Periplus Editions Tel: 1 (802) 773-8930; Fax: 1 (802) 773-6993 [email protected] All rights reserved. No part of this www.tuttlepublishing.com publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic Japan or mechanical, in c luding photocopying, Tuttle Publishing recording, or by any information storage Yaekari Building, 3rd Floor, 5-4-12 Osaki and retrieval system, without prior Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 141 0032 written permission from the publisher. Tel: (81) 3 5437-0171; Fax: (81) 3 5437-0755 [email protected] www.tuttle.co.jp First Published in 1995 as Wat & Hoe Japans/@ Kosmos-Z&K Uitgevers in Asia Pacific co-operation with Van Dale Lexicografie, Berkeley Books Pte. Ltd. Utrecht, The Netherlands 61 Tai Seng Avenue #02-12, Singapore 534167 Library of Congress Control Number: Tel: (65) 6280-1330; Fax: (65) 6280-6290 2012932262 [email protected] www.periplus.com Printed in Singapore TUTTLE PUBLISHING® is a registered First edition trademark of Tuttle Publishing, a division 15 14 13 12 5 4 3 2 1 1203MP of Periplus Editions (HK) Ltd. EEsssseennttiiaall JJaappaanneessee__IInntt..iinndddd 22 22//99//1122 99::4400 AAMM Contents Introduction 5 3.5 Hobbies 45 3.6 Invitations 46 Pronunciation guide 6 3.7 Paying a compliment 47 Basic grammar 8 3.8 Intimate comments/ questions 48 1. The Basics 13 3.9 Congratulations and condolences 50 1.1 Personal details 14 3.10 Arrangements 50 1.2 Today or tomorrow? 15 3.11 Being the host(ess) 51 1.3 What time is it? 17 3.12 Saying good-bye 51 1.4 One, two, three... 19 1.5 The weather 22 4. Eating Out 53 1.6 Here, there... 24 4.1 At the restaurant 54 1.7 What does that sign say? 26 4.2 Ordering 56 1.8 Legal holidays 27 4.3 The bill 59 4.4 Complaints 59 2. Meet and Greet 28 4.5 Paying a compliment 61 4.6 The menu 61 2.1 Greetings 29 2.2 Asking a question 30 2.3 How to reply 33 5. Getting Around 63 2.4 Thank you 34 5.1 Asking directions 64 2.5 I’m sorry 34 5.2 The car 65 2.6 What do you think? 35 The parts of a car 66–67 5.3 The gas station 65 5.4 Breakdowns 3. Small Talk 37 and repairs 68 3.1 Introductions 38 5.5 Bicycles/mopeds 70 3.2 I beg your pardon? 41 The parts of a 3.3 Starting/ending a bicycle 72–73 conversation 43 5.6 Renting a vehicle 71 3.4 A chat about the 5.7 Hitchhiking 74 weather 44 3 EEsssseennttiiaall JJaappaanneessee__IInntt..iinndddd 33 11//3300//1122 33::1144 PPMM 6. Arrival and Departure 76 10.2 Food 117 6.1 General 77 10.3 Clothing and shoes 118 6.2 Customs 78 10.4 Cameras 120 6.3 Luggage 80 10.5 At the hairdresser 122 6.4 Questions to passengers 81 11. Tourist Activities 125 6.5 Tickets 82 11.1 Places of interest 126 6.6 Information 84 11.2 Going out 129 6.7 Airports 86 11.3 Booking tickets 131 6.8 Trains 87 6.9 Taxis 87 12. Sports Activities 133 12.1 Sporting questions 134 7. A Place to Stay 89 12.2 By the waterfront 135 7.1 General 90 12.3 In the snow 136 7.2 Hotels/B&Bs/ apartments/ holiday rentals 91 13. Health Matters 138 7.3 Complaints 94 13.1 Calling a doctor 139 7.4 Departure 95 13.2 What’s wrong? 139 7.5 Camping 96 13.3 The consultation 141 Camping 13.4 Medications and equipment 98–99 prescriptions 144 13.5 At the dentist 145 8. Money Matters 100 8.1 Banks 101 14. Emergencies 147 8.2 Settling the bill 102 14.1 Asking for help 148 14.2 Lost items 149 9. Mail, Phone and Internet 104 14.3 Accidents 150 9.1 Mail 105 14.4 Theft 151 9.2 Telephone 107 14.5 Missing person 152 9.2 Internet/email 110 14.6 The police 153 10. Shopping 113 15. English-Japanese Word List 155-192 10.1 Shopping conversations 115 4 EEsssseennttiiaall JJaappaanneessee__IInntt..iinndddd 44 11//3300//1122 33::1144 PPMM Introduction • Welcome to the Tuttle Essential Language series, covering all of the most popular world languages. These books are basic guides in communicating in the language. They’re concise, accessible and easy to understand, and you’ll find them indispensable on your trip abroad to get you where you want to go, pay the right prices and do everything you’ve been