Historic, Archive Document Do not assume content reflects current scientific knowledge, policies, or practices. A Bimonthly Newsletter for Economic Research Service Employees and Colleagues August/September 1992 Volume 10, Number 4 First Agricultural Outlook within the Polish agribusiness Two ERS Groups and EMS Conference Held in Poland community and helped solidify Information Division's support in the Ministry. It also Decker Receive USDA To mark the completion of the aroused the interest of international Superior Service Awards news organizations, including Radio first year of ERS's cooperation with Free Europe. the Ministry of Agriculture in At USDA's annual awards cOPooulstaplnoodno,skotCrhoeednftaewnroeAnogrcrgeiacniunilztWauatriraoslnasw, JspaenTeochwhseeksoyp,beywnihMniognissstetrseesrsisooenfd fAtegharetiucrueldture cApgrererisecemunoltnteuydreoUnSEDdJAuw'naesrd1S0u,MpaeSredciirogeratanSreyrvoifce Jiunsnpeir2e3d-2b4y. UTShDeAc'osnfOeurtelnocoekwas ipmoploirctyamnackeinogfaencdonpormaiicseadnatlhyesiwsorink Award to two ERS groups and EMS Conference, which the key of USDA and the cooperating Polish Information Division's Diane coordinator from Poland attended agencies; Bob Robinson, who spoke DecTkehre.Resources and Technology 2RLL0oeiennyaweClaohdrorsidMsaetHgeeookn.fshfeonmEf,a,RnSN,BaopnMabcartyRriokcCbioiLpcnuahsnnrotdasnen,lwle,e,re oaiFgrmnrepidtachcueStlutgroullrnsoa,blPawolmlhaicorshkhasenatpggsorekisaecnuioldntnutrhteeh;ierarnodle TDLioevwaissmtiu—otneB'rse,tWsaeonyrdkKKuFehonnrn,ceetLehDsilRveeoerbsiintyson— cosForrhlgeolTadwanhcbSieoauzrsrecaledotsin,favfoaelernmretodefhsnfeoctEredsteswunw.ctiacinserItseYlsawyonaoubfsneyfgtf.heective aoptpHfhrnrueednotsgghpeoearrnnraotseigmeiartdouaanntamtta,wUtigoohSrMneiDapcaAiaurmpnl.kpetdlurLirsoEauc:ullantstdloesieoiwnoltonhelukseaortoneifointEnhCe pdSowieinrrarvngosveoagirvncrsraieietaz.tcimeyovdegTfi,nohnairecztwriehetomdeaerptaEkifrmovcsoreohv,cndioooaenpnmvngceidoelwcnioeovfpRnerfiedkeenscwgeatfainoivarrddencceehas Poland's Ministry of Agriculture asrAetgnfrrdluiecccttuthuliertoeunWroaaofflrtsoEhaucerwopncIoronmousigntctirsteau,rmtpeaawrnotafdss'taheclear siinensttseNhigaeronanotctoiyhonenCrtofhcoceerhnarctgerarnanitlecruaEclluhtraEuoiruprereeosdpaienta.uation baimnieintmpowerredoifeteainstessEiiRomanSpnardlaonvwodipopnmaogerdntciu,ovnmeiwmrtshuieinecsighcrfaoowtruaipson iinmcproeratsaendceunodferisntfaornmdaitnigonofinthae cionuvnittreidesr.eprFeosrentthaitsivseesssiforno,mEeRaSch of See AWARDS, p. 2 market economy. Over 200 the other central European countries attended the conference, including in which ERS has a program. These ministry officials, members of papers were well received by the producer associations and farmers Polish audience. This session was a unions, international grain traders, valuable opportunity to bring representatives from Poland's scholars from the different countries extension centers, university staff, together. In the past, there had and others. The conference been frequent contact among the received extensive coverage in the research institutes of the former press, including a spot on Warsaw Comecon countries. However, since television's weekly roundup of the beginning of the transition to agricultural events in which the market-oriented economies, these conference was billed as the ''most contacts have become less frequent, significant event in Polish partly due to budget constraints Kenneth Robinson, Secretary of Agriculture agriculture of the week." The and partly due to the increasing Edward Madigan, Betsey Kuhn, and Leslee conference did much to raise the westward orientation of all the Lowstuter. level of awareness of ERS's program institutes. — AWARDS from p. 1 assisting ERS in locating a diverse group of students from which to recruit, exposing students to ERS as a potential employer, and assisting ERS staff in getting their work done. The selection process this year was highly competitive. The number of applicants was far greater than in other years. Even more important, the accomplish- ments of the applicants are outstanding. This year's students come from all over the United States, from a Diane Decker andSecretary of Cheryl Christensen, Secretary ofAgriculture wide variety of schools, and from Agriculture Edward Madigan. EdwardMadigan, Bob Robinson, and Jewell several different disciplines. They Tolliver. range from college sophomores to Ph.D. candidates, with most being June 1992 graduates and first-year of institutions and students. The needed to make market-oriented graduate students. Sixteen of this workshop provided useful decisions. As a result, Eastern and year's students are from 1890 recruitment ideas, established new central European reform institutions, with three more from relationships for ERS, and provided policymakers and emerging other historically black colleges