WEB Trends in Student Financing of Graduate and First- TABLES Professional Education: U.S. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION Selected Years, JANUARY 2011 NCES 2011-217 1995–96 to 2007–08 In 2007–08, graduate and first- • Table 1.1 shows the percentage of nonprofit entities, states, and com- professional students received a total graduate students who received mercial lenders. of $36.7 billion in federal loans; federal any financial aid and the average • Table 1.4 shows trends in the pro- grants; and grants from institutions, amount received, including private portion of graduate students who employers, and other sources (College loans and graduate assistantships received any assistantships and the Board 2008, figure 2b). In addition to but not including tax benefits. average amount received. This in- these funds, they also received teach- • Table 1.2 displays the percentage of cludes research, teaching, and other ing and research assistantships and graduate students who received assistantships that require academic sought loans from private sources. any grants and the average amount employment in return for a stipend. These Web Tables provide detail on the received. This includes grants or The second series of tables present sources of funds that graduate stu- scholarships from federal, state, and trends in aid receipt by aid source, dis- dents used to finance their education institutional sources such as gradu- tinguishing among aid received from and how their use of these funding ate fellowships, tuition waivers, and the federal government, institutions, mechanisms changed between 1995– employer tuition reimbursements employers, and other private sources, 96 and 2007–08. The data presented as well as from private sources such during each survey year. were collected through four adminis- as corporations, philanthropic trations of the National Postsecondary foundations, and other groups. • Table 2.1 displays trends in the rate Student Aid Study (NPSAS): 1995–96, • Table 1.3 displays trends in the rate of graduate students who received 1999–2000, 2003–04, and 2007–08. The of borrowing and the average total any federal aid and the average tables are organized into four sections. amount borrowed from federal, in- amount received. stitutional, and other private • Table 2.2 presents trends in the per- The first series of tables present trends sources. Graduate students can bor- centage of graduate students who in the total financial aid students re- row from the federal Stafford, Per- received any institutional aid, in- ceived from each of the major types of kins and Graduate PLUS loan cluding graduate assistantships, aid—grants, loans, and assistant- programs as well as from some tuition waivers, or fellowships, and ships—during the four survey years. the average amount received. This report was prepared for the National Center for Education Statistics under Contract No. ED-CO-0033 with MPR Associates, Inc. Mention of trade names, commercial products, or organizations does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. These Web Tables were authored by Jennie Woo and Paul Skomsvold of MPR Associates, Inc. The NCES Project Officer was Tracy Hunt-White. For questions about content or to view this report online, go to http://nces.ed.gov/pubsearch/pubsinfo.asp?pubid=2011217. • Table 2.3 shows trends in the pro- Web Tables—Trends in Graduate Borrow- The estimates in