Journal of Postsecondary Education and Disability, 30(3), 283-298 283 “The Most Defining Experience:” Undergraduate University Students’ Experiences Mentoring Students with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Susan M. Ryan1 Jeanne M. Nauheimer1 Cassandra L. George1 E. Bryan Dague1 Abstract In this three-year qualitative study we investigated the experiences and perspectives of university undergrad- uate students who were peer mentors for students with intellectual and developmental disabilities (ID/DD) in a postsecondary education certificate program at a public university in the northeastern United States. The findings were categorized into three major themes: (a) the roles of these peer mentors; (b) the benefits and challenges related to peer mentoring; and (c) the transformative effect of peer mentoring on these undergrad- uate students. Findings provide insights into postsecondary education for students with ID/DD and suggest implications for (a) parents of students with ID/DD, (b) transition from high school, and (c) administrators at institutions of higher education. Keywords: Postsecondary education, intellectual and developmental disabilities, peer mentorship, institutions of higher education, disability support services Over forty years have passed since the passage students with disabilities in American education in- of Public Law 94-142, the Education for All Handi- cluded Section 504 of the Vocational Rehabilitation capped Children Act of 1975 ([EHA], 1975). Prior to Act of 1973 (PL 93-112) and the American with Dis- PL 94-142, some children and youth with intellectual abilities Amendments Act (ADAAA) of 2008. These and developmental disabilities (ID/DD) did not attend pieces of legislation have implications for institutes school and stayed at home, others were educated in of higher education as postsecondary options for segregated special education schools and classrooms students with ID/DD begin to take hold across the with other students who were identified as having ID/ nation. For example, Section 504 of the Vocational DD, and still others were relegated to state-operat- Rehabilitation Act of 1973 prohibits discrimination ed or private residential (disability-only) institutions against individuals with disabilities in programs and across America (U.S. Department of Education [US- services that receive federal funds. The majority of DOE], 2010). With the passage of PL 94-142 and educational entities, including institutes of higher its subsequent reauthorizations, including the Indi- education, receive federal funds and therefore must viduals with Disability Education Improvement Act comply with these regulations. ([IDEIA], 2004), public schools in the United States The ADAAA reinforces and extends the require- were required to provide free appropriate public edu- ments of Section 504 to public programs including cation (FAPE) as well as transition services to all stu- higher education, whether they are federally fund- dents with a disability including if desired, transition ed or not. The ADAAA requires colleges to provide services to institutes of higher education. accommodations including auxiliary aids and ser- In addition to the IDEIA (2004) other federal leg- vices to ensure that students with disabilities have islation enacted to enhance access and supports to equal access to all educational opportunities (Duffy 1 University of Vermont 284 Ryan et al.; The Most Defining Experience & Gugerty, 2005; Shaw, Madaus, & Dukes, 2010). students who were peer mentors for students with The ADAAA provides access, equal opportunity, and ID/DD. In the current qualitative study we examined nondiscrimination; it does not ensure student success the experiences and perspectives of university under- (Duffy & Gugerty, 2005). The Disability Services graduate mentors as they supported a small number of and Access Offices, located at institutes of higher ed- students with ID/DD enrolled at a public university in ucation, are charged with carrying out the intent of the northeastern United States. both Section 504 and the ADAAA on their campuses. These offices provide the services that support access, Method equal opportunity, and nondiscrimination and are of- ten considered to assist students with disabilities to be Research Design academically successful. This descriptive, qualitative study relied on Inclusion at the college and university levels was semi-structured interviews, reflective logs, observa- facilitated by the federal legislation described above, tions, document analysis, and focus group member as well as lessons learned through implementing in- check interviews to explore the experiences and per- clusion at the high school level. Public high schools spectives of university undergraduate students who across the country have facilitated the academic and served as peer mentors for students with intellectual social inclusion for students with disabilities includ- and developmental disabilities enrolled in a postsec- ing students with ID/DD for decades through the ondary education program (PSE). use of paraprofessionals and same-age peers (Carter, Cushing, & Kennedy, 2009; Causton-Theoharis & Participants Malmgren, 2005; Downing, Ryndak, & Clark, 2000; The participants were 18 university undergradu- Doyle, 2008; Giangreco, Suter, & Doyle, 2010). ate students, three male and 15 female, who served Contributions of peers, in supporting the educa- as peer mentors for students