Erjavec, Alexandra Elena Barbara (2015) Masculinity penetrated: satisfying socially constructed visions of heterosexuality in MS M. 754. MPhil(R) thesis. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/6304/ Copyright and moral rights for this thesis are retained by the author A copy can be downloaded for personal non-commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge This thesis cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the Author The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the Author When referring to this work, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given Glasgow Theses Service http://theses.gla.ac.uk/ [email protected] 1 MASCULINITY PENETRATED Satisfying Socially Constructed Visions of Heterosexuality in MS M. 754 ALEXANDRA ELENA BARBARA ERJAVEC Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Philosophy of the History of Art by Research in the School of Culture and Creative Arts, University of Glasgow, 26 September 2014 © Alexandra Erjavec 2014 2 ABSTRACT New York, Pierpont Morgan MS M. 754, is a prayerbook with overarching themes of pregnancy and childbirth produced in 1320s France for a female reader. However, the social expectations in fourteenth-‐century France regarding female sexuality, piety and devotion found in the main miniatures are subverted by an abundance of anus-‐exposing men, monkeys and hybrids cavorting in the margins. Often dismissed in contemporary literature as scatological, I believe these anal images should be reexamined in light of contemporary notions of medieval masculinity and homosexuality. My research aims to challenge the binaries of gender construction through careful consideration of these ‘taboo’ images, as well as reconsider books of hours in specific relation to ideas of male values and sexuality. In particular, I believe an emerging theme of homosexuality can be found when considered in the context of the clergy and knightly class— homosocial environments that allow for the displacement of men’s sexual urges onto other men. A particular focus will be placed on social analysis as well as alterity theory, which I believe help to dismantle the binaries of gender expectations evident during the French Middle Ages, further helping to problematize the conventional theoretical dichotomy of centre versus margins. 3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The research that led to this dissertation has been an incredible learning process, dotted with its ups and down. However, the ups have far outweighed the downs, and for this I am incredibly grateful to the support and encouragement I have received along the way. First and foremost I would like to thank my supervisor, Dr Debra Strickland, not only for her continued support throughout this academic process but also for being someone with whom I can sit and chat nonsense with after our work was done (and, given my topic, there was sometimes much of this). Additionally, I would like to thank Dr John Richards, whose opinions and suggestions I value and respect, especially as his supervisory role was undertaken voluntarily while on leave. And finally, I would like to thank my friends and family, who have put up with my constant chatter about monsters, men and their anuses these last twelve months. 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS……………………………………………………….………………………5 INTRODUCTION…..……………………………………………………………………………..…………11 Manuscript Production and Consumption……………………………………………21 PART ONE MS M. 754 and Its Market….………………………………………………………………….….……32 MS M. 754………………………………………………………………………………………..…33 The Making of M. 754: Workshop Production in Northern France………...37 Books of Hours……………………………………………………………………………….…..41 PART TWO Men in the Margins of M. 754: The Collapse of Heteronormativity…………………..55 Presenting the Penetrated: Sodomy in the Middle Ages……………………..