these tables reflect portion of graduate students who ing: Selected Years, 1995–96 to 2007–08 the newly reweighted data for the borrowed from private loan sources (NCES 2010-180) NPSAS:96, NPSAS:2000, and NPSAS:04 and the average amount borrowed. surveys. The Stafford loan data for • Table 2.4 displays the percentage of Web Tables—Profile of Graduate and First- those years were reweighted so that graduate students who received Professional Students: Trends From Se- they could be compared with any employer aid and the average lected Years, 1995–96 to 2007–08 (NCES NPSAS:08.2 This publication contains amount received. Employer aid in- 2011-219) the reweighted Stafford loan estimates cludes tuition waivers for postse- for those survey years. The Federal DATA condary institution employees and Stafford loan program is the largest The estimates presented in these their dependents and employer- student loan program available to un- tables were generated from the1995– paid tuition reimbursements to stu- dergraduate and graduate students, 96, 1999–2000, 2003–04, and 2007–08 dents or their parents. offering both subsidized and unsubsi- National Postsecondary Student Aid dized loans. The reweighted Stafford The third and fourth series of tables Study (NPSAS:96, NPSAS:2000, loan estimates also affected the total present trend data on students’ em- NPSAS:04, and NPSAS:08), a compre- loan estimates. ployment while enrolled and on the hensive, nationally representative sur- cost of graduate education, respective- vey of how students finance their For more information on NPSAS:96, ly, during each survey year. postsecondary education conducted NPSAS:2000, NPSAS:04, and NPSAS:08, by the National Center for Education see the following methodology re- • Table 3.1 shows trends in the per- Statistics (NCES). NPSAS also includes a ports: centage of graduate students who broad array of demographic and worked while enrolled and the av- enrollment characteristics. • Methodology Report for the 1995–96 erage number of hours worked per National Postsecondary Student Aid week. NPSAS uses a two-stage sampling de- Study (http://nces.ed.gov/pubs98/ • Table 4.1 displays graduate and sign. Institutions are selected for inclu- 98073.pdf) first-professional students’ average sion in the first stage, and from these • Methodology Report for the 1999– net price after grants and the aver- institutions students are selected in the 2000 National Postsecondary Student age out-of-pocket price. second stage. The NPSAS:08 target Aid Study population consisted of all eligible un- (http://nces.ed.gov/pubs2002/2002 RELATED NCES REPORTS dergraduate and graduate students 152.pdf) Web Tables—Profile of Students in Gradu- enrolled any time between July 1, • 2004 National Postsecondary Student ate and First-Professional Education: 2007, and June 30, 2008, at Title IV1 eli- Aid Study (NPSAS:04) Full-scale Me- 2007–08 (NCES 2010-177) gible postsecondary institutions in the thodology Report 50 states, the District of Columbia, and (http://nces.ed.gov/pubs2006/2006 Web Tables—Student Financing of Gradu- Puerto Rico. Approximately 114,000 180.pdf) ate and First-Professional Education: undergraduates and 14,000 graduate • 2007–08 National Postsecondary 2007–08 (NCES 2011-172) students were study respondents for Student Aid Study (NPSAS:08): Stu- NPSAS:08. dent Financial Aid Estimates for 2007–08: First Look (http://nces.ed.gov/pubs2009/2009 166.pdf). 