Journal of Instructional Research | Volume 3 (2014) 64 Servant Leadership Theory and the Emergency Services Student Eric James Russell This present case study explores the influence a servant leadership class had on a group of emergency service students’ un- derstanding of the roles and characteristics of a leader. The setting for the study was a state university in the Western United States. The six participants were undergraduate emergency services majors that underwent a 15-week servant leadership class. After completing the 15-week class, the six participants demonstrated a shift in their understanding of leadership based on their responses collected from pre-tests and post-tests. The findings of the study demonstrated that the students’ under- standing of the roles and characteristics of a leader was more aligned with servant leadership attributes after the 15-week class. As such, this study’s findings add to the existing body of knowledge associated with servant leadership pedagogy within emergency service academia. This qualitative case study explores how par- were not in contact with one another, nor did they ticipating in a 15-week undergraduate class on ser- attend a physical or virtual class. The course was vant leadership influenced the emergency services offered as a three-credit emergency service elective students’ understanding of the roles and character- for emergency services majors needing upper-divi- istics of a leader. The central question that guided sion credits. Seven students needing upper division this study asked how a course on servant leader- credits enrolled in the course before the semester ship could influence student understanding of began. By the end of the course, six students com- leadership; specifically, would their understanding pleted the coursework; the seventh never contacted align more with servant leadership? The dialogue the instructor and did not pass the course. that drove such a desire to understand this phe- The course itself was designed as an indepen- nomenon was that the emergency services student dent study servant leadership course, modeled after might be an emergency services leader in the future Palmer’s (1993) argument of immersing learners (Kirschman, 2004; Sargent, 2006). Many emer- into a theory or subject so they can discover knowl- gency services professionals come to their careers edge on their own. Learners read required materials through academic training and education; therefore, pertaining to servant leadership and were encour- what they experience within their academic journey aged to explore the theory on their own, keeping will likely go with them into their career. an electronic journal throughout the course. At the The purpose of this study was to explore wheth- beginning of the course, students were asked to er servant leadership coursework could influence complete a questionnaire designed to glean their student understanding and thus shape their world- understanding of the roles and characteristics of a view regarding leadership (Lueddeke, 2003). This leader. The instructor sent the questionnaires via study involved researching the writings of six emer- email to each student; their answers to the question- gency services students that participated in an inde- naires became their first journal entry. Throughout pendent study special topics course focusing on ser- the course, each student read from servant leader- vant leadership. Each student that enrolled in this ship works such as Servant-Leadership: A Journey special topics course learned independently. They into the Nature of Legitimate Power and Greatness GRAND CANYON UNIVERSITY Russell 65 by Greenleaf (1977/2002). In week 15 of the course, (2002), as well as other authors, the research per- the students answered a post-course questionnaire taining to servant leadership began to focus on the that asked the same questions as the pre-course development of research models and instruments. questionnaire. The post-hoc questionnaires became Laub (1999) created one of the first research tools the data used to build this case study. to study servant leadership known as the Organiza- tional Leadership Assessment Instrument (OLA). BACKGROUND Developed through a Delphi study, the OLA be- Servant leadership derived from the work of came a sought after instrument to assess the pres- Greenleaf (1970), who argued that the true leader ence and amount of servant leadership in organiza- is one who seeks to serve and who works to ensure tions (Laub, 1999). Since publication, the OLA has the needs of others within an organization, regard- led to dozens of published dissertations and theses less of type or size, are met. Neuschel (1998) de- (Laub, 2011). scribed this idea as a leader’s attempt to become Although the field of servant leadership re- the leader that they wished to follow, one who in- search continues to grow, there is a limited amount spires (De Pree, 