MODERN NOVELISTS General Editor: Norman Page MODERN NOVEliSTS Published titles SAUL BELLOW Peter Hyland ALBERT CAMUS Philip Thody FYODOR DOS10EVSKY Peter Conradi WILUAM FAULKNER David Dowling GUSTAVEFLAUBERT DavidRoe E. M. FORSTER Norman Page ANDRE GIDE David Walker WILUAM GOLDING James Gindin GRAHAM GREENE Neil McEwan ERNEST HEMINGWAY Peter Messent CHRISTOPHER ISHERWOOD Stephen Wade HENRY JAMES Alan BeHringer JAMES JOYCE Richard Brown D. H. LAWRENCE G. M. Hyde ROSAMOND LEHMANN Judy Simons DORIS LESSING Ruth Whittaker MALCOLM LOWRY Tony Bareham THOMAS MANN Martin Travers GEORGE ORWELL Valerie Meyers ANTHONY POWELL Neil McEwan MARCEL PROUST Philip Thody BARBARA PYM Michael Cotsell JEAN-PAUL SARTRE Philip Thody SIX WOMEN NOVEUSTS Menyn Williams MURIEL SPARK Norman Page JOHN UPDIKE Judie Newman EVELYN WAUGH Jacqueline McDonnell H. G. WELLS Michael Draper VIRGINIA WOOLF Edward Bishop Forthcoming titles MARGARET ATWOOD Coral Ann Howells IVY COMPTON -BURNETT Janet Godden JOSEPH CONRAD Owen Knowles GEORGE EUOT Alan BeHringer F. SCOTT FI1ZGERALD John Whitley JOHN FOWLES James Acheson FRANZ KAFKA Ronald Speirs and Beatrice Sandberg NORMAN MAILER Michael Glenday GABRIEL GARCfA MARQUEZ Michael Bell IRIS MURDOCH Hilda Spear VLADIMIR NABOKOV David Rampton V. S. NAIPAUL Bruce King PAULSCOTT G.K.Das PATRICK WHITE Mark Williams MODERN NOVELISTS ERNEST HEMINGWAY Peter Messent Palgrave Macmillan UK ISBN 978-0-333-51920-2 ISBN 978-1-349-22324-4 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-349-22324-4 © Peter Messent 1992 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1992 978-0-333-51919-6 All rights reserved. For information, write: Scholarly and Reference Division, St. Martin's Press, Inc., 175 Fifth Avenue New York. N.Y. 10010 First published in the United States of America in 1992 ISBN 978-0-312-08126-3 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Messent, Peter B. Ernest Hemingway I Peter Messent p. cm.-(Modem novelists) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-312-08126-3 1. Hemingway, Ernest, 1899-1961-Criticism and interpretation. I. Title. II. Series. PS3515. E37Z74177 1992 813'.52-dc20 92-9005 CIP Contents Acknowledgements vi List of Abbreviations vii General Editar's Preface ix 1 Introduction 1 2 Style: Personal Impressions 5 3 The Status of the Subject 44 4 Gender Role and Sexuality 83 5 Geographies, Fictional and Non-fictional: America, Spain, Africa 124 6 Coda: A Maveable Feast 164 Notes 171 Select Bibliography 190 Index 194 v Acknowledgements First, I acknowledge my debt to Godfrey Keams, my tutor when I was an undergraduate at Manchester, who first stimulated my enthusiasm for Hemingway. Both the encouragement he gave me then, and his friendship in the years since, have been of real importance to me. I gave versions of several chapters in this book to the staff-postgraduate research group in my department, American and Canadian Studies, at Nottingham. The comments I received helped me greatly as I moved toward my final version. My thanks to all the members of that group. Three of them helped even more. Chris Gair, Richard King and David Murray read additional chapters in draft version. The changes that I made as a result of their (always constructive) criticism made this a much better book than it would otherwise have been. David Murray read the complete manuscript prior to submission at a time when he was over-busy anyway. He knows how much it was appreciated. Finally, I have relied as always on the support and encourage- ment of my family and friends as I have written this book. To them all, and especially to my children, William and Alice, thank you. vi List of Abbreviations Page references in the text are to the following editions, all published current to the time of writing, in paperback. by Grafton Books (London), unless otherwise indicated. Titles of the books are abbreviated in the text as shown. Initial year of publication in square brackets. EH The Essential Hemingway [1947]. This contains the most accur- ate version of In Our Time [1925] published in the Grafton editions. It omits, however, the introductory sketch, 'On The Quai at Smyrna', which Hemingway added in 1930. SAR The Sun Also Rises (published as Fiesta in Great Britain) [1926]. MWW Men Witlwut Women [1927]. FA A Farewell to Arms [1929]. DA Death in the Afternoon [1932]. WTN Winner Take Nothing [1933]. GH Green Hills of Africa [1935). THHN To Have and Have Not [1937). FWBT For Whom the Bell Tolls [1940). AR Across the River and into the 1Tees [1950]. OMS The Old Man and the Sea [1952]. MF A Moveable Feast [1964]. NAS The Nick Adams Stories. Preface by Philip Young (Charles Scribner's: New York. 1972). IS Islands in the Stream (London: Book Club Associates, 1970). DS The Dangerous Summer [1985]. GE The Garden of Eden [1986]. AI African Journal: excerpts in Sports Illustrated, 35 (20 December vii viii List of Abbreviations 1971) pp. 40-52, 57-66: abbreviated as A]l; 36 (3 January 1972) pp. 26-46: A]2; 37 (10 January 1972) pp. 22-30, 4l-50: A]3. WY Hemingway: The Wild Years, ed. Gene Z. Hanrahan (New York: Dell, 1967 [1962]). L Ernest Hemingway: Selected Letters, 1917-1961, ed. Carlos Baker (London: Granada, 1981). To Penny Craig General Editor's Preface The death of the novel has often been announced, and part of the secret of its obstinate vitality must be its capacity for growth, adaptation, self-renewal and self-transformation: like some vigor- ous organism in a speeded-up Darwinian ecosystem, it adapts itself quickly to a changing world. War and revolution, economic crisis and social change, radically new ideologies such as Marxism and Freudianism, have made this century unprecedented in human history in the speed and extent of change, but the novel has shown an extraordinary capacity to find new forms and techniques and to accommodate new ideas and conceptions of human nature and human experience, and even to take up new positions on the nature of fiction itself. In the generations immediately preceding and following 1914, the novel underwent a radical redefinition of its nature and possibilities. The present series of monographs is devoted to the novelists who created the modem novel and to those who, in their tum, either continued and extended, or reacted against and rejected, the traditions established during that period of intense exploration and experiment. It includes a number of those who lived and wrote in the nineteenth century but whose innovative contribution to the art of fiction makes it impossible to ignore them in any account of the origins of the modem novel; it also includes the so-called 'modernists' and those who in the mid- and late twentieth century have emerged as outstanding practitioners of this genre. The scope is, inevitably, international; not only, in the migratory and exile-haunted world of our century, do writers refuse to heed national frontiers - 'English' literature lays claim to Conrad the Pole, Henry James the American, and Joyce the ix