Arizona R A LL G E R V A O D + E D Acknowledgments StAteS State education agencies remain our most important partners in this effort, and their gracious cooperation has helped to ensure the factual accuracy of the final product. Every state formally received a draft of the Yearbook in July 2011 for comment and correction; states also received a final draft of their reports a month prior to release. All but one state responded to our inquiries. While states do not always agree with the recommendations, their willingness to acknowledge the imperfections of their teacher policies is an important first step toward reform. We also thank the many state pension boards that reviewed our drafts and responded to our inquiries. FunDerS The primary funders for the 2011 Yearbook were: n Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation n Gleason Family Foundation n Carnegie Corporation of New York n The Joyce Foundation n George Gund Foundation The National Council on Teacher Quality does not accept any direct funding from the federal government. StAFF Sandi Jacobs, Project Director Sarah Brody, Project Assistant Kathryn M. Doherty, Special Contributor Kelli Michele, Lead Researcher Meagan Staffiere Comb, Trisha M. Madden and Stephanie T. Maltz, Researchers Thank you to the team at CPS Gumpert for their design of the 2011 Yearbook. Thanks also to Colleen Hale and Jeff Hale at EFA Solutions for the original Yearbook design and ongoing technical support. Executive Summary For five years running, the National Council on Teacher Quality (NCTQ) has tracked states’ teacher poli- cies, preparing a detailed and thorough compendium of teacher policy in the United States on topics related to teacher preparation, licensure, evaluation, career advancement, tenure, compensation, pen- sions and dismissal. The 2011 State Teacher Policy Yearbook includes NCTQ’s biennial, full review of the state laws, rules and regulations that govern the teaching profession. This year’s report measures state progress against a set of 36 policy goals focused on helping states put in place a comprehensive framework in support of preparing, retaining and rewarding effective teachers. For the first time, the Yearbook includes a progress rating for states on goals that have been measured over time. An overall progress ranking is also included, showing how states compare to each other in moving forward on their teacher policies. Arizona at a Glance D+ Overall 2011 Yearbook Grade: overall 2009 yearbook Grade: D+ Area Grades 2011 2009 Area 1 Delivering Well Prepared Teachers D- D Area 2 Expanding the Teaching Pool D+ C- Area 3 Identifying Effective Teachers D+ D Area 4 Retaining Effective Teachers D+ D+ Area 5 Exiting Ineffective Teachers D+ C- Overall Progress Progress 20th ranking among states Amount of progress Moderate compared to other states Highlights from recent progress in Arizona include: n Evidence of student learning in teacher evaluations n Broad usage and providers of alternative certification NCTQ STaTe TeaCher poliCy yearbook 2011 : 1 ArizonA How is Arizona Faring? Area 1 Delivering Well Prepared Teachers D- Policy Strengths n All new teachers must pass a pedagogy test. Policy Weaknesses n Middle school teachers are allowed to teach on a K-8 n Teacher candidates are not required to pass a test of generalist license. academic proficiency as a criterion for admission to n Not all secondary teachers must pass a content test to teacher preparation programs. teach a core subject area, and some secondary science n Elementary teachers are not adequately prepared and social studies teachers are not required to pass to teach the rigorous content associated with the content tests for each discipline they intend to teach. Common Core Standards. n The state offers a K-12 special education certification. n Preparation programs are not required to address the n Requirements for teacher preparation do not ensure a science of reading, and candidates are not required to high-quality student teaching experience. pass a test to ensure knowledge. n Neither teacher preparation program nor licensure test n The teacher preparation program approval process does not hold programs accountable for the quality of requirements ensure that new elementary teachers are the teachers they produce. adequately prepared to teach mathematics. Area 2 Expanding the Pool of Teachers D+ Policy Strengths n There are no restrictions on alternate route usage or n Admission requirements for alternate routes to providers. certification include evidence of subject-matter knowledge and offer flexibility for nontraditional candidates. Policy Weaknesses n Out-of-state teachers are not required to meet the n Alternate route preparation is not streamlined or state’s testing requirements, and there are additional geared toward the immediate needs of new teachers. obstacles that do not support licensure reciprocity. n The state does not offer a license with minimal requirements that would allow content experts to teach part