1997) and is a person others trust of existing qualitative research in this area of study, (Bennis & Townsend, 1997; Greenleaf, 1970). The as the majority of studies on the topic have been idea of the servant leader comes from within one’s quantitative in nature (Winston, 2010). Though self. It includes the desire to be an effective leader quantitative studies are beneficial, Winston (2010) that lives one’s life the same as one leads, as an iterated that more qualitative studies are needed to ethical servant to others (McGee-Cooper, Tram- develop a detailed understanding of the specific ele- mell, & Lau, 1990). Greenleaf (1977/2002) argued ments pertaining to servant leaders and leadership. that a leader is most effective when the desire to The use of a qualitative methodology in servant serve is the highest. leadership research can give insight into what ser- vant leadership means (Winston, 2010). Because of SERVANT LEADERSHIP this reason, qualitative methodology gives a voice For more than two decades, servant leadership to the participant’s experience (Camic, Rhodes, & remained an untested theory that lacked empirical Yardley, 2003). evidence and research. Writing on the subject of servant leadership was primarily anecdotal. How- SERVANT LEADERSHIP RESEARCH IN EDUCATION ever, as Wheatley (2006) noted, leadership is in The role of the teacher is the embodiment of fact a science and therefore demands study. Farling, servant leadership (Bowman, 2005; Crippen, 2006; Stone, and Winston (1999) agreed and put forth the Hays, 2008; Herman & Marlow, 2005). Herman argument that this situation needed to change and and Marlowe (2005) discussed the importance of called for servant leadership-focused research. this concept in the educational setting and that the Qualitative and quantitative research on ser- practice of servant leadership leads to greater aca- vant leadership emerged around the time Farling demic achievement. Furthermore, Bowman (2005) et al. (1999) published their work. Page and Wong discussed the role of teacher-servant leader being one (2000) saw the need for empirical work on the sub- that removes roadblocks in order to ensure that learn- ject as did Russell and Stone (2002), who argued ing is taking place in its fullest capacity. This role that there was a lack of empirical servant leader- emerges from Greenleaf’s (1970) idea that the whole ship research, and established, through secondary is more than simply the combination of the parts. research, a qualitative measurement model. The Writing specifically on education and the prac- field of servant leadership research was beginning tice of servant leadership, Greenleaf (1977/ 2002) to grow and groundbreaking works involving the discussed the idea that educational institutions, characteristics of the servant leader (Spears, 2010) faculty, and administrators need to be servants to and the constructs of servant leadership (Patterson, academia, as well as to those that seek an educa- 2003) would develop the foundation on which fu- tion. Greenleaf (1977/2002) considered both teach- ture studies could build upon. ing and learning to be important art forms where With a call for more research from Farling et al. the servant leader can only enhance outcomes and (1999), Page and Wong (2000), Russell and Stone satisfaction. This argument was empirically tested GRAND CANYON UNIVERSITY Journal of Instructional Research | Volume 3 (2014) 66 in Anderson’s (2006) research, which found that (2010) researched servant leadership and its ability a servant leader had a positive impact on the ac- to change an academic environment and revealed ademic environment. The reason for this, as Ren that the practice of servant leadership leads to posi- (2010) noted, is that “Servant leadership definitely tive changes within an educational institution. reduces the distance between us as leaders and In order for servant leadership to be valid in those we desire to influence, our students” (p. 10). academia, there is a need for empirical studies to Empirical research pertaining to servant lead- validate its effect. The desire to serve exists within ership exists in academia; however, it is somewhat an individual’s core (Greenleaf, 1970); however, limited and often focuses on the academic institu- one cannot simply go forth and practice servant tion. According to Crippen (2006), there is a need for leadership without understanding the theory and more servant leadership research involving educa- what it means to be a servant leader (Quay, 1997). tion. Crippen (2006) argued, “The body of research It is a pitfall to assume an understanding exists be- related to servant-leadership in educational organi- cause one possesses an innate desire to serve others zations is small, much of the proceeding information (Frick, 2009). That innate desire to serve needs to about servant-leadership has come from the world of be cultivated. To avoid such an assumption, there