and new perspectives to the outside entrepreneurs have the tools to link universities. Schools represented participants on ERS as a potential their goals and aspirations with the include Alabama A&M University, employer. The team followed up realities of the marketplace. Alcorn A&M College, American the workshop with numerous Also, ERS congratulates the University, University of Arizona, activities that enhanced ERS efforts Economics Management Staff University of Arkansas, Berea to recruit and retain women and Information Division's Diane College, Brown University, minorities. Decker, who was also awarded a University of California (Davis and The Eastern European Team superior service award for her Santa Cruz), Clemson University, Bob Robinson, Cheryl Christensen, sustained excellent service in the Colorado State University, Nancy Cochrane, J—ewell Tolliver, situation and outlook publishing Columbia University, Cornell and Edwin Young was recognized program, particularly Agricultural University, Duke University, for developing a creative and timely Outlook magazine. University of Florida, Florida A&M program to assist Eastern and University, University of Georgia, central European nations in their Elampton Institute, Howard efforts to establish market-based ERS Welcomes University, University of Illinois, agricultural economies. Their work Summer Interns Kansas State University, University has fostered development of public of Kentucky, Kentucky State institutions that support rather than ERS is hosting its largest ever University, University of Maryland, shackle private markets. They have group of summer student interns, Michigan State University, assisted in generating and more than 50. The aims of the University of Minnesota, Mississippi disseminating the information summer intern program include State University, Notre Dame University, Ohio University, Oregon State University, Pennsylvania State A&M University, Prairie View University, Purdue University, ERS Newsletter Roanoke College, South Carolina Vol. 10, No. 4, August/September 1992 State University, University of Editors: Verla Rapeand Lindsay Mann South Carolina, Southern Layout and Design: Susan Yanero Publication Assistants: Verna Blake and Gwen Matlock University, Spelman College, Texas Photos (unless credited): Kevin Toland Tech University, University of Division Representatives: William Anderson, MarthaFrederick, Virginia, College of William and Charles Hallahan, Thomas Stucker, and Kathryn Zeimetz Mary, and University of Wisconsin. The ERS Newsletter is published bimonthly by the Economic Research Service, U.S. Dept, of Agriculture, and distributed free to ERSemployees, colleagues,andretirees. Send subscription requestsand addresschanges to: ERS Newsletter, ERS/USDA, Rm. 1212, 1301 New York Ave. NW„ Washington, DC 20005-4788 (phone 202-219-0310, fax 202-219-0044). 2 Food Economics Division on food safety and food To gather background Research Strengthened regulation issues. information on food safety The Marketing Economics problems and research needs, the Over the past several years, Branch will expand its research and task force members interviewed demand for food economics analysis of farm-to-rctail prices and ERS researchers, people in other information has grown sharply. margins, strengthen its core USDA agencies, and representatives More of the demand for information program in food manufacturing and of various nongovernment groups from both inside and outside USDA distribution, respond to demand for involved in food safety issues. A is focusing on ERS. To more more staff analysis to support draft report was presented at the effectively respond to these new USDA's marketing programs, and workshop. ERS invited outside priorities and activities beyond the fill in the gaps in our understanding experts Julie Caswell (University of farm gate, ERS's Commodity of how marketing channels are Massachusetts), Eileen van Economics Division is separating changing. Ravenswaay (Michigan State food marketing work and University), and Clark Burbee consumption economics work into (USDA/CSRS) to respond to the two branches. The two branches ERS Food Safety Task report. They recommended that will draw on the old Food Force Convenes ERS increase emphasis on microbial Marketing and Consumption causes of food safety problems and Economics Branch's staff, added ERS recently convened an ad hoc provide an overview of the positions from the other branches in food safety task force workshop in economics of food safety risks. the division, and FY 1991-92 Washington, D.C., to develop a The ERS food safety program initiative funding and reimburse- workable definition of food safety addresses the demand for food ment overhead. risks and to propose future safety as it derives from human The Food Economics Branch will directions for