2 DATA ANALYSIS SYSTEM (DAS) The DAS can be accessed electronically REFERENCES These estimates were produced using at http://nces.ed.gov/DAS. If users are College Board. (2008). Trends in Student the Data Analysis System (DAS), a web- new to the DAS, the DAS User Help Aid 2008. New York: Author. based software application that Center (http://nces.ed.gov/dasol/help) enables users to generate tables for provides online tutorials offering step- ENDNOTES most of the postsecondary surveys by-step instructions on how to use all 1 Title IV institutions are those eligible to par- conducted by NCES. The DAS produces the functions of the DAS. For a ticipate in the federal financial aid programs the design-adjusted standard errors description of all the options available, included in Title IV of the Higher Education necessary for testing the statistical users should access the DAS at Act. These programs include Pell Grants, fed- significance of differences between the http://nces.ed.gov/dasolv2. eral student loans, work-study, and other fed- eral aid. estimates. The DAS also contains a de- 2 NCES surveys use weights to inflate sample For more information, contact: tailed description of how each variable results to population totals. For NPSAS:08, was created and includes the wording NCES shifted its weighting procedure from Aurora D’Amico gross commitments to net disbursements be- of questions for variables coming di- Postsecondary Studies Division cause it concluded that net disbursements rectly from the interview. National Center for Education Statistics provide a more accurate measure of student loan amounts applied to the cost of atten- 1990 K Street NW With the DAS, users can replicate or dance than do gross commitments. For Washington, DC 20006-5652 expand upon the tables presented NPSAS:96, NPSAS:2000, and NPSAS:04, the (202) 502-7334 weights were based originally on Stafford loan here. The output from the DAS in- gross commitments. These estimates were cludes the parameter estimates (e.g., [email protected] then adjusted in 2009 to sum to the total Staf- percentages or means), their standard ford loan net disbursements, making them errors,3 and weighted sample sizes. If comparable to NPSAS:08. The NPSAS surveys for 1989–90 and 1992–93 did not use Stafford the number of valid cases is too small loan totals (either gross or net commitments) (i.e., fewer than 30 cases) to produce a in their weighting procedures and therefore reliable estimate, the DAS prints the did not need to be reweighted. Data in these message “low-N” instead of the esti- tables will differ from previous NCES publica- tions on graduate borrowing of Stafford loans. mate. 3 NPSAS samples are not simple random sam- ples; therefore, simple random sample tech- niques for estimating sampling errors cannot be applied to these data. The DAS takes into account the complexity of the sampling pro- cedures and calculates standard errors appro- priate for such samples using a bootstrap technique. This technique approximates the estimator using replications of the sampled population. 3 National Center for Education Statistics TTaabbllee 11..11..——PPeerrcceennttaaggee ooff ggrraadduuaattee ssttuuddeennttss rreecceeiivviinngg ffiinnaanncciiaall aaiidd aanndd,, aammoonngg rreecciippiieennttss,, aavveerraaggee TTaabbllee 11..11..——aammoouunntt rreecceeiivveedd,, bbyy sseelleecctteedd eennrroollllmmeenntt aanndd ssttuuddeenntt cchhaarraacctteerriissttiiccss:: 11999955––9966,, 11999999––22000000,, TTaabbllee 11..11..