planning to do. Each guide is divided into 15 themed sections and starts with a pronunciation table which explains the phonetic pronuncia- tion to all the words and sentences you’ll need to know, and a basic grammar guide which will help you construct basic sen- tences in your chosen language. At the end of the book is an extensive English–Japanese word list. Throughout the book you’ll come across boxes with a beside them. These are designed to help you if you can’t under- stand what your listener is saying to you. Hand the book over to them and encourage them to point to the appropriate answer to the question you are asking. Other boxes in the book—this time without the symbol—give alphabetical listings of themed words with their English transla- tions beside them. For extra clarity, we have put all phonetic pronunciations of the foreign language terms in italic. This book covers all subjects you are likely to come across dur- ing the course of a visit, from reserving a room for the night to ordering food and drink at a restaurant and what to do if your car breaks down or you lose your traveler’s checks and money. With over 2,000 commonly used words and essential sentences at your fingertips you can rest assured that you will be able to get by in all situations, so let Essential Japanese become your pass- port to learning to speak with confidence! 5 EEsssseennttiiaall JJaappaanneessee__IInntt..iinndddd 55 11//3300//1122 33::1144 PPMM Pronunciation guide Japanese is very easy to pronounce. It is made up of strings of syllables (a, ka, ta, etc.) which just join together following very simple rules of pronunciation (e.g. anata is a-na-ta). Unlike Eng- lish, each syllable has mostly even stress and combinations of vowels (e-i, a-i, etc.) do not represent completely new sounds. Vowels Japanese has five vowels, pronounced either long or short. Dis- tinguishing the length is very important as sometimes the mean- ing depends on the difference (e.g. ojisan/ojiisan, terms of address to a middle-aged man and an old man respectively). Note that a final e is always pronounced (e.g. sake, rice wine, is pronounced close to sakay). a like a in America a asa asa a¯ ah (as in the exclamation !) ah ma¯ mah e e as in pet or e desu des ay is in sway, but shorter ay sake sakay e¯ eh sounded long, like ere in there eh eetone eh-to-nay i like i in pit, though slightly longer i nichi nichi ī ee as in keep ee iie ee-ye o o as in top o yoru yoru o¯ ou as in four oh kyo¯ kyoh u u as in put u haru haru u¯ oo as in coop oo chu¯mon choomon Consonants Most consonants are pronounced in a similar manner to English. b b as in bat b bin bin ch ch as in chip ch nichi nichi d d as in day d dame damay 6 EEsssseennttiiaall JJaappaanneessee__IInntt..iinndddd 66 11//3311//1122 88::5577 AAMM f f as in food f fuyu fu-yu g g as in give g gogo gogo h h as in hat h haru haru j j as in jump j niji niji k k as in king k koko koko m m as in mat m totemo totemo n n as in nut; n namae nama-e at the end of a word may be more like ng n(g) yen yen (g) ng as in thing ng ringo ring-o p p as in pat p posuto pos-to r Somewhere between English r, r raigetsu righ-gets l and d. Never rolled r; more like r in car s s as in start s semete semetay sh sh as in ship sh shio shi-o t t as in tip t do¯shite doh-shtay ts ts as in hits ts itsu its w w as in watt w wakaru wakaru y y as in yes y yoru yoru z z as in zoo z mizu mizu Note: when i and u follow k, s, t, h, p or come between two of them, they become very shortened and are often not heard at all (e.g. desu becomes des and mimashita becomes mimashta). Vowel combinations Basically, each vowel should be pronounced separately. The most common combinations are: ai igh as in high igh hai high ao ow as in now ow nao now ei ay as in play ay rei ray ue weigh as in weight eigh ue weigh 7 EEsssseennttiiaall JJaappaanneessee__IInntt..iinndddd 77 11//3300//1122 33::1144 PPMM Basic grammar 1 Sentence construction The greatest difference between Japanese