business” (p. 17). In the last decade, studies emerged is a need to understand through research how indi- regarding servant leadership and academia, but these viduals perceive leaders and leadership in general. studies mostly focus on the same issues in terms of Furthermore, there is a need to know whether ex- the leadership of the institution. posing individuals to servant leadership theory can In a study involving school climate and culture, change their perception of leaders and leadership. Lambert (2004) studied the correlation between The desire to serve does not qualify an individual servant leadership practices of school principals as a servant leader, but rather, establishes a path- and school success. Lambert (2004) concluded way for an individual to receive an education on the a direct relationship between servant leadership subject matter, thus developing the individual into qualities, a positive learning environment, and the a servant leader. overall success of schools. Lambert’s (2004) re- Research exists pertaining to the impact a ser- search found that servant leaders had the ability vant leader has on learners in terms of how a teach- to create positive learning cultures, regardless of er identified as a servant leader can affect learn- cultural factors. Miears’s (2004) research involved ing outcomes (Anderson, 2008); however, existing the relationship between servant leadership and research does not address whether students under- overall job satisfaction within an academic orga- stand what a servant leader is. Barnabas, Anbarasu, nization. The work revealed a direct relationship and Clifford (2010) argued for a student awareness between the perception of servant leadership and of servant leadership theory. Nevertheless, if aca- the retention of teachers; the higher perception of demia desires students to become servant leaders, servant leadership correlated to higher satisfaction then there is a need for more than a simple aware- of faculty. ness of the subject matter. To cultivate servant lead- Similar studies such as Hannigan (2008) re- ers in academia, servant leadership needs to grow searched servant leadership within a community into an academic discipline. college system and found a relationship between Academic disciplines influence students’ a lack of servant leadership traits and institutional worldviews and drive a specific approach towards achievement. Coincidently, the finding revealed this society. These disciplines develop based upon re- same institution was not reaching its abilities and search (Lueddeke, 2003). A power exists in aca- faltering in its role thus supporting earlier empiri- demic disciplines and disciplinary functions that cal findings of Lambert (2004) and Miears (2004). possess the ability to construct specific thinking Murray (2008) researched the possibilities that and approaches (Downing, 2004). For example, servant leadership practices can enact change in in the case of women’s studies, the expansion of an educational environment and improve relation- the discipline through research fostered an angle ships. The work found that service before self, an associated with specific traits, driving the field of ability to persuade, and belief in mentoring led to study into a powerful academic practice (Brown, positive changes and outcomes in academia. Black 2003). This was also the case with Black studies GRAND CANYON UNIVERSITY Russell 67 as Rojas (2007) discussed. This is the reason for Table 1: Pre- and Post-Coursework Comparison: exploring servant leadership’s influence on an indi- Themes and Theme Descriptions vidual’s understanding of the roles and characteris- Theme Theme Description tics of a leader, thus, persuading learners towards Values people By believing in people the practice of servant leadership by influencing By serving others’ needs before his or her own their worldview (Lueddeke, 2003). Understand- By receptive, non-judgmental listening ing how servant leadership coursework influences Develops people By providing opportunities for learning and growth a person’s understanding creates the possibility of By modeling appropriate behavior By building up others through encouragement changing the approach and practices of developing and affirmation future leaders within emergency service academia. Builds community By building strong personal relationships By working collaboratively with others METHODS By valuing the differences of others This research study took place at a state Displays authenticity By being open and accountable to others By a willingness to learn from others university located in a Western state. The sample By maintaining integrity and trust consisted of six undergraduate emergency services Provides leadership By envisioning the future majors that took part in the servant leadership By taking initiative course; all six consented to being a part of this By clarifying goals study. The participant’s