time. 2 : NCTQ STaTe TeaCher poliCy yearbook 2011 ArizonA How is Arizona Faring? Area 3 Identifying Effective Teachers D+ Policy Strengths n Although it is not the preponderant criterion, n All teachers must be evaluated annually. objective evidence of student learning is a significant component of teacher evaluations. Policy Weaknesses n Licensure advancement and renewal are not based on n The state data system does not have the capacity to teacher effectiveness. provide evidence of teacher effectiveness. n No school-level data are reported that can help n Tenure decisions are not connected to evidence of support the equitable distribution of teacher talent. teacher effectiveness. Area 4 Retaining Effective Teachers D+ Policy Strengths n Teachers can receive performance pay. n Districts are given full authority for how teachers are n Teachers vest immediately in their pension plans. paid, although they are not discouraged from basing salary schedules solely on years of experience and advanced degrees. Policy Weaknesses n Teachers are only offered a defined benefit pension n All new teachers do not receive mentoring or other plan as their mandatory pension plan. induction support. n The pension system for teachers is slightly n Professional development is not aligned with findings underfunded and requires excessive contributions. from teachers’ evaluations. n Retirement benefits are determined by a formula that n The state does not support additional compensation is not neutral, meaning that pension wealth does not for relevant prior work experience or for working in accumulate uniformly for each year a teacher works. high-need schools or shortage subject areas. Area 5 Exiting Ineffective Teachers D+ Policy Strengths n A last hired, first fired layoff policy during reductions in n The state has taken steps to make ineffective force is prohibited. classroom performance grounds for dismissal. Policy Weaknesses n Tenured teachers who are dismissed have multiple n Teachers can teach for one year on emergency opportunities to appeal. certificates, which can be reissued an unspecified n Performance is not considered in determining which number of times. teachers to lay off during reductions in force. n There is no assurance that teachers who receive unsatisfactory evaluations will be placed on structured improvement plans or that they will be eligible for dismissal if they fail to improve. NCTQ STaTe TeaCher poliCy yearbook 2011 : 3 ArizonA Arizona Goal Summary Goal Breakdown Best Practice 0 Area 3: Identifying Effective Teachers Fully Meets 3 3-a: State Data Systems nearly Meets 2 3-b: evaluation of effectiveness Partially Meets 6 3-C: Frequency of evaluations only Meets a Small Part 11 3-D: Tenure Does not Meet 14 Progress on Goals Since 2009 3-e: licensure advancement 4 2 23 7 3-F: equitable Distribution Area 1: Delivering Well Prepared Teachers Area 4: Retaining Effective Teachers 1-a: admission into preparation programs 4-a: induction 1-b: elementary Teacher preparation 4-b: professional Development 1-C: Teacher preparation in reading 4-C: pay Scales instruction 4-D: Compensation for prior Work 1-D: Teacher preparation in Mathematics experience 1-e: Middle School Teacher preparation 4-e: Differential pay 1-F: Secondary Teacher preparation 4-F: performance pay 1-G: Secondary Teacher preparation in 4-G: pension Flexibility Science 1-h: Secondary Teacher preparation in 4-h: pension Sustainability Social Studies 1-i: Special education Teacher preparation 4-i: pension Neutrality Area 5: Exiting Ineffective Teachers 1-J: assessing professional knowledge 5-a: licensure loopholes 1-k: Student Teaching 5-b: Unsatisfactory evaluations 1-l: Teacher preparation program accountability 5-C: Dismissal for poor performance Area 2: Expanding the Pool of Teachers 2-a: alternate route eligibility 5-D: reductions in Force 2-b: alternate route preparation 2-C: alternate route Usage and providers 2-D: part Time Teaching licenses 2-e: licensure reciprocity 4 : NCTQ STaTe TeaCher poliCy yearbook 2011 ArizonA About the Yearbook The National Council on Teacher Quality (NCTQ) has long argued that no educational improvement strategies states take on are likely to have a greater impact than policies that seek to maximize teacher effectiveness. In this fifth edition of the State Teacher Policy Yearbook, NCTQ provides a detailed examination of state laws, rules and regulations that govern the teaching profession, covering the full breadth of policies including teacher preparation, licensure, evaluation, career advancement, tenure, compensation, pensions and dismissal. The Yearbook is a 52-volume compendium of customized state reports for the 50 states and the District of Columbia, as well as a national summary overview, measuring state progress against a set of 36 specific policy goals. All of the reports are available from NCTQ’s website at www.nctq.org/stpy. The 36 Yearbook goals are focused on helping states put in place a comprehensive policy framework in support of preparing, retaining and rewarding effective teachers. The goals were developed based on input and ongoing feed- back from state officials, practitioners, policy groups and other education organizations, as well as from NCTQ’s own nationally respected advisory board. These goals meet five criteria for an effective reform framework: 1. They are supported by a strong rationale, grounded in the best research available. The rationale and research citations supporting each goal can be found at www.nctq.org/stpy. 2. They offer practical rather than pie-in-the-sky solutions for improving teacher quality. 