ERS's food safety health concerns, the supply of food conduct research and analysis on program. Task force members are safety attributes, effects of food consumer behavior, food assistance, Jerry Sharpies (chair), Anthony safety concerns on food and and nutrition. The branch will also Grano, David Harrington, and Carol commodity markets, and policy work with other CED branches and Kramer. impact analysis. ERS's Resources and Technology Current Research Ethanol Study Underway Judith Sommer, and Fred Hines are grain quality and U.S. competi- estimating the employment effects tiveness in the world grain and The Department of Agriculture of additional ethanol production. oilseeds markets, ERS is cooperating has requested that ERS update parts Margot Anderson is assessing the with USDA's Federal Grain of a previous ERS study of the importance of agricultural and trade Inspection Service to carry out a economics of ethanol. James policies and increased ethanol congressionally mandated study on Hrubovcak (202-219-0429) and production on the corn gluten feed the costs and benefits of producing Betsey Kuhn are coordinating the market. cleaner grain for sale in domestic new study, which cuts across ERS Several study participants were and world markets. The study will divisions. also involved in a recent biofuels examine the costs and domestic Matt Rendleman and Neil workshop sponsored by USDA, the benefits of producing cleaner grain Hohmann are investigating U.S. Department of Energy, and the in the United States and analyze potential technological advances Renewable Fuels Association and whether the availability of cleaner that may be introduced from now have been involved in interagency grain would prompt higher prices to the year 2000 and their effects on work groups contributing to and/or a greater share of the export ethanol production costs. Stephen USDA's biofuels initiative. market for U.S. producers. The first Crutchfield and Joseph Cooper are report on the wheat market is due examining the environmental in December. impacts of ethanol. International Grain Quality Much of the research on the Robert House, Mark Peters, Study Underway international component of the Harry Baumes, and Terry Disney study is being accomplished are assessing the potential impacts In response to public concerns through personal interviews of from additional ethanol production about the relationship between U.S. on agriculture. Mindy Petrulis, See INTERNATIONAL, p. 7 3 Administrator's Letter Keeping ERS Relevant Earlier this year, I had a call from an old friend who asked me to speak to his organization on maintaining institutional relevance in a changing world. That request led to discussions with Kitty Reichelderfer and others in the profession about how to keep ERS relevant in a rapidly changing environment. Recent talk of reorganizing and streamlining USDA provides further incentive to ponder the issue. On the surface, keeping ERS relevant might appear easy enough; just change what ERS is doing so that the agency is responsive to the issues raised by the changes sweeping around us. But, life's not that simple. After all, relevance is in the eye and mind of the beholder. Our beholders are the diverse constituencies we a serve. Traditional constituents may view ERS's traditional agenda as obviously more 3 relevant to them than an agenda addressing "new generation" issues. And, there are other difficulties. — — Institutions legislative, political, economic, and social are put in place at some point in history to respond to needs arising out of prevailing conditions and realities. The real world then changes, sometimes suddenly, but more often in gradual, unnoticed ways. But, institutions don't always keep up. Rigidities and barriers to change arise from vested interests in the old order, from legal and bureaucratic infrastructures that get built around the old order, and from people and their perspectives. In other words, the world changes but the institutional, legislative, political, bureaucratic, and business superstructures built around the old order don't fit the new agenda that arises out of a changed world. ERS is as vulnerable to these rigidities as is any other institution. What can we do about them? Here are some options. 