——22000033––0044,, aanndd 22000077––0088 1995–96 1999–2000 2003–04 2007–08 Average Average Average Average Characteristic Percent amount Percent amount Percent amount Percent amount Total 52.8 $9,600 59.8 $12,800 71.3 $14,500 73.7 $17,600 Graduate level Master’s degree program 52.4 7,700 58.6 10,200 69.4 11,500 73.5 14,400 Doctoral degree program 65.7 11,400 72.4 18,400 81.9 19,700 85.9 23,800 First-professional degree program 79.0 16,800 83.9 20,900 86.9 25,100 87.6 33,200 Other1 30.0 5,300 37.0 6,400 55.7 8,300 46.8 8,700 Master’s degree Business administration (M.B.A.) 51.8 7,300 60.6 10,000 73.6 11,900 80.7 14,500 Education (any master’s) 42.3 5,400 47.7 6,700 60.5 9,500 65.6 11,800 Other master’s2 58.9 8,800 63.9 11,700 73.2 12,300 75.7 15,700 Doctoral degree Ph.D. (except in education) 71.4 12,100 79.1 20,600 87.3 21,200 90.9 24,400 Education (any doctorate) 45.1 7,300 50.0 9,800 67.6 12,100 73.6 17,400 Any other doctoral 65.5 10,500 71.2 16,000 77.9 20,000 81.2 25,500 First-professional degree Medicine (M.D. or D.O.) 81.6 20,900 79.3 23,300 88.5 30,400 84.0 35,900 Other health science3 81.9 16,000 83.9 19,400 90.6 25,900 89.8 31,600 Law (LL.B. or J.D.) 80.5 17,100 88.5 22,500 88.3 24,800 89.0 34,600 Theology (M.Div., M.H.L., B.D.) 76.0 11,300 ! 73.4 5,900 71.3 11,700 82.7 14,500 Attendance intensity Full-time/full-year 75.9 14,100 81.7 19,100 85.9 21,900 87.0 26,300 Part-time or part-year 42.2 6,000 48.7 7,500 64.3 9,700 66.9 11,700 Institution type4 Public 50.9 8,300 55.3 10,700 68.5 12,900 70.3 15,900 Private nonprofit 55.2 11,400 65.5 15,700 73.3 16,600 74.9 19,700 For-profit 52.1 6,100 71.1 11,900 90.0 13,400 91.2 17,800 Tuition and fees Less than $5,000 44.3 5,700 49.0 7,400 61.4 8,900 62.1 9,600 $5,000–14,999 68.6 12,700 77.5 15,500 80.9 15,500 81.1 18,300 $15,000–24,999 77.1 21,800 86.8 25,400 86.8 24,600 86.4 26,500 $25,000 or more 83.2 26,200 83.1 32,700 89.8 31,600 88.3 33,200 Sex Male 55.0 10,100 64.2 13,600 75.6 15,100 76.7 18,400 Female 50.9 9,000 56.5 12,100 68.1 14,000 71.7 17,000 See notes at end of table. National Center for Education Statistics Table 1.1.—Percentage of graduate students receiving financial aid and, among recipients, average Table 1.1.—amount received, by selected enrollment and student characteristics: 1995–96, 1999–2000, Table 1.1.—2003–04, and 2007–08—Continued 1995–96 1999–2000 2003–04 2007–08 Average Average Average Average Characteristic Percent amount Percent amount Percent amount Percent amount Citizenship U.S. citizen 52.7 $9,400 60.0 $12,600 71.5 $14,300 73.9 $17,600 Resident alien 62.3 13,000 63.6 14,100 73.1 16,900 74.8 16,600 Foreign or international student 47.9 10,300 55.9 14,500 68.4 15,100 71.1 18,400 Age 24 or younger 66.5 11,900 70.4 16,300 78.3 18,800 77.9 21,400 25–29 59.9 10,900 65.9 14,600 77.0 16,600 78.7 20,300 30–34 50.7 8,500 58.0 12,200 70.4 12,800 73.2 15,900 35–39 45.9 7,500 54.9 9,700 65.0 11,600 72.9 13,800 40 or older 36.3 5,400 46.4 7,400 60.7 8,700 62.9 12,000 Race/ethnicity5 White 52.3 9,200 59.1 12,300 69.3 13,900 71.6 17,000 Black 58.4 10,600 64.9 13,300 80.2 14,300 81.2 17,900 Hispanic 57.6 11,200 61.1 12,700 75.2 15,000 80.6 18,700 Asian/Pacific Islander 51.3 10,500 57.8 14,900 71.4 16,800 73.6 19,300 Other or Two or more races 50.3 9,800 64.0 16,100 75.8 17,100 72.5 19,100 Marital status/dependents6 Unmarried with no dependents 