age ranged from 20-45 Shares leadership By facilitating a shared vision By sharing power and releasing control with four being female and two being male. The By sharing status and promoting others level of education of the participants ranged from Note: Derived from Laub (1999). college sophomore to college senior. To protect the identity of the participants, each were designated The researcher, using a hand-coding process, with the letter P and then a correlating number, 1-6. color-coded the answers in each participant’s pre- The pre-course questionnaires were designated and post-coursework questionnaires to the six PreCQ and the post-course questionnaires were predetermined themes based upon Laub’s (1999) designated PostCQ and then a correlating number work. In this step, the researcher analyzed the par- to the specific question. ticipant’s pre- and post-coursework questionnaires, To conduct this qualitative case study, the re- color-coding specific writings that matched the searcher utilized a pattern matching analytic tech- themes. Finally, the researcher developed a pre- nique based upon the pre- and post-coursework and post-coursework comparable based upon the answers of the study’s participants (Yin, 2009). To six individual themes in order to present and inter- analyze the data, the researcher developed a pre- pret the findings. and post-coursework comparison utilizing a sys- tematic, hierarchical approach (Stake, 1995). The RESULTS data analysis began with the researcher organizing The participants of the study answered pre- and preparing the data for analysis, removing any and post-course questionnaires regarding the roles personal identifiers of each of the participants, and and characteristics of a leader. The specific ques- then reading the student’s pre- and post-course- tions asked in the pre-course questionnaire and work questionnaires to become familiar with the post-course questionnaire included, “What is the data. Next, the researcher organized six predeter- role of a leader?” and “What characteristics do mined themes based upon Laub’s (1999) work, The great leaders have?” For example, P1 understood Servant Leader. Within each of the six definitions the role of a leader pre coursework as “helps others of a servant leader, Laub (1999) created three state- recognize the strength they have inside, and how ments that made up each theme; see Table 1. to use that strength.” However, post coursework, P1 understood the role of a leader as one who will “fulfill the needs of those they serve.” Another ex- ample would be, when writing on the character- istics of a leader pre coursework, P4 stated that a leader “will do whatever they have to do to suc- ceed.” This understanding of the characteristics of GRAND CANYON UNIVERSITY Journal of Instructional Research | Volume 3 (2014) 68 a leader changed when P4 wrote post coursework, an active process where you engage and care about “When a leader can love those he serves, then there the concerns of others” (P3); “taking time for others is the ability to become a great leader.” The pre- along with investing real concern” (P3); “serves and and post-coursework comparatives are presented puts himself last, others first” (P4); “listening skills as individual themes, each with specific examples and communication skills” (P4); “take others with from the participants’ questionnaires. him” (P5); “ability to communicate” (P5); and “lead through service (P6). VALUES PEOPLE This is the first of the six comparative themes for DEVELOPS PEOPLE the pre- and post-coursework comparison. Within This is the second of the six comparative the theme of values people, there were three areas. themes for the pre- and post-coursework compar- The three areas were “by believing in people,” “by ison. Within the theme of develops people, there serving others needs before his or her own,” and were three areas. The three areas were “by provid- “by receptive, non-judgmental listening” (Laub, ing opportunities for learning and growth,” “by 1999, p. 49). modeling appropriate behavior,” and “by building In the pre-coursework questionnaire, five of up others through encouragement and affirmation” the six participants (P1, P2, P3, P4, and P6) when (Laub, 1999, p. 49). asked about the roles and characteristics of a leader In the pre-coursework questionnaire, two par- had comparative writings to Laub’s (1999) concept ticipants (P1 and P2) when asked about the roles and of values people. In each of their pre-coursework characteristics of a leader had comparative writings writings, P1, P2, P3, P4, and P6 had comparative to Laub’s (1999) notion of develops people. In each phrases in this theme. The following were phrases of their pre-coursework writings, P1 and P2 had used by each participant pre coursework: “needs of comparative phrases in this theme. The following others” (P1); “sensitive to the needs of others” (P1); were phrases used by each participant