…57 Men in the Margins of M. 754: The Collapse of Heteronormativity………………………………………………………………..…………….62 Exposing the Ecclesiastical Anus: Anticlerical Sentiment……………………...66 Compulsory Heterosexuality and Chivalric Sodomy……………………………..72 Parenting and Perversion: Sexual Symbols in the Margins……………………78 Epitomizing Erotic Passion: The Ape and Its Anus………………………………..84 PART THREE ‘Inside or Outside?’ Anal Imagery and Alterity……………………………………………….88 Establishing the Other: The Unacceptable Reality of Sodomy………………..90 Spatialising Alterities: Monstrous Masculinity, Maps and the Marginal(ia) of M. 754…………………………………………………………………..98 ‘Inside or Outside?’ Alterity and the Anus of M. 754: The Best of Both Worlds…………………………………………………………………………………102 CONCLUSION…………………………………………………………………………………….………..105 APPENDIX OF IMAGES………………………………………………………………………….…..…110 BIBLIOGRAPHY…………………………………………………………………………………………..129 With Sources Consulted But Not Cited…………………………………………….…141 5 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS 1 MS M. 754, fol. 81v. Page from the Psalter of St Jerome. Detail, lower margin: Armless hybrid man with hoofed legs exposing his anus to the bust of a mitre-‐wearing bishop with censer. New York: Pierpont Morgan Library, MS M. 754, c. 1230s. © Pierpont Morgan Library 2 MS M. 754, fol. 45r. Beginning of Collect in Sext of the Hours of the Holy Sacrament. Detail, right margin: Nude man, wearing ailettes on shoulders, holding grapnel, seated on animal (?). New York: Pierpont Morgan Library, MS M. 754, c. 1230s. © Pierpont Morgan Library 3 MS M. 754, fol. 30r. Recommendation for Lesson Two. Detail, lower margin: Three monkeys, two back to back with their anus exposed and touching, the second biting left arm of the third. New York: Pierpont Morgan Library, MS M. 754, c. 1230s. © Pierpont Morgan Library 4 MS M. 754, fol. 15r. Collect. Detail, lower margin: Monkey bending and exposing anus at object, possibly defecating. New York: Pierpont Morgan Library, MS M. 754, c. 1230s. © Pierpont Morgan Library 5 MS M. 754, fol. 16r. Hymn of “Come Creator Spirit” and beginning of Psalm 87. Detail, right margin: Nude man exposing anus, pulling rope attached to bell, possibly defecating. New York: Pierpont Morgan Library, MS M. 754, c. 1230s. © Pierpont Morgan Library 6 MS M. 754, fol. 3v. Hymn in Matins in the Hours of the Holy Spirit. Detail, lower half of page: Nude man wearing cap and exposing anus crawls in and out of oven; cockerel or rooster with spear. New York: Pierpont Morgan Library, MS M. 754, c. 1230s. © Pierpont Morgan Library 7 MS M. 754, fol. 26v. Invitatory Psalm 95. Detail, lower margin: Hybrid knight wearing chainmail, straddling spear and exposing anus to hybrid man with one animal leg, wearing a fillet with a phallus aimed at his face. Spear points towards a third hybrid knight wearing chainmail and ailettes with hoofed legs. New York: Pierpont Morgan Library, MS M. 754, c. 1230s. © Pierpont Morgan Library 8 MS M. 754, fol. 49v . Beginning of Cantincle in the Hours of the Holy Sacrament. Detail, lower margin: Nude man displaying genitalia and holding scourge, his hindquarters kissed by a hybrid man wearing a cap. New York: Pierpont Morgan Library, MS M. 754, c. 1230s. © Pierpont Morgan Library 9 MS M. 754, fol. 27r. Hymn in the Hours of the Holy Sacrament. Detail, right margin: Monkey stabs nude and armless hybrid man with dagger in his exposed anus, from which blood or excrement flows into a vessel; or 6 monkey administers enema into vessel. New York: Pierpont Morgan Library, MS M. 754, c. 1230s. © Pierpont Morgan Library 10 MS M. 754, fol. 113v. Folio after Passion according to John, before the Life of Saint Margaret on folio 114r. Female donor, wearing headdress and vair-‐lined mantle with vair-‐lined collar, kneeling with open book in both hands. Flanked by bird on