with ID/DD in a post- tion and inclusion of students with ID/DD in public secondary education program during a three-year ac- schools, indicate that peer support provides a focus ademic period from 2012 to 2015. The age range of on educational goals related to communication in- the mentors was 19-22 with a mean age of 20. Partic- cluding: (a) modeling social skills and reinforcing ipants represented 15 majors, including general and communication attempts (Weiner, 2005); (b) social special education, communication sciences, philoso- interactions, such as initiating conversations, mak- phy, social work, neurosciences, English, psycholo- ing introductions, and discussing shared interests gy, biology, Russian, global studies, and mathemat- (Hunt, Soto, Maier, & Doering, 2003); (c) classroom ics. Mentors on average worked approximately 7.5 participation through sharing materials and teaching hours per week for 30 weeks a year. The mean length self-management (Gilberts, Agran, Hughes, & Weh- of time the mentor functioned in his/her role was 2.5 meyer, 2001); and (d) academic collaboration, such years. Mentors worked 2,389.75 total hours per se- as completing assignments together, reviewing work, mester for 15 weeks. See Table 1 for peer mentor de- and explaining key concepts (Carter, Sisco, Meleko- mographic information (e.g., age, gender, academic glu, & Kurkowski, 2007). Since the 1980s, students standing, major). Each mentor underwent a vetting with ID/DD have graduated from high schools with process before serving as a mentor. The vetting pro- their peers (Getzel & Wehman, 2005; Grigal & Hart, cess included a formal interview, reference checks, 2010; Wehman, 2013). and a criminal background check that was processed Researchers and other proponents of inclusive through the state’s Department of Public Safety as education have focused on the benefits of using peer well as the Criminal Information Center. These back- mentors in public schools to support students with ID/ ground check included conviction records, out of DD. With transition to institutions of higher educa- state conviction records and FBI records. tion and postsecondary education programs, research The mentees, who were the students with ID/DD, related to the benefits and challenges to university included four males and 10 females ranging in age peer mentors supporting the educational, social, and from 19 to 30. Mentees had disabilities including au- employment needs of students with ID/DD is war- tism spectrum disorders, intellectual and cognitive ranted. In an effort to fill a gap in this research, we disabilities, and Down syndrome. Table 2 provides sought the perspectives of undergraduate university basic mentee demographic information. Journal of Postsecondary Education and Disability, 30(3) 285 Setting tions concerning changes since the previous interview. The participants were all undergraduate students Interviews were conducted at the university in a quiet enrolled at a public university in the northeastern office or conference room setting. Interviewees chose United States. The university undergraduate popula- the time of the interviews. Interviews lasted 30 to 45 tion is approximately 10,000, the graduate population minutes and were audiotaped for later verbatim tran- approximately 1,500. The full- and part-time faculty scription and coding analysis. Participants who were number approximately 1,500. The university’s land interviewed more than once during the three years of grant mission includes a dedication to the global com- the study are indicated with an asterisk in Table 1. munity, social justice, and a strong commitment to an Pseudonyms are used throughout this article to ensure academic and ethics code of conduct. confidentiality of all participants. The study also included 20 hours of observation Postsecondary Education Certificate Program conducted by the lead author. Observations initially All mentees were students enrolled in a postsec- focused on the role of the mentor in the academic ondary program from 2012 to 2015. During the term classroom. Other variables became part of the obser- of this study, the postsecondary program was funded vation (e.g., interactions between mentor and mentee; by the US Department of Education, Office of Post- activities occurring during free time). During obser- secondary Education, through a grant entitled, Tran- vation in the academic classroom intrusion was min- sition Program for Students with Intellectual Disabil- imized. In all cases, the researcher sat quietly in the ities ([TPSID]; USDOE, 2010). Major components back of the room and recorded field notes on a laptop of the certificate program included that all students computer with no student interaction. (a) had intellectual or developmental disabilities; (b) The authors collected and analyzed documents were nonmatriculated continuing education students such as peer mentors’ log entries in reflective jour- enrolled in one of the university’s undergraduate cer- nals, program newsletters, and other mentor corre- tificate programs; (c) enrolled in and completed 9 to spondences including entries in Facebook (private 18 for-credit, undergraduate courses (fully included page). This article draws from all these data sources in the university courses) based upon their career but relies most heavily on data collected through the goals identified through a person-centered planning interviews. Over three years we completed 18 inter- process; and (d) completed a graded internship target- views with participants, resulting in 1,100 pages of ed at obtaining gainful competitive employment upon typed, double-spaced interview transcriptions and completion of the certificate program. The mentee other documents such as mentor notes and reflections. completion rate for the program was 100%. The grad- uation rate for undergraduates serving as mentors, at Data Analysis this point in the project, is 100%. It is within this pro- The university institutional review board ap- gram context that the undergraduate students fulfilled proved this research. Pseudonyms were used during their roles as peer mentors for the university students data collection and analyses to protect confidentiality. with ID/DD (Ryan, 2014). All interviews were audiotaped, transcribed verba- tim, and then analyzed by the lead author. Transcripts Data Collection were imported into a qualitative text-sorting program, Data collection included (a) semi-structured in- HyperRESEARCH 3.5.2 (Researchware, Inc., 2013). terviews, (b) peer mentor notes and reflective logs, The lead author established credibility of the data (c) documents such as peer mentoring manuals and analysis and familiarity with the data by (a) conduct- guidelines, and (d) focus group member check de- ing all 18 interviews, (b) listening to all the interview briefing sessions. The initial interview guide con- tapes, and (c) reading and rereading all the interview tained open-ended questions such as: (a) describe transcripts. Categorical coding was used to analyze your role (as a mentor), (b) tell me about the benefits the data inductively (Bogdan & Biklen, 2007; Miles, or challenges you experienced within your role as a Huberman, & Saldana, 2014). First, each transcript peer mentor, and (c) describe a typical day. The sec- was hand-coded/marked by hand using 161 initial ond or subsequent set of interviews conducted with codes (e.g., mentor roles, mentor challenges, mentor small focus group of mentors contained the same set benefits, mentor experiences) using words, phrases, of questions, reviews of emerging themes, and ques- or terms descriptive of the text content. Particularly 286 Ryan et al.; The Most Defining Experience descriptive passages were highlighted and notes were tor and between the friendship role and peer role. maintained in a theme notebook related to emerging For example, Gary really likes to give hugs, and themes. The interviews were then reread and recat- sometimes it is appropriate to do so, and other egorized or combined into codes (e.g., friendship, times I have to say that there have to be limita- frustration with faculty or parents, navigator, difficult tions to physical contact with him and you know, situations, transformational experiences). HyperRES- simple polite verbal reminders of that really work. EARCH 3.5.2 (Researchware, Inc., 2013) was used to And also… he might ask me [inappropriate] ques- sort the data into 15 code-specific reports. Inductive tions about my personal life that are a little bit analysis was applied to the code-specific reports to irrelevant to what we’re doing, and I’ll um, re- assist in the identification of themes that overlapped mind him, “That’s okay that you asked, but, you code categories. All interviewees received copies of know, that’s not necessary [for me] to give you their interviews and were asked to review them to that information,” and just reminders like that, so confirm their intended meaning was communicat- establishing boundaries and I think getting that ed accurately. Member checks were conducted with practice with me is good. 80% of the interviewees to review content of the in- terviews, confirm emerging themes, and check the The mentor role of boundary setter, specifically as it authenticity and credibility of the emerging themes. relates to supporting mentees to understand physical space, touching, and hugging was a common theme Findings that mentors spoke about. Stephanie reflected: The overarching findings of this study revealed Back when Lilly was a student, that was my the following: (a) unique roles and responsibilities biggest struggle with boundaries because Lilly entailed in being a peer mentor for a student with ID/ doesn’t connect very strongly with other people, DD at the university; (b) benefits and challenges of on that like a friend level, and she and I had a peer mentorship; and (c) the transformational effect really strong connection and I was really torn be- mentoring had on the participants (e.g., the under- tween like, encouraging those feelings for other graduate students without disabilities). people, and establishing boundaries, because she would put her hands in my hair, constantly hug- Roles and Responsibilities ging and squeezing, and I knew that it was her Participants described their various roles and re- way of expressing her feelings for me and that we sponsibilities as peer mentors. Mentors consistently had that bond, but I needed to let her know when said that there was no typical mentee or typical day. it was appropriate and when it was too much. And Rather, mentors described students with ID/DD as be- I think by the end (of her program) she got it. ing unique individuals. Mentors also shared that there was nothing set in stone about being a mentor; each Other mentors spoke about the need to help students day brought something new and they liked that about understand, or obtain experience with setting