1. Change the agenda. In ERS, changing the research agenda is certainly seen as a way to maintain — relevance. But it's not easy to do. We recognize—in fact, we are quite sensitive to the new issues important to the public: environmental quality, sustainability, food safety, nutrition, water quality, animal welfare, global warming, global economic restructuring, and distributional issues, to name a few. We get occasional jabs from some new constituencies: "Why aren't you doing more about these issues?" The staff and leaders of ERS agree that the new issues are substantively important, possibly more important than some of our ongoing work. But, somewhat like land-grant agricultural experiment stations and colleges of agriculture, ERS is caught in a time warp! New constituencies carry less weight with those in the Congress and elsewhere who have been our traditional supporters. Also, policymakers and program managers in USDA are faced with a daily diet of decisions related to traditional commodity and trade programs. A growing number of suggestions from USDA and other sources would have ERS prepared to deal with new issues, but the daily workload still focuses heavily on the old. And, the political sensitivities still arise mostly out of the potential for offending USDA's traditional constituencies. The tensions in ERS around this issue are made greater because of our declining real resource base and not much prospect for growth in the near future. Thus, new ventures have to be at the expense of old work. Recent efforts by USDA to have ERS show more activity on "new agenda" issues just increase the stress. Despite these difficulties, the ERS agenda is changing. While not readily apparent from year-to-year, one has only to compare today's program mix with that of 5 years ago to see that a much larger share of resources is being allocated to "new agenda" issues. 2. Change or extend what people do in their present jobs. One way to change ERS's agenda is to — do it in a less disruptive way have people in the more traditional roles expand their work to incorporate new issues. For example, ERS' trade division is looking at environmental and food safety aspects of trade, and ERS' commodity analysts are extending their traditional supply, demand, and price work into sustainability and food safety. Kitty Reichelderfer, speaking at a recent workshop of agricultural research administrators in Nebraska, suggested that dairy scientists extend their work to include waste management, that reputable corn geneticists refocus to work on decreasing nitrogen requirements, and that hog production system designers incorporate animal welfare into their designs. 4 The principle here is to obtain resource allocation and career changes by extending what people do and the resources they used in their former institutional setting. This principle reduces the appearance of radical change; thus, it is less threatening to managers, staff, and traditional constituencies and is often embraced by staff who are motivated by being involved gradually in new issues. Job titles and organizational labels can be changed later when a new title simply reflects an actual situation. 3. Change the constituency. Working with new constituencies is important. But, a nonautonomous agency like ERS can't get too far out on a limb with them when our support still comes from traditional constituencies. For that reason, we have to start where the present constituents are and bring them along with us toward the agendas of new constituencies. Also, we can buy some flexibility and support for new work by serving our old constituencies well. In fact, most of them recognize the importance of the new issues; they just don't want us to abandon them. ERS has, in fact, bought some goodwill to work with new constituencies by first assuring that we serve USDA and its longstanding constituencies well. 4. Change staff and leadership. Most people operate from their personal experiences and perspectives. Thus, the focus of an agency is shaped by the people in it. Most agricultural institutions, including ERS, were originally shaped by people who had personal backgrounds in agriculture. In fact, early agricultural policies were shaped by people who wanted to solve problems they had personally faced on the farm. Read H.C. Taylor's book, A Farm Economist in Washington, 1919-25, when it is released by the University of Wisconsin this fall. His views of what needed to be done in USDA and its Bureau of Agricultural Economics (BAE) undoubtedly came out of his own early life experiences on the farm. Twenty years ago (and to some extent today) when people from other Federal agencies visited USDA, they noted the homogeneous group of ''good old boys" who all grew up on farms. Today, most undergraduate and graduate students in schools of agriculture do not come from farm backgrounds; in fact, most are from urban areas. More of them are Hispanic, Black, Asian, and women. Also in ERS, more of the new staff are general economists from schools outside the land-grant system. Perhaps 70-80 percent of the staff who have been at ERS for 20 years or more have farm backgrounds. Of those hired in the last 5 years, most do not have a farm background. These shifts in the composition of ERS staff, along with parallel shifts in the staff and leadership of USDA and the Congress, are changing the work we do and will continue to do so. Also, more effort can be made to assure that some portion of new hires are well-trained broadly rather than being specialized in a subdiscipline or single methodology. Thus, midcareer shifts are less traumatic for individuals and their managers. 