and English sentences is the position of the verb. In Japanese the verb always comes last, giving the basic structure as subject–object–verb: sensei wa michi o oshiemashita The teacher showed me the way 2 Parts of speech Nouns Japanese nouns have no articles and no plural forms. Zasshi (magazine), for example, could mean “a/the magazine,” “magazines,” or “the/some magazines.” This might sound poten- tially confusing to English speakers who expect the clear distinc- tions that articles and plurals give. In actuality, though, very little confusion exists, because Japanese has ways of indicating number when it is necessary (see chapter 1). Pronouns Japanese uses pronouns far less than English. They are in fact often omitted when in the subject position. In English we have to say “who went” in the sentence “I went to Kyoto yesterday” if it is clear you are talking about yourself, in Japanese you can merely say kinoo Kyoto e ikimashita (yesterday to-Kyoto went). The most frequently used pronouns in Japanese are watashi (I) and anata (you); ‘he’, ‘she’ and ‘they’ are far more uncommon. Adjectives Like in English, Japanese can use adjectives in two ways, before the noun they describe (mushiatsui hi, a humid day) or following it (kyoo wa mushiatsui desu, today is humid). In grammatical terms, adjectives can in fact function as verbs, and have tenses like verbs (see below). Verbs The verb is probably the most important element in the Japanese sentence, since it is quite possible for the sentence to consist of a verb and nothing else: tabemashita (I, we, he, she, they, you, etc.) ate 8 EEsssseennttiiaall JJaappaanneessee__IInntt..iinndddd 88 11//3300//1122 33::1144 PPMM Functions like tense, negation and level of politeness are shown by adding suffixes to the base form of the verb. Whereas in English tense and agreement are probably the most important things about a verb, in Japanese the verb is the main way gradations of social status are marked. In the modern lan- guage there are three basic levels of politeness: the plain, or informal; the polite, or formal; and the honorific. If you look up a verb in the word list you will find it written in the base, or plain, form: for example, taberu (to eat) or miru (to see). This is the form used in informal conversation, so, for example, you might say to a friend “ashita ii restoran ni iku” (tomorrow I— to a good restaurant—am going). However, when you talk to people you have only just met or to someone senior to you, you must use the polite form, for example, “ashita ii restoran ni ikimasu.” The -masu ending always indicates the polite level. The honorific level is used when someone wishes to show extreme politeness, either because of their own humble position (a shop assistant to a customer, for example) or because of the exalted nature of the person he or she is speaking with (like a company president). Honorific language is very complicated and even Japanese people find it difficult. In this phrasebook, the informal level has been used in close personal situations, the polite in general conversa- tion, and the honorific only when showing how someone in a service situation might address you. In comparison to English the form of Japanese tenses is simple. The future tense has the same form as the present, so that tabe- masu could mean “I eat” or “I will eat.” The past is shown by adding the suffix ta: tabemashita (I ate), mimashita (I saw). The only other form used for tense is the continuative, made using the suffix te: tabete imasu (I am eating); tabete imashita (I was eating). English speakers may find the lack of a perfect tense (I have done—) confusing, but Japanese employs other, non-verb forms, to express this. The negative is made by adding the suffix nai to the plain form of the verb, for example, tabenai (I do not eat), or the suffix n to the polite masu ending, for example, tabemasen (I do not eat). 9 EEsssseennttiiaall JJaappaanneessee__IInntt..iinndddd 99 11//3300//1122 33::1144 PPMM