YOUTH IN TRANSITION The challenges of generational change in Asia Edited by Fay Gale The University of Adelaide, Australia Stephanie Fahey The University of Sydney, Australia The Association of Asian Social Science Research Councils (AASSREC) in association with The Academy of the Social Sciences in Australia (ASSA) ©© TThhee AAssssoocciiaattiioonn ooff AAssiiaann SSoocciiaall SScciieennccee RReesseeaarrcchh CCoouunncciillss ((AAAASSSSRREECC)),, 22000055 RReeqquueessttss aanndd eennqquuiirriieess ccoonncceerrnniinngg rreepprroodduuccttiioonn rriigghhttss sshhoouulldd bbee aaddddrreesssseedd ttoo:: TThhee AAccaaddeemmyy ooff tthhee SSoocciiaall SScciieenncceess iinn AAuussttrraalliiaa GGPPOO BBooxx 11995566,, CCaannbbeerrrraa AACCTT 22660011,, AAuussttrraalliiaa.. EEmmaaiill:: aassssaa..aaddmmiinn@@aannuu..eedduu..aauu AAAASSSSRREECC iiss nnoott rreessppoonnssiibbllee,, aass aa bbooddyy,, ffoorr tthhee ooppiinniioonnss eexxpprreesssseedd iinn aannyy ooff iittss ppuubblliiccaattiioonnss.. TThhiiss bbooookk hhaass bbeeeenn pprreeppaarreedd bbyy:: TThhee AAccaaddeemmyy ooff tthhee SSoocciiaall SScciieenncceess iinn AAuussttrraalliiaa ((AASSSSAA)).. DDeessiiggnn aanndd llaayyoouutt:: MMaarrkk PPiinnoollii ((AASSSSAA)).. PPuubblliisshheedd bbyy:: RReeggiioonnaall UUnniitt ffoorr SSoocciiaall aanndd HHuummaann SScciieenncceess iinn AAssiiaa aanndd tthhee PPaacciiffiicc,, UUNNEESSCCOO,, BBaannggkkookk 992200 SSuukkhhuummwwiitt RRooaadd,, PPrraakkaannoonngg BBaannggkkookk,, TThhaaiillaanndd 1100111100.. ISBN 92-9223-059-X Contents Contents iii Acknowledgements v Contributors vi 1. Introduction 1 Stephanie Fahey and Fay Gale PART I. Youth in transition: Changing concepts of youth 2. Youth in Asia: An overview 9 Yogesh Atal 3. Youth, cultures and societies in transition: 22 The challenges of growing up in a globalized world Jeffrey Jensen Arnett 4. Global cultural change and young people’s wellbeing 36 Richard Eckersley 5. Globalisation and an epidemic: 51 The consequences of HIV/AIDS for young people Doreen Rosenthal 6. A demographic view of changing youth in Asia 59 Graeme Hugo 7. Generational change and cyberpolitics in Asia 89 Stephanie Fahey PART II. Youth in transition: Case studies of Asian youth 8. Indigenous Australian young peoples: The winds of change 110 Gregory Phillips Contents · iii | 9. Are youths moving forward? A Bangladesh perspective 119 Abdur Rahim Khan 10. Government policies and programs for youth 127 development in India Hardip Singh Kingra 11. Youth migration and change in Indonesia 140 Aswatini Raharto and Mita Noveria 12. Youth in the Japanese society 158 Ushiogi Morikazu and Watabe Makoto 13. Malaysian youth: 171 From government policies to grassroots aspirations Rashila Ramli 14. The only-child generation: 184 Chinese youth in a transformative era Wu Xiaoying 15. The Filipino youth today: 191 Their strengths and the challenges they face Joseph H. Puyat 16. Online games dynamics in Korean society: 206 Experiences and lifestyles in the online game world Sang-Min Whang 17. Demographic and economic pressures to move: 227 Youth aspirations and livelihood opportunities for youth in the liberal economic environment of Sri Lanka Siri T. Hettige 18. Monitoring the convention on the rights of the child 242 in Thailand Amara Pongsapich 19. Vietnam’s youth in transition 255 Nguyen Thi My | iv · Youth in Transition Acknowledgements We acknowledge the generous sponsorsh ip of UNESCO through the Australian Participation Programme of the Australian National Commission for UNESCO. We are grateful to Professor Ken Wiltshire, Chairman of the National Commission f or his support and interest. AusAID, as part of the Australian Department and F oreign Affairs and Trade, gave a small additional grant. The book originated from a conference of the Association Asian Social Science R esearch Councils. We thank the Academy of the Social Sciences in Australia for h osting the conference and covering all of the additional associated costs. The conference was held at University House in the Australian National U niversity, Canberra, where the Vice Chancellor, Professor Ian Chubb, hosted the o pening reception. We appreciated the support of Dr Virginia A. Miralao, Secretary-General of the Association of Asian Social Science Research Councils, and her assistants Ms J oanne Agbisit and Ms Maria Ramona L. Jimenez. The enormous commitment of all of the staff in the Academy of the Social S ciences in Australia, made the project possible. Dr John Beaton, Executive D irector, Dr John Robertson, Research Director, Mrs Shirley Chapman, A dministrative Assistant, and Ms Jennifer Fernance, Accounts Officer. Mr Mark P inoli, Assistant Director, has carried out the technical editing and formatted the b ook for the final printing. Special thanks goes to Mark who also has done all of t he art work on the book cover. This book has been printed with the assistance of Dr Malama Meleisea, former R egional Advisor for Social and Human Science in Asia and the Pacific, UNESCO Bangkok. Acknowledgements · v | Contributors Jeffrey