5. Reorganize. Reorganizations can refocus an agency, but they often do not. To help assure relevance, they must do more than (for example) shift from a functional to subject matter basis with no change in mission or what the people do. Reorganizations should be used creatively to change the program content of the agency. 6. Kill it and start over again! How many administrators have said to themselves, "If I were given a budget and a mandate to build an ERS from scratch that best serves the needs of today, it would not look like the present ERS"? The truth is that we have to accommodate a lot of fixed investments, people with outmoded skills, and historical precedents that take on a life of their own. Total dissolution of ERS would be a radical move, and there would be no assurance that support would exist to start a new ERS. But some "sunset" rules applied to projects and subareas of work within ERS might speed up the process of institutional change. We have used sunset rules in the past, but we have not been as bold as we might have been. Maintaining the relevance of ERS in this time of global change is a major challenge. Our usefulness, if not our very existence, depends on meeting that challenge successfully. I look forward to working with ERS colleagues and friends to do just that, and I welcome your feedback. 5 Personnel Notes Hoffman Is New CED has been active in CSRS-sponsored testified before the U.S. Senate Section Leader regional research projects. Committee on Agriculture, Hoffman has a B.S. and an M.S. Nutrition, and Forestry. Roberts is Linwood Hoffman was recently in agricultural economics from cochair of the Council for named leader. Grains and Feeds Pennsylvania State University and a Agricultural Science and Research Section, Crops Branch, Ph.D. in agricultural economics Technology's Assessment of Risk Commodity Economics Division. from the University of Illinois Associated with Pathogenic Hoffman has most recently been (Urbana-Champaign). He received Foodborne Microorganisms working on the Eastern European three USDA Certificates of Merit, Committee, serves on the Executive institution building project in one for editing Agricultural Outlook, Board of the NE-165 regional Poland. He first joined ERS' (then) one for conducting a mandated research committee, serves on the Marketing Economics Division in study on oat imports, and one for AAEA Professional Activities 1972 to work on transportation studying the effects of drought on Committee, serves on the systems for agricultural inputs and use of futures markets. Committee on Women in products. In 1974, Hoffman Agricultural Economics, and was transferred to a field assignment at Roberts Is New CED cofounder of the Washington the University of Illinois to conduct Section Leader Women Economists. research on the economic effects of Roberts has a B.A., an M.A., and demand-sensitive railroad rates on Tanya Roberts has been named a Ph.D. in economics from the the storage and transportation leader. Food Safety and Regulation University of Washington. system for U.S. feed grains. In Section, Food Economics Branch, 1978, he returned to Washington to Commodity Economics Division, Ribaudo Named RTD Water continue research on transportation where she will provide leadership systems. During 1980-82, Hoffman in the coordination of food safety Quality Coordinator was a staff economist with USDA's work within the division. Agricultural Stabilization and Roberts joined ERS' (then) Marc Ribaudo was recently Conservation Service. In 1982, he National Economic Analysis named senior economist. Resource returned to ERS' Inputs and Finance Division in 1977 to work on policy Indicators Branch, Resources and Branch and transferred to the Crops problems related to milk. Since Technology Division. He will serve Branch in 1984. 1986, she has worked in the Food as water quality coordinator with Hoffman has authored or Policy Research Section on risk responsibility for evaluating coauthored numerous articles and assessment and the economic losses policies and programs related to research reports, including chapters from foodborne disease in humans. agriculture and the environment. in books, USDA monographs, and Roberts has written numerous His current activities are directed journal articles on transportation, articles and research reports on the toward meeting ERS' commitment grain marketing, and related issues. economics of food regulation and to the President's Water Quality He has conducted staff analyses and food safety. She has presented Initiative. mandated studies on grain-related invited papers in