pre course- “provide relief where it is needed (P1); “happiness work: “teaching those that they lead” (P1); “enables comes when they help other people” (P1); “dedica- individuals to become successful” (P1); “teach by tion to service” (P2); “leaders should serve more example” (P1); “teach others how to do things for than they are served” (P3); “no better way to be a themselves” (P1); “teach, support, and encourage” leader or set an example than serving” (P3); “con- (P2); “offer council and encouragement” (P2); “pro- stant service to themselves and others” (P6); “lis- motes growth, encouragement, and confidence” ten to others” (P1); “listen to their peers” (P2); “be- (P2); and teaching by example” (P2). ing able to communicate effectively is key” (P3), In the post-coursework questionnaire, all six “know how to TRULY listen” (P3); “good commu- participants (P1, P2, P3, P4, P5, and P6) when nicator” (P4); and “listens to what others have to asked about the roles and characteristics of a leader say” (P4). had comparative writings to Laub’s (1999) concept In the post-coursework questionnaire, all six of develops people. In each of their post-course- participants (P1, P2, P3, P4, P5, and P6) when asked work writings, all six participants had comparative about the roles and characteristics of a leader had phrases in this theme. The following were phrases comparative writings to Laub’s (1999) concept of used by each participant post coursework: “helping values people. In each of their post-coursework followers to learn and grow” (P1); “serving people writings, all six participants had comparative phras- so they can grow, serving an organization so it can es in this theme. The following were phrases used be more effective” (P1); “encourage, support and by each participant post-coursework: “fulfill the care” (P2); “great concern for others” (P3); “fol- needs of those they serve” (P1); “an aspect of char- lowers to be all that they can be” (P4); “leads by ex- ity involves a lenient judgment of others (P1); “be ample” (P4); “a person who has morals and values” a servant and a guide” (P2); “listener” (P2); “rec- (P4); “to teach” (P5); “offers freedoms; freedom to ognize the needs of others” (P2); “excellent listen- be creative, freedom to express concerns without ing and communication skills” (P2); “listens to the the fear of being reprimanded” (P5); and “driving comments and concerns” (P2); “is a servant leader” attributes” (P6). (P3); “does extraordinary service” (P3); “listening is GRAND CANYON UNIVERSITY Russell 69 BUILDS COMMUNITY In the pre-coursework questionnaire, four par- Laub’s (1999) concept of builds community ticipants (P1, P2, P4, and P6) when asked about the is the third of the six comparative themes for the roles and characteristics of a leader had compara- pre- and post-coursework comparison. Within the tive writings to Laub’s (1999) displays authenticity. theme of building community, there were three ar- In each of their pre-coursework writings, P1, P2, P4, eas. The three areas were “by building strong per- and P6 had comparative phrases in this theme. The sonal relationships,” “by working collaboratively following were phrases used by each participant pre with others,” and “by valuing the differences of coursework: “learn to take advice” (P1); “integrity others” (Laub, 1999, p. 50). In the pre-coursework is especially important as it builds trust” (P2); “mu- questionnaire, three participants (P1, P2, and P4), tual trust” (P2); “take constructive criticism” (P2); when asked about the roles and characteristics of a “high values and integrity” (P4); “trusted and trusts leader, had comparative writings to Laub’s (1999) others” (P4); “honesty and trustworthy” (P4); and notion of builds community. In each of their pre- “integrity with themselves” (P6). coursework writings, P1, P2, and P4 had compara- In the post-coursework questionnaire, all six tive phrases in this theme. The following were participants (P1, P2, P3, P4, P5, and P6), when phrases used by each participant pre coursework: asked about the roles and characteristics of a leader, “different people have different challenges” (P1); had comparative writings to Laub’s (1999) theme of “understands that an organization is stronger when displays authenticity. In each of their post-course- everyone works together” (P2); and “creating a work writings, all six participants had comparative team atmosphere” (P4). phrases in this theme. The following were phrases In the post-coursework questionnaire, all six used by each participant post coursework: “genu- participants (P1, P2, P3, P4, P5, and P6) when inely care about their well-being” (P1); “respect- asked about the roles and characteristics of a leader ful to all those they come into contact with” (P2); had comparative writings to Laub’s (1999) builds “welfare of those around” (P2); “trust and rely on” community. In each of their post-coursework writ- (P3); “trusted and