Jensen Arnett is the editor of the Journal of Adolescent Research and the author of the textbook Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach (2004, Prentice Hall). His book Emerging Adulthood: The Winding Road from the Late Teens Through the Twenties (2004) was recently published by Oxford University Press. Yogesh Atal retired as Principal Director of Social Sciences at UNESCO in 1997. He was the first Secretary-General of AASSREC and served as UNESCO's Regional Adviser for Social and Human Sciences in Asia and the Pacific from 1974 through 1993, during which period he continually provided UNESCO support to AASSREC. Currently he is on the Board of the Indian Council of Social Science Research. He is an internationally acclaimed sociologist and author and editor of several books. Richard Eckersley is a Fellow at the National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health at the Australian National University, Canberra. His research areas include: measures of progress in the relationships between economic growth, quality of life and ecological sustainability; the social and cultural determinants of health and happiness; visions of the future; and young people and their world. He is the co-author of a national index of subjective wellbeing, the first of its kind in the world, and a founding director of Australia 21, a not-for-profit company set up to address, through interdisciplinary research and development, some of the major challenges facing Australia this century. Stephanie Fahey is a geographer and the Director of the Research Institute for Asia and the Pacific at The University of Sydney. Her research interests are primarily in Vietnam and Papua New Guinea where she has focussed on issues of household livelihood strategies, gender and labour relations and macro socio- economic change in transitional economies. She is Professor of Asian and Pacific Studies and is a member of various government committees which advise on Australia’s relations with Asia. Fay Gale was President of AASSREC and coordinator of the conference that led to the production of this volume. She is a former Vice-Chancellor of The University of Western Australia and President of the Australian Vice-Chancellors Committee. She was also a former President of the Academy of the Social Sciences in Australia. Her research as a cultural geographer was in the interface between | vi · Youth in transition Indigenous and other Australians particularly in relation to women, juvenile justice and rock art protection. Siri T. Hettige is Senior Professor of Sociology at the University of Colombo. He was formerly the Dean of the Faculty of Arts at the same university. He had his undergraduate education in Colombo and PhD in social anthropology from Monash University, Australia. He has carried out extensive research on globalisation and education, sociology of youth, labour migration and micro- analysis of poverty. He is President of the Sociological Association of Sri Lanka. Graeme Hugo is a demographer and population geographer who has worked extensively on population issues, especially migration in Southeast Asia and Australia. He is Professor of Geography and Director of the National Centre for Social Application of Geographical Information Systems at The University of Adelaide. He currently holds an Australian Research Council Federation Fellowship to work on a study of international migration. Abdur Rahim Khan has been associated with the Bangladesh Social Science Research Council in various positions and capacities since 1981. He also teaches social work, economics, sociology and gender studies in different universities of Bangladesh. His main areas of publication are in youth, food security, rural development, research methodology, development planning and gender issues. Hardip Singh Kingra is Director of Youth Affairs in the Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports, Government of India. He is heading a large student youth volunteer movement in India called the National Service Scheme (NSS) which currently has 2.23 millions enrolled volunteers in colleges, universities and schools. He is involved in policy work related to youth development, national integration and promotion of adventure sports among youth of India and international co-operation. He is also implementing an innovative programme called UTA (Universities Talk AIDS) programme to raise awareness about HIV/AIDS amongst the student population of the country. Nguyen Thi My is a senior researcher in the Institute for Southeast Asian Studies, and visiting lecturer of the Department of International Studies, School of Social Sciences and Humanities, Hanoi National University and of the Department of Southeast Asian Studies, Open University of Ho Chi Minh City. Her main research field is international relations in Southeast Asia. She graduated from the Faculty of History, Hanoi National University and obtained the academic degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the Institute of Far East Studies, Academy of Sciences, the