japan, Senegal, Ribaudo has been working on topics, served as acting editor of and Canada; made presentations to water quality issues since joining Agricultural Outlook, and multidisciplinary audiences; and ERS in 1983. His research has 6 included estimating national off-site Reed Named CED INTERNATIONAL from p. 3 damages from soil erosion, develop- Section Leader ing procedures for estimating water millers, processors, traders, and quality benefits from USDA water Stephen Reed has been named government officials in major quality and conservation programs, leader. Beef and Sheep Analysis importing countries. ERS analysts assessing the benefits and costs of Section, Livestock, Dairy, and have traveled to more than 20 targeting USDA programs to Poultry Branch, Commodity countries that import U.S. wheat, maximize water quality benefits, Economics Division. corn, and/or soybeans to discover and evaluating alternative policies Reed worked in ERS in 1987-89 the role of quality and other factors for reducing agriculturally related as an analyst in the Beef and Sheep in their import decisionmaking water quality problems. Analysis Section. He is returning to processes. In addition to the rreelsaeRtaierbdcahwuaadrtoteirhclaqessuaaoluintthyaogirrsiescduuelnstuufrmoaerlrlyous aEpnrRaoSlcyeassftstoewrrit2ahnydeJ.aLbr.rseLawasebarat.tp,uDarucrfhioanosgding rshetepnuosdriytvsewitltolretaahletsmoUe.ynSit.eloCdfonatghcreoegmsrspa,rient-haend USDA reports and professional 1984-87, he was with the Western oilseeds markets in all of the journals. He has received three Livestock Marketing Information countries visited, look at market USDA Certificates of Merit and an Project at Colorado State University. structure, institutions, consumption ERS Administrator's Special Merit During 1982-84, Reed was with the patterns, and major market players. Award for his research. Extension Service at Oregon State The project is being coordinated by Ribaudo has a B.S. in natural William Lin, Stephanie Mercier University. resource management and an M.S. (202-219-0821), and Alan Webb. Reed has a B.S. in animal science in agricultural economics from the and an M.S. in agricultural University of Maine (Orono) and a economics from Oregon State Ph.D. in agricultural economics University. from Pennsylvania State University. Highlights of Staff Activities Agriculture and Rural Economy Division Mary Ahearn spoke on Agriculture Canada researchers An Input-Output Perspective," at an agricultural information system • Robert Collender participated in International Agribusiness Manage- improvements on the income and a Farm Credit System Assistance ment Association symposium, in wealth positions of farm operator Board meeting on the financial Oxford, U.K. • John Redman households, at Pennsylvania State status of assisted institutions, in toured apparel and textile plants in University • Faqir Bagi, David Washington, D.C. • Kenneth North Carolina, South Carolina, and Banker, and Janet Perry Deavers spoke on the rural Georgia to study the effects of a participated in a Washington development efforts of the North American Free Trade Statistical Society workshop on Organization for Economic Agreement on domestic categorical data analysis in the Cooperation and Development at a employment • Richard Reeder context of complex sample surveys, Partners in Rural Development presented a paper, "The Advantages in Washington, D.C. • Calvin Beale meeting, in Washington, D.C. and Disadvantages of the Use of spoke on rural and farm population • Deavers spoke on the rural Selected Economic, Social, and trends at a Soil Conservation economic situation and David Fiscal Indicators in the Construction Service West/Midwest Water McGranahan spoke on rural human of a Federal School Policy-Impact Resources Workshop, in Las Vegas, resource issues at a GAO Code for Nonmetropolitan Areas," Nev. • Jennifer Beattie, Thomas symposium, in Washington, D.C. at an American Educational Hady, and Michelle Robinson • McGranahan presented a paper, Research Association meeting, in participated in a conference on U.S. "implications of Changes in U.S. San Francisco, Calif. • Michael prospects in the post-Cold War Manufacturing for the Rural South," Salassi traveled to Arkansas to economy, sponsored by at a Commission on the Future of meet with rice producers and collect DRI/McGraw Hill, in Washington, the South meeting, in Atlanta, Ga. information for the 1992 Farm Costs D.C. • Thomas Carlin, Neal • Douglas Duncan participated in a and Returns Survey • and Joel Peterson, and Donn Reimund Federal Reserve Bank conference, in Schor participated in a Society for traveled to Ottawa, Ont., to discuss Chicago, 111. • Chinkook Lee Historians meeting, in Washington, farm structure issues with presented a paper, "Growth and D.C. Change in the Structure of the U.S. Agribusiness