3. They take on the teaching profession’s most pressing needs, including making the profession more responsive to the current labor market. 4. They are, for the most part, relatively cost neutral. 5. They respect the legitimate constraints that some states face so that the goals can work in all 50 states. The need to ensure that all children have effective teachers has captured the attention of the public and policy- makers across the country like never before. The Yearbook offers state school chiefs, school boards, legislatures and the many advocates who press hard for reform a concrete set of recommendations as they work to maximize teacher quality for their students. NCTQ STaTe TeaCher poliCy yearbook 2011 : 5 ArizonA How to Read the Yearbook NCTQ rates state teacher policy in several ways. For each of the 36 individual teacher policy goals, states receive two ratings. The first rating indicates whether, or to what extent, a state has met the goal. NCTQ uses these familiar graphics to indicate the extent to which each goal has been met: A new feature of this year’s Yearbook is a progress rating for each goal NCTQ has measured over time. These ratings are intended to give states a meaningful sense of the changes in teacher policy since the 2009 Yearbook was published. Using the symbols below, NCTQ determines whether each state has advanced on the goal, if the state policy has remained unchanged, or if the state has actually lost ground on that topic. Some goals are marked with this symbol , which indicates that the bar has been raised for this goal since the 2009 Yearbook. With many states making considerable progress in advancing teacher effectiveness policy, NCTQ raised the standards for some goals where the bar had been quite low. As this may have a negative impact on some states’ scores, those goals are always marked with the above symbol. States receive grades in the five goal areas under which the 36 goals are organized: 1) delivering well prepared teachers; 2) expanding the pool of teachers; 3) identifying effective teachers; 4) retaining effective teachers and 5) exiting ineffective teachers. States also receive an overall grade that summarizes state performance across the five goal areas, giving an overall perspective on how states measure up against NCTQ benchmarks. New this year, states also receive an overall progress ranking, indicating how much progress each state has made compared to other states. As always, the Yearbook provides a detailed narrative accounting of the policy strengths and weaknesses in each policy area for each state and for the nation as a whole. Best practices are highlighted. The reports are also chock full of reader-friendly charts and tables that provide a national perspective on each goal and serve as a quick reference on how states perform relative to one another, goal by goal. Another new feature this year makes it easier to distinguish strong policies from weaker ones on our charts and tables. The policies NCTQ considers strong practices or the ideal policy positions for states are capitalized. This provides a quick thumbnail for readers to size up state policies against the policy option that aligns with NCTQ benchmarks for meeting each policy goal. For example, on the chart below, “BEFORE ADMISSION TO PREP PROGRAM” is capitalized, as that is the optimal timing for testing teacher candidates’ academic proficiency. BEFORE ADMISSION During or after completion of TO PREP PROGRAM prep program 21 20 10 Basic skills test not required 6 : NC TQ STaTe TeaCher poliCy yearbook 2011 ArizonA Goals AreA 1: Delivering Well PrePAreD teAcHerS PAge 9 1-A: Admission into Preparation Programs The state should require undergraduate teacher preparation programs to admit only candidates with good academic records. 1-B: Elementary Teacher Preparation The state should ensure that its teacher preparation programs provide elementary teachers with a broad liberal arts education, the necessary foundation for teaching to the Common Core Standards. 1-C: Teacher Preparation in Reading Instruction The state should ensure that new elementary teachers know the science of reading instruction. 1-D: Teacher Preparation in Mathematics The state should ensure that new elementary teachers have sufficient knowledge of the mathematics content taught in elementary grades. 