trusts others” (P4); “trustwor- ings, all six participants had comparative phrases thy individuals” (P5); “has personal responsibility” in this theme. The following were phrases used (P6); and “along with trust” (P6). by each participant post coursework: “success of the organization is dependent upon the success of PROVIDES LEADERSHIP those within that organization” (P1); “improving Provides leadership is the fifth of the six com- community and business relations is to improve the parative themes for the pre- and post-coursework lives of the people” (P2); “time, effort, and dedi- comparison. Within the theme of provides leader- cation into their organization and those within it ship, there were three areas. The three areas were and around it” (P2); “make a difference in help- “by envisioning the future,” “by taking initiative,” ing” (P3); “know the people that they work with” and “by clarifying goals” (Laub, 1999, p. 51). (P4); “include everyone and give everyone in a In the pre-coursework questionnaire, two par- group chances to be a part of things” (P4); “create ticipants (P2 and P4) when asked about the roles a solid foundation not for themselves but for the and characteristics of a leader had comparative whole community” (P5); and “be their servant and writings to Laub’s (1999) provides leadership. In empowering the party” (P6). each of their pre-coursework writings, P2 and P4 had comparative phrases in this theme. The fol- DEVELOPS AUTHENTICITY lowing were phrases used by each participant pre This is the fourth of the six comparative themes coursework: “believe in the goals and the mission for the pre- and post-coursework comparison. the organization is trying to promote” (P2); “a suc- Within the theme of develops authenticity, there cessful leader is creative” (P4); and “set goals and were three areas. The three areas include “by being knows how to facilitate bringing those goals to open and accountable to others,” “by a willingness completion” (P4). to learn from others,” and “by maintaining integ- In the post-coursework questionnaire, all six rity and trust” (Laub, 1999, p. 50). participants (P1, P2, P3, P4, P5, and P6) when asked about the roles and characteristics of a leader GRAND CANYON UNIVERSITY Journal of Instructional Research | Volume 3 (2014) 70 had comparative writings to Laub’s (1999) provides sure that the path to success is always wide and leadership. In each of their post-coursework writ- straight enough for others to follow” (P5); and “em- ings, all six participants had comparative phrases powering those whom are being served” (P6). in this theme. The following were phrases used by each participant post coursework: “help their fol- DISCUSSION lowers see that potential in themselves” (P1); “rec- Participants in this case study underwent a 15- ognizes opportunities” (P2); “more than just taking week independent study course that focused on control of a situation or ordering people around” servant leadership. The results of the data analysis (P3); “provide a vision” (P4); “knows how to set converged to answer the central question that asked goals and has the ability and creativity to achieve how a course on servant leadership might influ- them” (P4); “provide ideas” (P5); and “visionary ence student understanding of leadership; specifi- for the followers” (P6). cally, would their understanding align more with servant leadership? At the beginning of the class, SHARES LEADERSHIP each participant completed a pre-course question- Shares leadership is the sixth and final com- naire in which they were asked to write regard- parative theme for the pre- and post-coursework ing the roles of a leader. Each student had various comparison. Within the theme of shares leader- interpretations of the roles of a leader. There was ship, there were three areas. The three areas were one commonality of the role of a leader across all “by facilitating a shared vision,” “by sharing power participants that compared to servant leadership, and releasing control,” and “by sharing status and which was to meet the needs of others, a specific promoting others” (Laub, 1999, p. 51). theme description within Laub’s (1999) concept of In the pre-coursework questionnaire, two par- develops people. When asked at the beginning of ticipants (P2 and P4) when asked about the roles the course, what characteristics great leaders have, and characteristics of a leader had comparative again, each participant had multiple interpretations. writings to Laub’s (1999) shares leadership. In each A common pre-coursework characteristic that ev- of their pre-coursework writings, P2 and P4 had ery participant listed was serves others; a specific comparative phrases in this theme. The following theme description within Laub’s (1999) notion of were phrases used by each participant pre course- values people. Each participant demonstrated some work: “share the knowledge” (P2); “empowers, in- pre-coursework