boundar- being a peer mentor. In fact, participants described ies about what is acceptable to do on campus and what their roles as being responsive to each student within is not. For example, one mentor shared that she tries each situation. Nonetheless, three consistent roles and to help Kelly learn “what is appropriate to do when on responsibilities that emerged as themes throughout campus and what isn’t.” When she is in a university the interviews were those of boundary setter, friend class, this mentor tries to help Kelly understand that facilitator, and academic tutor. “checking shopping websites is not appropriate.” Boundary setter. Mentors talked about the need Friend facilitator. Mentors spoke about issues for them, as mentors, to help set boundaries, partic- related to friendship: ularly in the area of physical touching and physical/ personal space: There are boundaries that need to be set between ...like friendship and work, but I feel like that I’ve been working on establishing boundaries varies between students so I—like as far as my with two mentees. Trying to set boundaries be- relationship with Sandy, we have that friendship tween my role as a professional mentor and tu- and can also be professional and she knows when Journal of Postsecondary Education and Disability, 30(3) 287 to turn it on and off whereas a student like Mike Sometimes being an academic mentor comes with doesn’t necessarily understand the boundaries, so challenges: you need to reinforce them stronger, or, there’s also the student like Gary who’s sort of here to Being an academic tutor is difficult within a class make friends and understand what friendship is on because you can’t step outside and have a conver- campus, and is really using us as not only supports sation with the student to break down what the in his internships but as gateways into this whole assignment is or break down the group work or world of collegiate friendship; he has no idea how break down the partner work. So it is a lot more that even looks, and so in that sense, you really fragile, I think, than one-on-one you can get in have to be more of a friend, and I feel like the an outside environment. A lot of it is prompting. boundaries are definitely more fluid and based on You know: “Don’t you think you should take your student-to-student, so it’s not like you go into it iPad out and record this lecture or take notes?” like a set, rigid, I guess, structure. Or “What do you think you should do now?” You don’t know their understanding of the assignment Some participants interviewed spoke about the issue or activity. So, a lot of it is just posing the ques- of developing genuine friendships with students with tions to them and seeing how they respond. ID/DD as a result of being a mentor: Sometimes it was difficult being an academic tutor I tend to be on the conservative side when it comes outside of one’s subject area as the following mentor to communication and like work versus personal described: life, I think, because of the Facebook and social media I’ve backed off a little bit from um, from Sometimes students are taking classes that you connecting that way, and I do it partially because don’t know anything about, like I know when of like concerns for like the students. I just think Sandy is taking a film class and the readings are it [developing friendships with mentees] is a very, so difficult and she’ll ask me to explain a sentence very sensitive subject. and I have no idea what it’s talking about. How can I help be a tutor when I don’t understand it? Academic tutor. All mentors interviewed talked about how they filled the role of an academic tutor in One mentor shared that her role as an academic sup- varied ways. Sometimes that came in the form of note port changed naturally throughout the course of the taking as described in the interview excerpt below: semester as the student’s confidence was built: A lot of times students need help with note taking I tried to be there to kind of give them some com- so sometimes we’ll both take notes and go over fort in the beginning, but now they don’t really them afterwards. Or a student will listen and I’ll need that comfort because they’re totally used take notes and talk about it afterwards. Sometimes to everything, but I just try to be as much in the they just need help with remembering when to fo- background as possible. cus on things and pay attention and not be doing things that aren’t appropriate to do in class. Like Another mentor talked about her role in the academic using phones and stuff like that. class as interpreting what the instructor’s assignment meant. Eileen explained: Another student, Bill, reflected on his role as an aca- demic support person in the following way: Tracy is just struggling a lot this year with her ac- ademic work. I think at first I was always just tak- I think that an academic mentor is a large part of ing their word for it, and sometimes their interpre- what I do, I think helping the students understand tation of what the professor wants is completely their obligations and time restraints, scheduling in different or they’re missing key requirements or terms of their academics is one facet of the mentor formatting issues or things like that. So my role is job. like looking over things and getting a good idea of what is expected. With Tracy we normally read 288 Ryan et al.; The Most Defining Experience through her articles or readings she needs to do. It was a resume