1-E: Middle School Teacher Preparation The state should ensure that middle school teachers are sufficiently prepared to teach appropriate grade-level content. 1-F: Secondary Teacher Preparation The state should ensure that secondary teachers are sufficiently prepared to teach appropriate grade-level content. 1-G: Secondary Teacher Preparation in Science The state should ensure that science teachers know all the subject matter they are licensed to teach. 1-H: Secondary Teacher Preparation in Social Studies The state should ensure that social studies teachers know all the subject matter they are licensed to teach. 1-I: Special Education Teacher Preparation The state should ensure that special education teachers know the subject matter they will be required to teach. 1-J: Assessing Professional Knowledge The state should use a licensing test to verify that all new teachers meet its professional standards. 1-K: Student Teaching The state should ensure that teacher preparation programs provide teacher candidates with a high-quality clinical experience. 1-L: Teacher Preparation Program Accountability The state’s approval process for teacher preparation programs should hold programs accountable for the quality of the teachers they produce. AreA 2: exPAnDing tHe Pool oF teAcHerS PAge 57 2-A: Alternate Route Eligibility The state should require alternate route programs to exceed the admission requirements of traditional preparation programs while also being flexible to the needs of nontraditional candidates. 2-B: Alternate Route Preparation The state should ensure that its alternate routes provide streamlined preparation that is relevant to the immediate needs of new teachers. 2-C: Alternate Route Usage and Providers The state should provide an alternate route that is free from regulatory obstacles that limit its usage and providers. 2-D: Part Time Teaching Licenses The state should offer a license with minimal requirements that allows content experts to teach part time. 2-E: Licensure Reciprocity The state should help to make licenses fully portable among states, with appropriate safeguards. NCTQ STaTe TeaCher poliCy yearbook 2011 : 7 ArizonA Goals AreA 3: iDentiFying eFFective teAcHerS PAge 79 3-A: State Data Systems The state should have a data system that contributes some of the evidence needed to assess teacher effectiveness. 3-B: Evaluation of Effectiveness The state should require instructional effectiveness to be the preponderant criterion of any teacher evaluation. 3-C: Frequency of Evaluations The state should require annual evaluations of all teachers. 3-D: Tenure The state should require that tenure decisions are based on evidence of teacher effectiveness. 3-E: Licensure Advancement The state should base licensure advancement on evidence of teacher effectiveness. 3-F: Equitable Distribution The state should publicly report districts’ distribution of teacher talent among schools to identify inequities in schools serving disadvantaged children. AreA 4: retAining eFFective teAcHerS PAge 103 4-A: Induction The state should require effective induction for all new teachers, with special emphasis on teachers in high-need schools. 4-B: Professional Development The state should require professional development to be based on needs identified through teacher evaluations. 4-C: Pay Scales The state should give local districts authority over pay scales. 4-D: Compensation for Prior Work Experience The state should encourage districts to provide compensation for related prior subject-area work experience. 4-E: Differential Pay The state should support differential pay for effective teaching in shortage and high-need areas. 4-F: Performance Pay The state should support performance pay but in a manner that recognizes its appropriate uses and limitations. 4-G: Pension Flexibility The state should ensure that pension systems are portable, flexible and fair to all teachers. 4-H: Pension Sustainability The state should ensure that excessive resources are not committed to funding teachers’ pension systems. 4-I: Pension Neutrality The state should ensure that pension systems are neutral, uniformly increasing pension wealth with each additional year of work. AreA 5: exiting ineFFective teAcHerS PAge 147 5-A: Licensure Loopholes The state should close loopholes that allow teachers who have not met licensure requirements to continue teaching. 5-B: Unsatisfactory Evaluations The state should articulate consequences for teachers with unsatisfactory evaluations, including specifying that teachers with multiple unsatisfactory evaluations should be eligible for dismissal. 5-C: Dismissal for Poor Performance The state should articulate that ineffective classroom performance is grounds for dismissal and ensure that the process for terminating ineffective teachers is expedient and fair to all parties. 5-D: Reductions in Force The state should require that its school districts consider classroom performance as a factor in determining which teachers are laid off when a reduction in force is necessary. 8 : NCTQ STaTe TeaCher poliCy yearbook 2011 ArizonA