59.7 11,100 66.8 15,400 77.1 17,400 76.9 21,000 Married with no dependents 44.8 8,400 51.3 10,900 68.8 12,300 72.9 14,700 Unmarried with dependents 45.1 7,800 53.8 11,000 66.8 11,600 76.5 14,900 Married with dependents 46.5 6,600 54.9 8,900 63.5 10,500 66.4 12,800 Income (including spouse’s)7 Lowest 25 percent 71.6 12,700 77.8 17,300 79.5 19,400 78.8 23,200 Lower middle 25 percent 55.1 11,100 60.2 13,800 77.7 16,200 80.0 18,800 Upper middle 25 percent 49.3 8,200 53.1 9,400 70.6 12,000 68.3 14,300 Highest 25 percent 40.9 5,600 46.1 7,000 57.7 8,800 66.5 11,400 ! Interpret data with caution (estimates are unstable). 1 Includes students taking graduate courses without being enrolled in a specific degree or certificate program and students enrolled in a post- baccalaureate or post-master’s certificate program. 2 Includes Master of Arts (M.A.), Master of Science (M.S.), and any other master’s degree such as M.S.W. (Master of Social Work), M.P.A. (Master of Public Administration), and M.F.A. (Master of Fine Arts). 3 Includes chiropractic (D.C. or D.C.M.), dentistry (D.D.S. or D.M.D.), optometry (O.D.), pharmacy (D.Pharm.), podiatry (Pod.D. or D.P.M.), and veterinary medicine (D.V.M.). 4 Students attending more than one institution were excluded. 5 Black includes African American and Hispanic includes Latino. Other includes American Indian and Alaska Native and respondents having origins in a race/ethnicity not listed. Questions concerning race/ethnicity changed over time. In 1995–96, respondents of more than one racial background were asked to choose one category, whereas in subsequent studies respondents could choose to identify themselves as multiracial. 6 Divorced, separated, and widowed students are included in the unmarried categories. 7 See glossary for the income cut points used. NOTE: Estimates include students enrolled in Title IV eligible postsecondary institutions in the 50 states, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico. SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1995–96, 1999–2000, 2003–04, and 2007–08 National Postsecondary Student Aid Study (NPSAS:96, NPSAS:2000, NPSAS:04, and NPSAS:08). National Center for Education Statistics Table S1.1.—Standard errors for table 1.1: Percentage of graduate students receiving financial aid Table S1.1.—and, among recipients, average amount received, by selected enrollment and student Table S1.1.—characteristics, in 1995–96, 1999–2000, 2003–04, and 2007–08 1995–96 1999–2000 2003–04 2007–08 Average Average Average Average Characteristic Percent amount Percent amount Percent amount Percent amount Total 1.07 $230 0.47 $220 0.94 $330 0.58 $260 Graduate level Master’s degree program 1.30 250 0.67 230 1.21 330 0.68 240 Doctoral degree program 2.65 630 1.19 370 1.52 530 0.74 450 First-professional degree program 1.76 520 1.03 810 1.17 810 1.19 670 Other 1.82 490 1.50 390 2.82 630 2.39 530 Master’s degree Business administration (M.B.A.) 3.29 590 1.81 570 2.28 790 1.59 580 Education (any master’s) 1.71 280 1.26 250 2.19 460 1.51 370 Other master’s 2.04 330 0.98 270 1.48 390 0.98 320 Doctoral degree Ph.D. (except in education) 2.72 780 1.38 540 1.18 490 0.71 590 Education (any doctorate) 4.56 950 3.14 540 2.35 870 2.36 960 Any other doctoral 7.01 1,350 3.11 970 3.10 1,080 2.01 910 First-professional degree Medicine (M.D. or D.O.) 3.11 990 3.12 1,920 1.92 1,120 2.18 1,470 Other health science 2.63 870 2.04 800 2.43 1,010 