builder. Several mentors were And what is really helpful (for Tracy) is going undergraduate students in special education, general through each paragraph by paragraph and switch- education, or social work. These students shared how ing who reads what paragraph and summarizing being a peer mentor was something they considered after each paragraph to see if she’s comprehend- to be an experience that would help them in their fu- ing, if she’s understanding. I think sometimes she ture careers: just tries to push through and just pretend. So I try to reword the instructor’s prompt in a more read- Initially I did it kind of as a resume builder…. able format or more easy to understand format if But the greatest benefit that I had from being a the students are having difficulty with understand- mentor is just, being in so many situations that I ing it. never expected and being able to work through them, it’s awesome; and being able to collaborate Benefits and Challenges with peers. I find that the mentor meeting is really It was clear through the interviews that partici- essential to development because I’m just hearing pants perceived their experiences as both beneficial all these [other mentors] have ideas and all these and challenging. problems that people have and how they’ve dealt Benefits. The benefits of being a mentor include: with it. I’ve just learned so much. And I think I’m (a) gaining personal skills such as patience, compas- going to gain a lot professionally from it, not just sion, or perspective; (b) receiving internship/work ex- from the resume but also in my workplace in the perience beneficial to their chosen career; and (c) see- future. ing how the mentorship benefited the students with ID/DD themselves. It was gratifying. One peer mentor reflected on how It made me a better person. One mentor de- seeing the success of a student with an ID/DD was scribed how she gained patience as a result of working gratifying: with one student with autism spectrum disorders: “I learned a lot about having patience and understanding One of the first times I worked with June, she got other people’s challenges that I may not face. Another a paper back that she got a B+ on and she was just thing is just seeing them succeed, it’s awesome.” like, flying high the whole day. She told every- Mentors also describe being a mentor as the most one that we saw. Other times when like Bev has defining experience of my time at the university. For thanked me so much for helping her and she’s re- example, one mentor shared: ally thankful of all the mentors’ . . . um . . . support with her schoolwork and just hearing that from Mentoring taught me to be strong and patient the students is super gratifying. when encountering obstacles, and also that life is too wonderful to waste our time getting hung Another mentor, Ann, shared: up on our mistakes and insecurities. During my most difficult semesters here, the postsecondary Barb’s presentation in the participatory action re- education program was a source of support and search course was yesterday and she was so proud comfort. of her entire project. How she was able to do it without a partner and get it all done. She was very Other mentors described how it felt to be part of the proud of herself. It was wonderful. mentor team: “We were a tight group (e.g., the men- tors) and we’d do anything for each other.” At first, There were several mentors who worked the entire she described, “I was very nervous, but immediate- three years of this study and therefore were able to ly all the mentors and mentees are so close, we help speak to the long-term program benefits for students each other out no matter what, like if someone needs with ID/DD. One such mentor, Bill, was able to wit- a cover, immediately within 5 minutes someone will ness the growth and success of students with ID/DD say ‘I can cover for you and it’s such an excellent over time. He shared one of his most meaningful ex- program.” periences: Journal of Postsecondary Education and Disability, 30(3) 289 I think seeing the students grow independence. I right now. So, it is tricky, it is tricky to redirect think a lot of the times we set goals for the students them and to kind of cheer them up and get them based on what they come in asking to accomplish focused. It’s hard. in their 3 years. And seeing even the smallest goals, like transporting themselves around cam- Another mentor shared her frustration with a situation pus, cleaning out their inboxes, communicating where a student with ID/DD refused to do homework: effectively and appropriately with different status- “I just remember her flat out saying: “I’m not going es in society...just the little things that I think a lot to do it. I’m not doing the reading.” The mentor went of the times their first year you don’t expect them on to explain that she told the student it was her as- to make those milestones. Seeing where they are signment and her responsibility and the student still at right now and then seeing the progression over refused to work: two or three years is very, very rewarding. And seeing how you can impact their success is a very I just remember being so shocked and you can’t rewarding experience. come into a mentor shift knowing what’s going to happen, you really have to think on your toes. And Leah reflected on hearing a parent describe the bene- I’m really growing in that way. And I remember fits of her role as a peer mentor to their adult son with saying