C a m b r id g e Essentiat Grammar in Use A self-study reference and practice book for elementary learners of English Fourth Edition with answers Raymond Murphy Essential Grammar in Use A self-study reference and practice book for elementary learners of English Fourth Edition with answers Raymond Murphy H i C am bridge UNIVERSITY PRESS C ambridge UNIVERSITY PRESS University Printing House, Cambridge CB2 8BS, United Kingdom Cambridge University Press is part of the University of Cambridge. It furthers the University's mission by disseminating knowledge in the pursuit of education, learning and research at the highest international levels of excellence. www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/essentialgrammarinuse Fourth Edition © Cambridge University Press 2015 This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. Essential Grammar in Use first published 1990 O r Fourth edition 2015 - ^ ^ Printed in Dubai by Oriental Press A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library ISBN 978-1-107-48055-1 Edition with answers ISBN 978-1-107-48053-7 Edition with answers and Interactive eBook ISBN 978-1-107-48056-8 Edition without answers ISBN 978-1-107-48061-2 Edition with Supplementary Exercises ISBN 978-1-107-48060-5 Interactive eBook Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate. Information regarding prices, travel timetables, and other factual information given in this work is correct at the time of first printing but Cambridge University Press does not guarantee the accuracy of such information thereafter. Contents Acknowledgements vii To the student viii To the teacher x Present 1 am/is/are 2 am/is/are (questions) 3 I am doing (present continuous) 4 are you doing? (present continuous questions) 5 I do/work/like etc. (present simple) 6 I don't... (present simple negative) 7 Do you...? (present simple questions) 8 I am doing (present continuous) and I do (present simple) 9 I have ... and I've got... Past 10 was/were 11 worked/got/went etc (past simple) 12 I didn't... Did you...? (past simple negative and questions) 13 I was doing (past continuous) 14 I was doing (past continuous) and I did (past simple) Present perfect 15 I have done (present perfect 1) 16 I've just... I've already... I haven't... yet (present perfect 2) 17 Have you ever... ? (present perfect 3) 18 How long have you ... ? (present perfect 4) 19 for since ago 20 I have done (present perfect) and I did (past) Passive 21 is done was done (passive 1) 22 is being done has been done (passive 2) Verb forms 23 be/have/do in present and past tenses 24 Regular and irregular verbs Future 25 What are you doing tomorrow? 26 I'm going to ... 27 will/shall 1 28 will/shall 2 IF YOU ARE NOT SURE WHICH UNITS TO STUDY, USE THE STUDY GUIDE ON PAGE 271 iii Modals, imperative etc. 29 might 30 can and could 31 must mustn't don't need to 32 should 33 I have to ... 34 Would you like ... ? I'd like ... 35 Do this! Don't do that! Let's do this! 36 I used to ... There and it 37 there is there are 38 there was/were there has/have been there will be 39 It... Auxiliary verbs 40 I am, I don't etc 41 Have you? Are you? Don't you? etc 42 too/either so am I / neither do I etc 43 isn't, haven't, don't etc (negatives) Questions 44 is it... ? have you ... ? do they ... ? etc (questions 1) 45 Who saw you? Who did you see? (questions 2) 46 Who is she talking to? What is it like? (questions 3) 47 What... ? Which ... ? How ... ? (questions 4) 48 How long does it take ... ? 49 Do you know where ... ? I don't know what... etc Reported speech 50 She said that... He told me that... -mg and to... 51 work/working go/going do/doing 52 to ... (I want to do) and -ing (I enjoy doing) 53 I want you to ... I told you to ... 54 I went to the shop to ... Co, get, do, make and have 55 go to ... go on ... go for... go -ing 56 get 57 do and make 58 have Pronouns and possessives 59 I/me he/him they/them etc 60 my/his/their etc 61 Whose is this? It's mine/yours/hers etc 62 l/me/my/mine 63 myself/yourself/themselves etc. 64 -'s (Kate's camera / my brother's car etc.) iv IF YOU ARE NOT SURE WHICH UNITS TO STUDY, USE THE STUDY GU\DE OH PAGE 273 A and the 65 a/an ... 66 train(s) bus(es) (singular and plural) 67 a bottle / some water (countable/uncountable 1) 68 a cake / some cake / some cakes (countable/uncountable 2) 69 a/an and the 70 the... 71 go to work go home go to the cinema 72 I like music I hate exams 73 the ... (names of places) Determiners and pronouns 74 this/that/these/those 75 one/ones 76 some and any 77 not + any no none 78 not + anybody/anyone/anything nobody/no-one/nothing 79 somebody/anything/nowhere etc 80 every and all 81 all most some any no/none 82 both either neither 83 a lot much many 84 (a) little (a) few Adjectives and adverbs 85 old/nice/interesting etc (adjectives) 86 quickly/badly/suddenly etc (adverbs) 87 old/older expensive / more expensive 88 older than ... more expensive than ... 89 not as ... as 90 the oldest the most expensive 91 enough 92 too Word order 93 He speaks English very well, (word order 1) 94 always/usually/often etc (word order 2) 95 still yet already 96 Give me that book! Give it to me! Conjunctions and clauses 97 and but or so because 98 When ... 