tree and by dog. New York: Pierpont Morgan Library, MS M. 754, c. 1230s. © Pierpont Morgan Library 11 MS M. 754, fol. 78r. Beginning of Psalm 5. Miniature depicting St Jerome nimbed and tonsured with clasped hands, looking up towards figure of God emerging from clouds above. Detail, right margin: Female donor wearing headdress, holding open book with both hands, and kneeling on a foliate stem. New York: Pierpont Morgan Library, MS M. 754, c. 1230s. © Pierpont Morgan Library 12 MS M. 754, fol. 16v. Page from Psalm 86. Detail, top half of page: Nude couple having intercourse, the man’s anus poked with long beak by hybrid animal. New York: Pierpont Morgan Library, MS M. 754, c. 1230s. © Pierpont Morgan Library 13 Bridwell Library MS 13, Sellers Hours, c. 1330, fols. 141v-‐142r. Prayers (verso) and the opening of the prayer to St Thomas of Canterbury (recto). Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas. 14 MS M. 754, fols. 37v-‐ 38r. Canticle of Zacharias (verso); Oblation scene (recto) and beginning of first verse of the Hours of the Holy Sacrament. New York: Pierpont Morgan Library, MS M. 754, c. 1230s. © Pierpont Morgan Library 15 MS M. 754, fol. 15v. First versicle of None of the Long Hours of the Holy Spirit. Miniature depicting Apostle James Major, nimbed and wearing pilgrim garb and looking towards a cross-‐nimbed dove of the Holy Ghost emerging from the clouds at right. New York: Pierpont Morgan Library, MS M. 754, c. 1230s. © Pierpont Morgan Library 16 MS M. 754, fol. 19v. Second versicle of Compline of the Long Hours of the Holy Spirit. Miniature depicting Apostle Philip or Thomas, nimbed, holding spear and looking toward cross-‐nimbed dove of the Holy Ghost emerging from clouds. The female patron can be found kneeling or bowing in the right hand margin. New York: Pierpont Morgan Library, MS M. 754, c. 1230s. © Pierpont Morgan Library 17 MS M. 754, fol. 71v. Deposition. First versicle of Vespers of Long Hours of the Cross / Hours of the Passion. New York: Pierpont Morgan Library, MS M. 754, c. 1230s. © Pierpont Morgan Library 18 MS M. 754, fol. 48v. Beginning of Chapter in Vespers in the Hours of the Holy Sacrament. Detail, lower margin: Monkey exposes anus and 7 penetrates anus of unknown figure with a spear protruding from an oven. New York: Pierpont Morgan Library, MS M. 754, c. 1230s. © Pierpont Morgan Library 19 MS M. 754, fol. 3r. Hymn in Matins of the Hours of the Holy Spirit. Detail, lower margin: Nude, hybrid one-‐legged man in bishop’s mitre exposing anus. New York: Pierpont Morgan Library, MS M. 754, c. 1230s. © Pierpont Morgan Library 20 MS M. 754, fol. 72r. Psalm 126 in Vespers of the Long Hours of the Cross / Long Hours of the Passion. Detail, right margin: Armless, tonsured hybrid cleric carries ladder and exposes anus. New York: Pierpont Morgan Library, MS M. 754, c. 1230s. © Pierpont Morgan Library 21 MS M. 754, fol. 48r. Beginning of Psalm 147 in Vespers of the Hours of the Holy Sacrament. Detail, right margin: Two hybrid soldiers wearing chainmail, fighting: one with hoofed legs wielding sword and buckler; one with head and legs, wearing ailettes and exposing anus, wields spear. New York: Pierpont Morgan Library, MS M. 754, c. 1230s. © Pierpont Morgan Library 22 MS M. 754, fol. 20v . Page from the Canticle of Simeon, from Luke 2:29-‐32. Detail, right margin: Hybrid bishop wearing mitre, holding distaff with spindle; rabbit holding distaff. New York: Pierpont Morgan Library, MS M. 754, c. 1230s. © Pierpont Morgan Library 23 MS M. 754, fol. 38v. Beginning of Hymn and Psalm 20. Margins decorated with foliate stems and balls, a hybrid snail with beak in the top margin; two hybrids in the left-‐hand margin; hybrid animal with antlers of a stag in right-‐hand margin; hybrid animal standing on tri-‐part globe and fish in lower margin. New York: Pierpont Morgan