how important it was and expressing you’re a disability: a college student, this is important. This is your homework, this is your class…she wasn’t hearing I actually met his mom, we had an open house a it. She just kept on saying, “No, I’m not doing it.” few months ago and I met his mom and she just And I remember just being so defeated. went on and on about how he used to hate school, he never wanted to go, and now he just can’t wait Other mentors, like Emma, explained that there were to be at school with everyone and that he just like things that the students with ID/DD did that were em- loves it, and she wanted to thank us just so much barrassing. She shared: for everything that we do, like, “you guys don’t know how much of a difference you’ve made.” The way she interacts with certain people is really Just hearing that, oh my God, I started tearing up. embarrassing for me. Even though it was nothing It was like so gratifying just knowing that I’m to do with me, I’m still a presence there, and not making that much of a difference in someone’s being able to be a role that’s (feels) like “You can’t life. It’s something I take for granted just like go- do that.” We were on the third floor of the student ing to school. It means so much to them and that’s center and it was in between classes and a professor just great! was in a wheelchair and rolled up and was talking to another student and Barb puts her hands on his Challenges. Four major categories of challenges knees and goes into his face and says “It looks like emerged from the interviews. These included chal- you’re having a hard time, can I assist you?” and I lenges related to the (a) students with ID/DD them- was standing right there and he got really angry and selves; (b) parents of students with ID/DD; (c) other was really offended and Barb started crying. And it undergraduate students or the university instructor/ was this huge thing and it was really hard to know faculty; and (d) systems, including the university and how to tell her, you know, teaching the nuances of the sending high school. social interactions like “It’s good to be helpful, it’s The students themselves. Mentors experienced bad to be helpful here, and good here.” Those rules challenges related to the students themselves whether are very complicated. But just having to get over that was a student being in a bad mood, not wanting being embarrassed sometimes, which is hard for to take responsibility for a homework assignment, or anyone, when you’re in your 20s it’s, it’s embar- making unhealthy food choices. One mentor shared: rassing, everything. So, it was really challenging. Sometimes some of the students come in with Another mentor shared what she considered to be an a bad mood, or they’re tired, or they just don’t inappropriate interaction with a student: “one of the want to do their work. They don’t want to study students with ID/DD asked me to marry him. I re- 290 Ryan et al.; The Most Defining Experience sponded by telling him that we were just friends and ly in Kelly’s hip-hop class, the students without that questions like that made me uncomfortable so I disabilities interact is totally—not totally different would appreciate if he stopped asking them.” but somewhat different—than how some of them Several mentors spoke about the challenges they interact with her. And, I’m not saying all of them; had with facilitating authentic friendships or facilitat- some of them are great and amazing. But there ing friendships in general between students with ID/ are those few who just, you know, lower their DD and other nondisabled students: “She was very voice or change their tone and I would go as far as pushy with wanting to become friends with people, saying that I really do think some of the students almost to the stalker point. But this semester she’s see that. To see that they turn and talk with their much better about establishing a relationship first.” friends and then turn and talk with [our students] Mentors also spoke about their concerns for the and really change how they interact. So I think eating habits or weight challenges of the students that is challenging for me to see and I can imagine with ID/DD: it can be challenging for our students to see. It’s really hard for me to see some of the stu- Another student spoke about how other students in dents trying to control their eating. I don’t think the class treated one of the students with ID/DD: she understands that just because she had a really healthy lunch she can’t go out and have a huge In one student’s public speaking class, they were Ben and Jerry’s ice cream. taking a quiz, and it was a group quiz so they were able to work with other students. And I remember The parents. Mentors spoke about the challenges that the other students in her group were not want- they faced with the parents of the students they men- ing her input. tored. Comments ranged from issues related to home- work, to having unrealistic expectations, to being Several mentors talked about the role, beneficial or overprotective, to reliving their youth through their detrimental, that UVM faculty/instructors played in 20-year-old daughter. the academic life of a student with ID/DD: “[One pro- For example, Melissa shared: “There’s been in- fessor] just sort of said ‘Why is Mike in my class? He stances where it’s been fairly obvious that a parent doesn’t belong here.’ The mentor went on to say that has helped with Tracy’s homework. In fact, I asked she felt as if she had to demonstrate to the instructor Tracy, and she said her mother helped her, well, I why the student was in his class. mean wrote it for her.” Ann, another one of Tracy’s Another mentor talked about the role they played mentors echoed that theme: “Yeah, like we have one in connecting the instructor to the student: of the parents doing the student’s homework. That’s not cool.” That’s the hardest thing to do because I think in a A few mentors talked about other inappropriate lot of ways, some students or teachers will look or unconventional behaviors depicted by some of towards you to answer the questions or they’ll the parents. Some acted like "helicopter" mothers, talk to you as opposed to talking to the student and others wanting too personal relationships with and that’s a huge problem because that’s not what the mentors, talking about boyfriends, clothing, and it is, that’s not why we are there. We aren’t there weekend plans. to kind of interpret what the teacher is saying and The other undergraduate nondisabled students give it back to the student that we’re mentoring. and university faculty instructors. The mentors talked We aren’t the kind of mirror in between the two. about how some undergraduate students talk down to It’s awkward to be there and kind of have to de- the students with ID/DD as the following quote reveals: fine your role to someone else. I think the hardest challenge is seeing that [ma- Another mentor talked about having to redirect the triculated students] have that difficulty really ad- instructor to address his/her concerns directly to the equately communicating with the mentees and student with ID/DD: seeing that they kind of need to treat them in a dif- ferent light. I just see how they interact, especial- Journal of Postsecondary Education and Disability, 30(3) 291 It becomes kind of this tricky position of trying to tended participation in nonacademic activities, and direct the teacher back to the student’s response, the ability to walk at the university’s Commencement you know like, “let’s see what the student thinks,” ceremony. One mentor reflected: or “so what do you think of this?” Kind of prompt- ing the teacher to go back to the student so I feel I think one challenge is the amount of time the like as mentors we can I feel like it’s kind of like a students are on campus because as much as I have role where you’re the facilitator between both the friends in my classes, but I don’t necessarily hang student and the professor, to make sure the con- out with them outside of classes. I think that’s a nection is useful for both parties. hard jump to make because everyone who lives on campus has his or her own base of friends. And the There were times, the mentors shared, that instructors students with disabilities are here for only part of were too lenient with the students with ID/DD. For the day. So, if they want to hang out with someone example, Bill shared: they have to initiate it most likely. Which is hard for anyone to do, especially with past experience I can think of two instances where one [instruc- in high school and a lot of bullying experiences tor] has been extremely lenient and one has been that our students have. I didn’t understand at first, giving way too much time for assignments or way but the students with ID/DD do not formally grad- too many redos and way too much facilitation, uate, I mean they don’t get to walk on the stage. and others where they’re not sympathetic to their How sad is that for them and their families. learning needs at all. And those situations are very difficult to, I guess, to mentor because in the first Transformational Nature of the Peer Mentorship instance where the teacher was much too lenient, Experience I ended up creating my own little deadlines for Undergraduate students shared how the experi- the student. So sometimes you have to step in and ence of being a peer mentor for students with ID/DD put your own expectations on it. But there are, at their university caused them to be more collabo- in terms of the teacher not giving them enough rative. Some of the undergraduate student mentors time, or enough attention for what they need in spoke about how the experience of being a mentor the classroom, that’s something I think you have made them more compassionate, more considerate of to turn to the university as opposed to making the others, better students, and happier. One student ex- instances yourself because those times kind of re- pressed: “It helped me be a better student. I thought quire the Disability Support Service office or they if students with intellectual disabilities could work so require the teacher/program manager meetings. hard and accomplish so much, so could I!” Another mentor stated: The “systems.” As much as there were challeng- es with the students themselves, the parents, the other Being a mentor has taught me a lot about life nondisabled undergraduate students or faculty, there skills, interpersonal skills, and navigating cam- were also what seemed at times significant or insur- pus. It has made me more compassionate, taught mountable challenges with systems. For example, one acceptance and understanding. It has given me the particularly perceptive mentor seemed to suggest that most diverse group of friends I’ve ever had. Also the sending public high school did not adequately pre- it has helped me to realize something important pare students with ID/DD for the real world