similarities to the different themes; spires, and energizes” (P4); “has a vision of where however, only P2 showed pre-coursework similari- they see their company going and has the ability to ties to all six of the themes derived from Laub’s share that vision with others” (P4); “knows how to (1999) work. prioritize and delegate responsibility when needed At the end of the class, students again com- and gives others an opportunity to be leaders and pleted a questionnaire that explored the same ques- take responsibility” (P4); and “want to hear what tions. In the post-coursework writings, there were others have to say” (P4). similarities in each of the six participant’s writings In the post-coursework questionnaire, all six to all six themes within Laub’s (1999) work. P2’s participants (P1, P2, P3, P4, P5, and P6) when definitions were aligned with Laub’s (1999) work asked about the roles and characteristics of a leader from the outset, and P1 and P4 were moderately had comparative writings to Laub’s (1999) shares aligned as well. This demonstrates that these three leadership. In each of their post-coursework writ- participants came to the course with a paradigm of ings, all six participants had comparative phrases service consistent with Greenleaf’s (1970) desire to in this theme. The following were words and phras- serve. Each participant’s post-coursework writings es used by each participant post coursework: “see on the roles and characteristics of a leader reflected their potential” (P1); “shares the knowledge” (P2); similar characteristics to all six of the themes de- “delegation” (P3); “geared at making their lives rived from Laub’s (1999) work. This implication better” (P3); “help others see that vision” (P4); “vi- seems to support Lueddeke’s (2003) claim that ac- sionary, creative, and innovative” (P4); “listens to ademia can shape worldview. For this study, it is input from others and takes everything into consid- one’s worldview of leadership. eration” (P4); “never lonely at the top” (P5); “make GRAND CANYON UNIVERSITY Russell 71 The findings of this study seem to demonstrate References that undergoing a course on servant leadership in- fluenced student understanding of leadership to Anderson, J. (2006). Servant leadership in public schools: A case study. align more with servant leadership. Introducing (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from ProQuest Dissertation and future emergency service responders to the theory Theses Database. (UMI No. 3242054) of servant leadership while they are still students Anderson, M. (2008). 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Yardley (Eds.), Qualitative research in psychology: the emergency services; moreover, there seems to Expanding perspectives in methodology and design (pp. 3-15). Wash- be a relationship between servant leadership and ington, D.C.: American Psychological Association. the emergency services. Carter, H. (2007). Approaches to leadership: The application of theory to the The limitations of this study were the sample development of a fire service-specific leadership style. International size, and that the participants were full-time under- Fire Service Journal of Leadership and Management, 1(1), 27-37. graduate college students majoring in emergency Crippen, C. (2006). Servant-leadership: First to serve, then to lead. Interna- services who had never served as emergency ser- tional Journal of Learning, 13(1), 13-18. vices professionals. Therefore, none of the partici- pants overtly connected servant leadership with De Pree, M., (1997). Leading without power: Finding hope in serving com- the emergency services, thus the need for future munity. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass. studies. A future recommendation for research in- Downing, D. (2004). Theorizing the discipline and the disciplining of theory. In volves repeating this study with agency-affiliated Di Leo, J. (Ed.), On anthologies: Politics and pedagogy (pp. 129-150). emergency services professionals to explore how Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press. they connect servant leadership to the emergen- Farling, M., Stone, A., & Winston, B. (1999). Servant leadership: Setting the cy services leader. Another recommendation is a stage for empirical Research. The Journal of Leadership & Organiza- longitudinal study involving the participants once tional Studies, 6(1), 49–72. they have graduated the program and entered into Frick, D. (2009). Implementing servant leadership: Stories from the field. La the career field. Crosse, WI: Viterbo University. Greenleaf, R. (1970). The servant as a leader. Indianapolis, IN: Greenleaf Center. Greenleaf, R. (2002). Servant-leadership: A journey into the nature of legitimate power and greatness. Mahwah, NJ: Paulist Press. (Original work published 1977) GRAND CANYON UNIVERSITY Journal of Instructional Research | Volume 3 (2014) 72 Hannigan, J. (2008). Leadership