2.16 1,130 Law (LL.B. or J.D.) 1.71 550 1.32 510 1.47 840 1.46 930 Theology (M.Div., M.H.L., B.D.) 22.67 5,110 10.13 1,220 7.12 1,510 3.91 2,260 Attendance intensity Full-time/full-year 1.30 410 0.66 360 1.06 350 0.65 310 Part-time or part-year 1.39 270 0.72 150 1.08 220 0.81 240 Institution type Public 1.18 250 0.69 190 1.05 240 1.03 340 Private nonprofit 1.97 470 0.83 510 1.43 640 0.77 330 For-profit 2.38 530 4.04 1,140 4.36 1,010 2.36 1,030 Tuition and fees Less than $5,000 1.25 200 0.71 150 1.28 260 1.09 230 $5,000–14,999 1.85 430 0.94 290 1.29 340 0.92 320 $15,000–24,999 2.05 790 1.04 850 1.47 650 1.14 890 $25,000 or more 4.19 2,010 2.60 1,220 1.56 990 1.15 1,290 Sex Male 1.47 360 0.87 360 0.93 480 0.86 390 Female 1.26 230 0.64 240 1.32 350 0.75 280 See notes at end of table. National Center for Education Statistics Table S1.1.—Standard errors for table 1.1: Percentage of graduate students receiving financial aid Table S1.1.—and, among recipients, average amount received, by selected enrollment and student Table S1.1.—characteristics, in 1995–96, 1999–2000, 2003–04, and 2007–08—Continued 1995–96 1999–2000 2003–04 2007–08 Average Average Average Average Characteristic Percent amount Percent amount Percent amount Percent amount Citizenship U.S. citizen 1.10 $210 0.57 $210 1.02 $340 0.64 $280 Resident alien 5.30 840 3.41 1,610 3.18 1,130 2.85 1,130 Foreign or international student 5.24 1,810 2.05 620 2.18 580 1.73 520 Age 24 or younger 1.62 480 1.09 390 1.42 520 1.12 420 25–29 1.60 340 1.01 310 1.11 440 0.84 340 30–34 2.57 460 1.51 450 2.00 540 1.36 500 35–39 2.28 550 1.79 480 2.36 720 2.12 550 40 or older 1.61 320 1.17 290 2.36 470 1.84 540 Race/ethnicity White 1.14 230 0.61 210 1.15 340 0.79 270 Black 2.80 560 1.99 750 2.06 520 1.81 760 Hispanic 5.18 570 1.94 590 2.76 850 1.64 940 Asian/Pacific Islander 3.61 670 1.78 630 1.78 730 1.65 530 Other or Two or more races 4.84 1,200 2.66 990 3.11 1,180 4.07 1,310 Marital status/dependents Unmarried with no dependents 1.31 300 0.64 270 0.93 400 0.73 310 Married with no dependents 2.06 400 1.14 400 1.88 480 1.70 530 Unmarried with dependents 2.37 620 1.72 500 3.36 660 2.46 820 Married with dependents 2.06 300 1.07 390 1.92 450 1.45 470 Income (including spouse’s) Lowest 25 percent 1.36 430 0.85 310 1.06 530 0.82 370 Lower middle 25 percent 2.04 490 0.96 400 1.47 390 1.06 400 Upper middle 25 percent 1.96 380 1.14 350 1.49 350 1.24 420 Highest 25 percent 1.52 310 1.30 260 2.01 430 1.69 490 SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1995–96, 1999–2000, 2003–04, and 2007–08 National Postsecondary Student Aid Study (NPSAS:96, NPSAS:2000, NPSAS:04, and NPSAS:08). National Center for Education Statistics Table 1.2.—Percentage of graduate students receiving grants and, among recipients, average amount Table 1.2.—received, by selected enrollment and student characteristics: 1995–96, 1999–2000, 2003–04, Table 1.2.—and 2007–08 1995–96 1999–2000 2003–04 2007–08 Average Average Average Average Characteristic Percent amount Percent amount Percent amount Percent amount Total 29.8 $4,000 38.2 $6,000 40.0 $5,800 41.1 $7,500 Graduate level Master’s degree program 30.1 3,500 37.4 4,900 38.4 4,600 40.3 6,500 Doctoral degree program 37.6 6,000 50.6 10,800 55.1 10,400 53.8 12,200 First-professional degree program 38.2 4,800 45.2 6,700 41.4 7,300 41.0 8,500 Other1 18.8 2,600 26.4 3,000 30.8 2,700 28.6 3,100 Master’s degree Business administration (M.B.A.) 