Industries, 972—82: 1 7 Agriculture and Trade Analysis Division To interview millers, processors, Hawaii, and Gudmunds and Webb committee meeting on traders, and government officials presented a plan to establish environmental issues and about the role of quality and other electronic communication networks agribusiness competitiveness, in Las factors in their grain and soybean for sharing data bases and Vegas, Nev. • John Link and Mark import and use decisions, Lois information among member Simone participated in a conference Caplan and Alan Webb traveled to countries at the same workshop • at on the political economy of North Japan; Erin Dusch, Bengt Hyberg an OECD ad hoc Group on American free trade, sponsored by (CED), and Emily McClain traveled East/West Relations in Agriculture the University of Toronto and to Brazil; Maurice Landes traveled meeting, in Paris, France, Nancy Fraser Institute, in Ottawa, Ont. to Pakistan and Sri Lanka; Carol Cochrane presented a paper, • Mark Lundell, Susan Pollack, Levin and Chin-Zen Lin (CED) "Bulgarian Price Policy"; Kenneth and Felix Spinelli traveled to the traveled to the Philippines; Gray presented a paper, "Russian Food and Agriculture Organization Maryanne Normile traveled to the Farm Privatization"; and Robert of the United Nations in Rome, Netherlands and Spain; John Parker Koopman presented a paper, Italy, to prepare articles for FAO's and Shahla Shapouri traveled to "Patterns and Trends of Price 1992 report on the state of food and Egypt; Terri Raney and Nancy Movements and Consumption of agriculture • Lundell also traveled Morgan (CED) traveled to Korea; Agricultural Products in Poland, to Budapest, Hungary, to train and Sharon Sheffield and Roger Hungary, and Czechoslovakia" analysts on livestock situation and Hoskin (CED) traveled to Russia • John Dyck spoke on Pacific Rim outlook reporting • Robert Reinsel • Harry Baumes spoke on the agricultural outlook and traveled to Tokyo, Japan, to agricultural policy formation information sources at a Special participate in Mongolia's assistance process at a livestock policy Libraries Association meeting, in group meeting sponsored by the workshop sponsored by OECD, in San Francisco, Calif. • Kenneth U.S. Agency for International Washington, D.C. • Lois Caplan, Forsythe presented a paper, Development • and Mark Wenner William Coyle, Karl Gudmunds "Reconciling Environmental and participated in a water disputes and (DSC), Terri Raney, Vernon Trade Issues" (coauthored with their resolution conference, Roningen, Fawzi Taha, and Alan Howard McDowell), at a W-72 sponsored by ERS, University of Webb participated in a Pacific regional research coordinating California (Davis), World Bank, and Economic Cooperation Conference Ben-Gurion University, in workshop at the University of Washington, D.C. Commodity Economics Division Lorna Aldrich participated in industry at an American Feed on the need for more nutrition public meetings to gather Industry Association meeting, in education for school age children information for design of an Washington, D.C. • Southard spoke and those on food stamps, exemption from nutrition labeling on livestock, dairy, and poultry sponsored by the Public Voice for for small businesses, in San situation and outlook reports at Food and Health Policy, in Francisco, Calif., Atlanta, Ga., and data user meetings, in Sacramento, Washington, D.C. • Lewrene Glaser Kansas City, Mo. • Mark Ash Calif., and Minneapolis, Minn. participated in an Association for traveled to Pakistan and Sri Lanka • Lee Christensen presented a the Advancement of Industrial to gather data and interview paper, "Economic Forces Crops meeting, in Denver, Colo. government officials, flour millers, Influencing Egg Production in the • Anthony Grano and William Lin grain traders, and bakers for the West and Midwest," at a Pacific traveled to Taiwan to review the grain quality study that ERS is Poultry and Egg meeting, in Las Council of Agriculture's situation doing for USDA's Federal Grain Vegas, Nev. • Terry Crawford and outlook project • Lin also Inspection Service • Donald spoke on the current situation and traveled to China to interview Blayney and James Miller outlook for world meat production government officials and flour participated in an NC-198 regional and trade at an FAO Intergovern- millers • Verner Grise presented a research committee meeting on mental Group on Meat meeting, in paper, "Where Tobacco Is Grown dairy marketing, in Baltimore, Md. Rome, Italy • Betsy Frazao, and Where It Is Consumed," at a • Blayney and Leland Southard Rosanna Morrison, Lester Myers, conference on the prevention of spoke on longer term production and David Smallwood participated atherosclerosis and hypertension, in and use trends in the U.S. dairy in a national food policy conference Orlando, Fla. • Grise also spoke on 8