99 If we go... If you see... etc 100 If I had... If we went... etc 101 a person who ... a thing that/which ... (relative clauses 1) 102 the people we met the hotel you stayed at (relative clauses 2) IF YOU ARE NOT SURE WHICH UNITS TO STUDY, USE THE STUDY GUIDE ON PAGE 271 V Prepositions 103 at 8 o'clock on Monday in April 104 from... to until since for 105 before after during while 106 in at on (places 1) 107 in at on (places 2) 108 to in at (places 3) 109 under behind, opposite etc 110 up, over, through etc 111 on at by with about 112 afraid of..., good at... etc of/at/for etc (prepositions) + -ing 113 listen to ..., look at... etc (verb + preposition) Phrasal verbs 114 go in, fall off, run away etc (phrasal verbs 1) 115 put on your shoes put your shoes on (phrasal verbs 2) Appendices Appendix 1 Active and passive 243 Appendix 2 List of irregular verbs 244 Appendix 3 Irregular verbs in groups 245 Appendix 4 Short forms (he's / I'd / don't etc) 246 Appendix 5 Spelling 248 Appendix 6 Phrasal verbs (take off / give up etc) 250 Appendix 7 Phrasal verbs + object (put out a fire / give up your job etc) 251 Additional exercises 252 Study guide 271 Key to Exercises 283 Key to Additional exercises 310 Key to Study guide 313 Index 315 vi IF YOU ARE NOT SURE WHICH UNITS TO STUDY, USE THE STUDY GUIDE ON PAGE 271 To the student (working without a teacher) This is a grammar book for elementary students of English. There are 115 units Contents in the book and each unit is about a different point of English grammar. There is a list of units at the beginning of the book (Contents). Do not study all the units in order from beginning to end. It is better to choose the units that you need to do. For example if you have a problem with the present perfect (/ have been, he has done etc.), study Units 15-20. Use the Contents or the Index (at the back of the book) to find the unit (or units) that you need. If you are not sure which units you need to study, use the Study guide at the back of the book. Study guide (pages 271-282) VIII Each unit is two pages. I am doing (present continuous) The information is on | i i the left-hand page and the exercises are on the right: Information Exercises Study the left-hand page (information); and then do the exercises on the right-hand page. Use the Key to check your answers. The Key is on pages 283-309. Study the left-hand page again if necessary. Don't forget the seven Appendices at Appendix 3 Irregular verbs in groups the back of the book (pages 243-251). These will give you information about active and passive forms; irregular verbs, short forms; spelling and phrasal verbs. There are also Additional exercises at the back of the book (pages 252-270). There is a list of these exercises on page 252. To the teacher The most important features of this book are: O It is a grammar book. It does not deal with other aspects of the language. O It is for elementary learners. It does not cover areas of grammar which are not normally taught at elementary level. O It is a reference book with exercises. It is not a course book and is not organised progressively. O It is addressed to learners and intended for self-study. Organisation of the book There are 115 units in the book, each one focusing on a particular area of grammar. The material is organised in grammatical categories, such as tenses, questions and articles. Units are not ordered according to difficulty, and should therefore be selected and used in the order appropriate for the learner(s). The book should not be worked through from beginning to end. The units are listed in the Contents and there is a comprehensive Index at the end of the book. Each unit has the same format consisting of two facing pages. TTie grammar point is presented and explained on the left-hand page and the corresponding exercises are on the right. There are seven Appendices (pages 243-251) dealing with active and passive forms, irregular verbs, short forms (contractions), spelling and phrasal verbs. It might be useful for teachers to draw students' attention to these. At the back of the book there is a set of Additional exercises (pages 252-270). These exercises provide 'mixed' practice bringing together grammar points from a number of different units (especially those concerning verb forms). There are 35 exercises in this section and there is a full list on page 252. Also at the back of the book there is a Study guide to help students decide which units to study - see page 271. Finally, there is a Key (pages 283-309) for students to check their answers to all the exercises in the book. An edition without the Study guide and Key is available for teachers who would prefer it for their students. Level The book is for elementary learners, i.e. learners with very little English, but not for complete beginners. It is intended mainly for elementary students who are beyond the early stages of a beginners' course. It could also be used by low-intermediate learners whose grammar is weaker than other aspects of their English or who have problems with particular areas of basic grammar. The explanations are addressed to the elementary learner and are therefore as simple and as short as possible. The vocabulary used in the examples and exercises has also been restricted so that the book can be used at this level. Using the book The book can be used by students working alone (see To the student) or as supplementary course material. In either case the book can serve as an elementary grammar book. When used as course material, the book can be used for immediate consolidation or for later revision or remedial work. It might be used by the whole class or by individual students needing extra help and practice. In some cases it may be desirable to use the left-hand pages (presentation and explanation) in class, but it should be noted that these have been written for individual study and reference. In most cases, it would probably be better for teachers to present the grammar point in their preferred way with the exercises being done for homework. The left-hand page is then available for later reference by the student. Some teachers may prefer to keep the book for revision and remedial work. In this case, individual students or groups of students can be directed to the appropriate units for self-study and practice. x