37.7 3,900 43.5 5,300 48.4 4,800 48.3 7,300 Education (any master’s) 21.8 1,800 27.1 2,500 31.0 3,100 29.7 4,400 Other master’s2 32.0 4,000 40.6 5,700 39.2 5,200 43.9 7,000 Doctoral degree Ph.D. (except in education) 42.8 6,800 55.9 12,600 62.7 12,300 63.9 14,100 Education (any doctorate) 24.4 ‡ 31.4 4,300 42.5 5,400 38.8 6,600 Any other doctoral 28.5 4,700 51.4 8,500 44.6 7,200 38.8 8,500 First-professional degree Medicine (M.D. or D.O.) 42.9 6,900 47.5 9,800 42.2 8,100 32.7 8,000 Other health science3 35.3 4,000 44.9 4,900 40.1 4,800 43.7 6,500 Law (LL.B. or J.D.) 36.2 4,200 39.9 6,700 37.6 8,200 41.4 9,600 Theology (M.Div., M.H.L., B.D.) ‡ ‡ 69.8 4,100 56.9 7,200 62.7 8,500 Attendance intensity Full-time/full-year 41.0 6,000 49.4 9,100 44.5 8,900 45.5 11,400 Part-time or part-year 24.9 2,400 32.6 3,600 37.8 4,100 38.9 5,200 Institution type4 Public 28.4 3,300 36.1 4,700 39.6 5,400 42.1 6,900 Private nonprofit 31.7 4,900 41.6 7,700 41.0 6,600 42.0 8,600 For-profit 30.2 2,600 28.9 5,100 37.9 4,400 32.3 6,100 ! Tuition and fees Less than $5,000 26.2 2,200 32.3 3,400 36.3 3,300 37.0 3,800 $5,000–14,999 37.1 5,400 48.3 7,300 42.7 6,400 42.0 8,100 $15,000–24,999 43.8 9,900 54.5 12,500 50.7 11,200 50.7 12,800 $25,000 or more 46.7 12,800 ! 44.6 17,100 46.8 13,600 49.8 13,800 Sex Male 31.3 4,400 41.0 6,500 43.7 6,600 46.1 8,400 Female 28.4 3,500 36.1 5,500 37.2 5,200 37.8 6,800 See notes at end of table. National Center for Education Statistics Table 1.2.—Percentage of graduate students receiving grants and, among recipients, average amount Table 1.2.—received, by selected enrollment and student characteristics: 1995–96, 1999–2000, 2003–04, Table 1.2.—and 2007–08—Continued 1995–96 1999–2000 2003–04 2007–08 Average Average Average Average Characteristic Percent amount Percent amount Percent amount Percent amount Citizenship U.S. citizen 29.7 $3,800 38.0 $5,500 39.3 $5,400 40.6 $7,200 Resident alien 30.5 6,600 41.0 6,300 38.6 7,700 46.3 6,800 Foreign or international student 29.7 6,700 38.9 10,200 48.4 9,000 44.3 11,200 Age 24 or younger 32.9 4,600 44.8 7,700 40.6 7,500 42.4 9,400 25–29 33.6 4,500 39.6 6,900 40.7 6,800 43.0 8,400 30–34 29.5 4,000 37.9 6,100 42.8 5,700 41.5 7,400 35–39 28.3 3,400 35.7 4,800 39.7 4,900 38.5 5,800 40 or older 22.5 2,400 32.6 3,200 36.6 3,300 38.2 5,000 Race/ethnicity5 White 30.0 3,600 38.6 5,500 39.7 5,400 41.4 6,900 Black 29.4 5,000 34.6 6,500 36.8 6,000 32.8 7,500 Hispanic 26.7 4,200 38.5 6,100 42.6 5,200 41.9 8,600 Asian/Pacific Islander 28.0 5,400 36.8 8,300 43.7 8,100 48.0 10,000 Other or Two or more races 31.6 6,000 43.5 8,900 35.7 7,500 39.1 8,400 Marital status/dependents6 Unmarried with no dependents 31.5 4,500 41.5 7,000 40.2 7,000 40.4 9,000 Married with no dependents 27.7 3,900 34.6 5,500 42.1 5,600 45.8 6,400 Unmarried with dependents 25.7 3,100 30.3 5,100 35.6 4,200 35.7 6,500 Married with dependents 29.3 2,800 37.5 4,300 39.6 4,400 41.5 5,700 Income (including spouse’s)7 Lowest 25 percent 37.3 5,000 45.9 7,300 38.7 7,100 37.6 9,500 Lower middle 25 percent 27.8 5,100 33.8 7,200 40.8 7,300 39.4 8,500 Upper middle 25 percent 27.3 3,400 36.5 4,600 41.7 5,100 41.3 6,300 Highest 25 percent 28.0 2,600 36.6 4,300 38.7 3,900 47.1 5,900 ! Interpret data with caution (estimates are unstable). ‡ Reporting standards not met. 1 Includes students taking graduate courses without being enrolled in a specific degree or certificate program and students enrolled in a post- baccalaureate or post-master’s certificate program. 