Library, MS M. 754, c. 1230s. © Pierpont Morgan Library 24 MS M. 754, fol. 31v. Page with verses from the Canticle of Simeon. Margins inhabited by butterfly, bird and bell, bearded hybrid man, fish, and mermaid/siren. New York: Pierpont Morgan Library, MS M. 754, c. 1230s. © Pierpont Morgan Library 25 MS M. 754, fol. 59r. Responsory and Versicle for Lesson in Matins of Long Hours of the Cross / Hours of the Passion. Margins depict fish emerging from an oven and wearing crowns and mitres, and a male merman/siren. New York: Pierpont Morgan Library, MS M. 754, c. 1230s. © Pierpont Morgan Library 26 MS M. 754, fol. 65v. Miniature (not shown) depicting the Flagellation of Christ. Frist Versicle of Terce of the Long Hours of the Cross/Hours of the Passion. Detail, lower margin: Male figure in the left-‐hand margin playing bagpipes; nude male figure exposes his anus and plays boules in the bas-‐ de-‐page; two men, one with hat and staff in the lower margin. New York: 8 Pierpont Morgan Library, MS M. 754, c. 1230s. © Pierpont Morgan Library 27 MS M. 754, fol. 36r. Page from Hymn of Cante Lingua and verse 68 of Canticle of Zacharias. Detail, right margin: Ape, partly submerged in water, kissing exposed anus of second ape. New York: Pierpont Morgan Library, MS M. 754, c. 1230s. © Pierpont Morgan Library 28 MS M. 754, fol. 20r. Beginning of Psalm 129. Detail, lower margin: Monkey sitting on foliate tendril looking in a mirror. New York: Pierpont Morgan Library, MS M. 754, c. 1230s. © Pierpont Morgan Library 29 MS M. 754, fol. 17v. Beginning of first versicle of Vespers in the Hours of the Holy Spirit. Miniature depicting nimbed apostle preaching to group of four men. Detail, lower margin: Monkey exposing anus and holding open book. New York: Pierpont Morgan Library, MS M. 754, c. 1230s. © Pierpont Morgan Library 30 MS M. 754, fol. 55r. Miniature depicting St Martin of Tours dividing cloak. Margins inhabited by bird, hybrid and beggar. New York: Pierpont Morgan Library, MS M. 754, c. 1230s. © Pierpont Morgan Library 31 MS M. 754, fol. 3r. Hymn in Matins in the Hours of the Holy Spirit. Margins inhabited by mitre-‐wearing hybrid, birds, and foliate tendrils. New York: Pierpont Morgan Library, MS M. 754, c. 1230s. © Pierpont Morgan Library 32 MS M. 754, fol. 57r. Invitatory Psalm 95:8, 9, in Matins of Long Hours of the Cross / Hours of the Passion. Margins inhabited by hybrid swallowing sword, monkey swallowing sword, tree, and armless man wearing cap. New York: Pierpont Morgan Library, MS M. 754, c. 1230s. © Pierpont Morgan Library 33 MS M. 754, fol. 80r. Page from the Psalter of St Jerome. Detail, lower half of page: Margins inhabited by winged hybrid with axe, wimple-‐wearing nun, and grey-‐haired woman holding tripartite globe. New York: Pierpont Morgan Library, MS M. 754, c. 1230s. © Pierpont Morgan Library 34 MS M. 754, fol. 105r. Beginning of the Passion according to John 18:1-‐19. Margins decorated with Arma Christi, or Instruments of the Passion. New York: Pierpont Morgan Library, MS M. 754, c. 1230s. © Pierpont Morgan Library 35 MS M. 754, fol. 38r. Beginning of the first versicle of Prime of the Hours of the Holy Sacrament. Top half of page: Miniature depicting Oblation scene. Right margin inhabited female donor wearing veiled headdress and mantle with vair collar and lining, with joined hands raised in prayer. New York: Pierpont Morgan Library, MS M. 754, c. 1230s. © Pierpont Morgan Library 9 36 MS M. 754, fol. 43r. Beginning of first versicle of Sext of the Hours of the Holy Sacrament. Miniature depicting Moses and the Miracle of Manna. Right margin inhabited by female donor, wearing veiled headdress and mantle, kneeling with joined hands raised in prayer. New York: Pierpont Morgan Library, MS M. 754, c. 1230s. © Pierpont Morgan Library
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