in higher education: An investiga- Patterson, K. (2003). Servant leadership: A theoretical model. (Doctoral tion of servant leadership as a predictor of college performance. dissertation). Retrieved from ProQuest Dissertation and Theses (Doctoral dissertation).Retrieved from ProQuest Dissertation and Database. (UMI No. 3082719) Theses Database. (UMI No. 3296726) Ren, X. (2010). How to practice servant leadership. Studies in Litera- Hays, J. (2008). Teacher as servant: Applications of Greenleaf’s ser- ture and Language, 1(1), 7-10. vant leadership in higher education. Journal of Global Business Rojas, F. (2007). From Black power to Black studies. Baltimore, MD: Issues, 2(1), 113-134. John Hopkins University Press. Herman, D., & Marlowe, M. (2005). Modeling meaning in life: The Russell, R., & Stone, A. (2002). A review of servant leadership at- teacher as servant leader. Reclaiming Children & Youth, 14(3), tributes: Developing a practical model. Leadership & Organization 175-178. Development Journal, 23(3/4), 145-157. Kirschman, E. (2004). I love a firefighter: What every family needs to Sargent, C. (2006). From buddy to boss: Effective fire service leader- know. New York, NY: Guilford Press. ship. Tulsa, OK: PennWell. Lambert, W. (2004). Servant leadership qualities of principals, organi- Smoke, C. (2010). Company officer. Clifton Park, NY: Delmar. zational climate, and student achievement: A correlational study. Spears, L. (2010). Servant leadership and Robert K. Greenleaf’s (Doctoral dissertation).Retrieved from ProQuest Dissertation and Legacy. In K. Patterson & D. van Dierendonck (Eds.), Servant Theses Database. (UMI No.3165799) leadership: Developments in theory and research (pp. 11-24). Laub, J. (1999). Assessing the servant organization: Development of New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan. the servant organizational leadership assessment (SOLA) instru- Stake, R. (1995). The art of case study research. Thousand Oaks, ment. (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from ProQuest Disserta- California: Sage Publications. tion and Theses Database. (UMI No. 9921922) Wheatley, M. (2006). Leadership and the new science. San Francisco: Laub, J. (2011). Dissertations/theses. Retrieved from http://www. Berret-Koeler. olagroup.com/Display.asp?page=dissertations_theses Winston, B. (2010). A place for qualitative research methods in the Lueddeke, G. (2003). Professionalizing teaching practice in higher edu- study of servant leadership. In K. Patterson & D. van Dierendonck cation: A study of disciplinary variation and teaching-scholarship. (Eds.), Servant leadership: Developments in theory and research Studies in Higher Education, 28(2), 213-228. (180-191). New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan. McGee-Cooper, A., Trammell, D., & Lau, B. (1990). You don’t have Yin, R. (2009). Case study research: Design and method. Thousand to go home from work exhausted: The energy engineering ap- Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. proach. Dallas, TX: Bowen & Rogers. Miears, L. (2004). Servant-leadership and job satisfaction: A correla- Author Biography tional study in Texas Education Agency Region X public schools. (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from ProQuest Dissertation and Dr. Eric James Russell is an assistant professor Theses Database. (UMI No.3148083) with Utah Valley University’s Department of Emer- Mills, C. (2000). The sociological imagination. New York, NY: Oxford. gency Services. Eric retired early from the Department (Original work published 1959) of the Air Force Fire and Emergency Services as a Murray, C. (2008). The transformative essence of servant-leadership Captain, his service consisted of both active duty mili- in the higher education environment: A case study. (Doctoral tary and civil service as a Crash-Rescue-Firefighter. dissertation). Retrieved from ProQuest Dissertation and Theses Eric holds a Doctorate of Education in Organizational Database. (UMI No.3310701) Leadership and a Master of Science in Executive Fire Service Leadership from Grand Canyon University. Neuschel, R. (1998). The servant leader: unleashing the power of your Eric’s research and writing involves servant leader- people. East Lansing, MI: Vision Sports Management Group. ship within the fire and emergency services. Eric also Page, D., & Wong, T. (2000). A conceptual framework for measuring serves as a consultant to Aircraft Rescue Fire Fighting servant-leadership. In S.B.-S.K. Adjiboloss (Ed.), The human fac- (ARFF) organizations and also writes and speaks on tor in shaping the course of history and development (pp. 69-110). aviation fire and emergency services leadership and Lanham, MD: Rowan & Littlefield. operational issues. Eric and his wife Jamie live in Salt Palmer, P. (1993). To know as we are known: Education as a spiritual Lake City, UT. journey. San Francisco, CA: HarperCollins. GRAND CANYON UNIVERSITY