2 Includes Master of Arts (M.A.), Master of Science (M.S.), and any other master’s degree such as M.S.W. (Master of Social Work), M.P.A. (Master of Public Administration), and M.F.A. (Master of Fine Arts). 3 Includes chiropractic (D.C. or D.C.M.), dentistry (D.D.S. or D.M.D.), optometry (O.D.), pharmacy (D.Pharm.), podiatry (Pod.D. or D.P.M.), and veterinary medicine (D.V.M.). 4 Students attending more than one institution were excluded. 5 Black includes African American and Hispanic includes Latino. Other includes American Indian and Alaska Native and respondents having origins in a race/ethnicity not listed. Questions concerning race/ethnicity changed over time. In 1995–96, respondents of more than one racial background were asked to choose one category, whereas in subsequent studies respondents could choose to identify themselves as multiracial. 6 Divorced, separated, and widowed students are included in the unmarried categories. 7 See glossary for the income cut points used. NOTE: Estimates include students enrolled in Title IV eligible postsecondary institutions in the 50 states, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico. SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1995–96, 1999–2000, 2003–04, and 2007–08 National Postsecondary Student Aid Study (NPSAS:96, NPSAS:2000, NPSAS:04, and NPSAS:08). National Center for Education Statistics Table S1.2.—Standard errors for table 1.2: Percentage of graduate students receiving grants and, among Table S1.2.—recipients, average amount received, by selected enrollment and student characteristics: Table S1.2.—1995–96, 1999–2000, 2003–04, and 2007–08 1995–96 1999–2000 2003–04 2007–08 Average Average Average Average Characteristic Percent amount Percent amount Percent amount Percent amount Total 1.10 $200 0.60 $210 0.94 $180 0.82 $250 Graduate level Master’s degree program 1.21 180 0.75 160 1.30 160 1.06 230 Doctoral degree program 2.39 610 1.15 550 1.65 470 1.26 510 First-professional degree program 2.95 430 2.17 650 2.09 490 1.55 400 Other 1.59 460 1.35 220 2.17 290 2.10 290 Master’s degree Business administration (M.B.A.) 3.13 410 1.56 240 2.87 270 3.42 530 Education (any master’s) 1.41 240 1.19 180 2.62 240 1.46 260 Other master’s 2.34 240 1.05 240 1.67 250 1.36 290 Doctoral degree Ph.D. (except in education) 3.16 730 1.81 570 1.81 440 1.43 670 Education (any doctorate) 4.70 † 2.79 390 2.59 560 2.14 510 Any other doctoral 5.51 1,180 3.27 780 3.16 730 3.37 500 First-professional degree Medicine (M.D. or D.O.) 4.67 1,440 3.49 1,540 2.65 1,170 3.35 1,080 Other health science 6.41 690 4.91 630 5.24 710 3.52 560 Law (LL.B. or J.D.) 2.33 500 2.82 640 2.62 620 2.03 490 Theology (M.Div., M.H.L., B.D.) † † 9.51 1,190 9.82 1,560 5.57 1,880 Attendance intensity Full-time/full-year 2.07 380 1.10 380 1.36 280 1.37 430 Part-time or part-year 1.09 150 0.66 100 1.21 140 0.91 160 Institution type Public 0.99 170 0.79 130 0.96 170 1.04 360 Private nonprofit 2.26 380 1.14 460 1.74 350 0.96 270 For-profit 4.49 220 4.62 580 6.88 660 5.89 1,950 Tuition and fees Less than $5,000 1.11 100 0.71 110 1.35 140 1.08 130 $5,000–14,999 1.93 370 1.38 250 1.69 220 1.19 400 $15,000–24,999 2.70 1,050 2.17 980 2.45 560 2.79 720 $25,000 or more 4.14 4,430 4.22 1,850 2.91 1,020 2.05 490 Sex Male 1.63 330 0.97 290 1.35 250 1.25 370 Female 1.05 180 0.66 210 1.27 210 0.91 220 See notes at end of table.