after high about myself and my interests and my ambitions. school, saying, “I don’t understand how high school grading occurred because at least one of my mentees The interviews revealed that some mentors changed just assumed they would get a good grade even if they their majors as a result of their experience as a mentor did not do the homework.” for a student with an ID/DD. In addition to changing Mentors also weighed in on the challenge that majors, mentors spoke about how their experience the certificate program the students with ID/DD were had made them change their minds about their chosen completing only gave the students nonmatriculated careers. One explained: status. This did not allow students to receive specif- ic benefits, such as the ability to live on campus, ex- 292 Ryan et al.; The Most Defining Experience I didn’t like my major. I hadn’t really gotten my tors functioned in a variety of roles including boundary feet on the ground. I was excited about being a setter, academic tutor, and friend; (b) mentors revealed mentor. Six semesters later this stands out as one the benefits they received and challenges they encoun- of the best decisions I have made for myself as a tered; and (c) mentors described how being a mentor college student. I realized that studying psychol- was transformational. The recurring themes emphasize ogy and linguistics probably wasn’t the path for the benefit and the transformative effect mentorships me. I changed my major because I decided that had for undergraduate students. The themes also sug- I would like to spend the rest of my life working gest implications for public schools, institutes of high- with folks with disabilities. er education, and further research. The effect that the mentorship experience had on A small number of undergraduates at this universi- the participants in this study was significant, trans- ty who served as mentors for students with ID/DD forming, and career altering. The sense of satisfaction shared that they would have quit college if it were not that they gained from being a part of the academic for their experience of being a mentor: and social successes of students with ID/DD was noteworthy. Our findings are consistent with the work My first year I did not know about the postsec- of Penner (2001); mentorship was an experience that ondary education program or really any clubs or fostered concern for “the other”. Being of service to communities where I would fit in. With only two another seemed to provide an enhancing experience friends and after a year of not finding that niche for the undergraduate mentors. The mentorship expe- I was ready to leave, ready to quit. It was not rience resulted in undergraduate students thinking of about the academics. I just never felt like I had others and developing an altruistic mindset. One ex- a place. When I applied [to be a mentor] I wasn’t traordinary finding was that the mentors returned year convinced that I would fit in a seemingly educa- after year to serve in their role. It was clear that they tion-related role as I was a neuroscience major. had found their work to be meaningful and reward- Two years later, I am still part of this mentorship ing. Other researchers (Ferrari, 2004; McLean, 2004) program that kept me from accepting my transfer report that being a peer mentor can result in positively offers from other institutions. It hasn’t just affect- influencing career choices, their persistence in higher ed me by helping me choose to stay at this univer- education, and achieving their goals in higher edu- sity. I now have a special education minor and am cation. The mentors in this current study confirm the doing my senior thesis on how disability affects results reported in other research students that did learning processes in the brain and how modify- not deal with mentorship of students with ID/DD. It ing educational practices can stimulate learning in would appear that the benefits of mentorship are con- affected students. sistent across various types of mentorship revealing that giving of oneself in service to another is a valu- Another student explained: able experience for undergraduates. In addition to the impact on undergraduate stu- Three years ago, I decided after a miserable first dents serving as peer mentors, this study revealed im- year of college to give this university one more plications for transition from public schools as well chance. I didn’t like my major, I hadn’t really as IHEs. PL 94-142 and its amendments require a gotten my feet on the ground and I didn’t have a great deal from public school special education ad- community. The only thing drawing me back to ministrators and educators. Through the eyes of the my sophomore year was this mentorship job. Oth- mentors who were interviewed, public schools had erwise, I would have quit. failed to foster high expectations, independence, trust and age appropriate social interaction skills. Holding Discussion students with disabilities accountable was something the mentors suggested should happen in high school. As reported in the findings section, data analysis Ensuring that students with ID/DD complete public revealed three themes that represented the mentors’ school possessing skills such as the ability to work experiences in supporting the needs of university stu- independently, come to class on time and prepared, dents with ID/DD. These themes included: (a) men- respect personal boundaries, and submit homework