former Soviet Union. Mita Noveria is a researcher at the Research Centre for Population, Indonesian Institute of Sciences (PPK-LIPI), Jakarta. She gained a Master’s degree on Population and Human Resources Development from Flinders University in South Contributors · vii | Australia. She is involved in various research projects on population mobility including mobility among internally displaced persons (IDPs). Gregory Phillips is Waanyi from North West Queensland. He has previously worked in healing, youth, culture, spirituality, land and education issues in Australia and internationally. He is a medical anthropologist based at The University of Melbourne, where he is managing a national project to include Indigenous health in core medical curricula. Amara Pongsapich is the Dean of Faculty of Political Science, Chulalongkorn University. She received her PhD in anthropology from the University of Washington, Seattle, USA. She specialized in development studies, ethnic studies, youth and women’s studies, and civil society. Her recent publications cover the areas of governance and civil society; cultural diversity: paradigm shift and role of civil society; Thailand civil society organizations and development; development paradigms and social transformation in international and local communities; and public-interest sector in Thailand. Joseph H. Puyat is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Psychology at the University of the Philippines. He is a social psychologist and his research interests include the study of the self, wellness, aggression, violence, and the psychosocial impact of information technology. Aswatini Raharto is a researcher at the Research Centre for Population, Indonesian Institute of Sciences (PPK-LIPI), Jakarta, and is Head of the Centre. She has been involved with and coordinated various research projects on population mobility including international labour migration, migration of people in Indonesian border areas and forced migration in conflict areas in Indonesia. She gained her PhD from the Australian National University. Rashila Ramli is the Deputy Dean (Research and Graduate Studies) at the Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia. She obtained her PhD in Political Science from Northern Arizona University in 1995. Rashila is the Treasurer of the Malaysian Social Science Association (2001-2004). Doreen Rosenthal is Professor of Women’s Health and Director of the Key Centre for Women’s Health in Society at The University of Melbourne. Professor Rosenthal is a developmental psychologist and an international expert in the field of adolescent sexuality. She was formerly Foundation Director of the Australian Centre for Research in Sex, Health and Society and Director of two National Priority Programs in the National Centre for HIV Social Research. Ushiogi Morikazu after graduating from Tokyo University, taught in the School of Education and the Graduate School of International Development, Nagoa University until 1998. Since 1998 he has taught at the Graduate School of International Studies, Obirin University. He has been engaged in comparative | viii · Youth in transition study on the higher education system and has published several books on this topic. He has been member of the Japan University Council, advisory committee for Minister of Education concerning higher education policy, and also a member of the Science Council of Japan, advisory committee for the Prime Minister concerning science policy. He has been involved in human resource development projects in Vietnam with the Japan Agency for International Cooperation and the Japan Bank for International Cooperation. Watabe Makoto, after graduating from Graduate School of Education, Tokyo University, has taught sociology of education at Yokohama National University. He is a Professor in the Department of Social Networks, Faculty of Education and Human Sciences, Yokohama National University. He specializes in the sociological examination of youth problems, juvenile crime, youth culture, and educational issues. He is the author of several publications on youth culture. Sang-Min Whang is a Professor of Psychology at Yonsei University in Korea whose main interest is on the change of human thinking and behaviour created by the change of social-cultural circumstances. Since the advent of the internet his research has focussed on 'cyberpsychology' and youth culture with particular reference to online games. His book, There is another 'me' in the cyber space, written in 2000 is considered one of the most innovative contributions to this field of study in Korea. His current research focuses on youth culture through the lens of role playing on-line games (MMORPG). Wu Xiaoying is Associate Professor in the Institute of Sociology at the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences and is editor of a Chinese journal Youth Studies (Qing Nian Yan Jiu). She is author of the book Science, Culture and Gender: Feminist Interpretations (Chinese Social Sciences Press, 2000). Contributors · ix |