DOCUMENT RESUME CG 031 080 ED 455 480 Wickwire, Pat Nellor, Ed. AUTHOR CACD Journal, 2000. TITLE California Association for Counseling and Development, INSTITUTION Fullerton. ISSN-1052-3103 ISSN 2000-00-00 PUB DATE 75p.; Published annually. NOTE California Association for Counseling and Development, 2555 AVAILABLE FROM East Chapman Ave., Suite 201, Fullerton, CA 92831 ($4, members; $8, nonmembers). Tel: 714-871-6460. Collected Works Serials (022) PUB TYPE CACD Journal; v20 2000 JOURNAL CIT MF01/PC03 Plus Postage. EDRS PRICE Adolescents; Attention Deficit Disorders; Career Academies; DESCRIPTORS Children; *Counseling; Counselor Training; Education; Elementary Secondary Education; Intervention; *Professional Associations; *School Counseling; Substance Abuse California IDENTIFIERS ABSTRACT This journal of the California Association for Counseling and Development attempts to identify the current issues of concern in the counseling field and share research to help improve the professional learning community. The articles in this issue include: "The Editor's Message" (Pat Nellor Wickwire); "The CACD President's Message" (Joseph Dear); "Career Education in the Information Age" (Kenneth B. Hoyt); "Coercive Treatment for Clients with Substance Use Disorders" (Douglas L. Polcin); "School Counselors' Use of Assessment and Its Relationship to Their Training" (Joan H. Blacher, Mildred Murray-Ward, and Gail E. Uellendahl); "Not Broken--Just Different: Helping Teachers Work with Children with Attention-Deficit "The Grief Process: Disorders" (Joan Astigarraga and Adriana G. McEachern) ; Helping Adolescents Cope with Grief and Loss" (Paul A. Rodriguez); "Emerging Roles of Counselors in On-Line Counseling" (Jo Ann Oravec); "Standards-Based Counseling in the Middle School" (Mary Ellen Davis); "The Passion of Writing: Becoming an Acceptable, Accepted, and Exceptional Writer" (Martin G. Brodwin); "Drama, Drawing, and Double Meanings: Addressing the Needs of Developing Counselors through Creative Work" (Rhonda McCalip); "Counseling: The Future Is Now" (Benjamin Reddish, Jr.); and "Being a Professional Counselor in a Counseling Profession" (Donald G. Hays) . (Contains 119 references.) (JDM) 2000 W@Oaguag RD ( ) U.S. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION Office of Educational Research and Improvement EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC) CI This document has been reproduced as received from the person or organization originating it. o Minor changes have been made to improve reproduction quality. Points of view or opinions stated in this document do not necessarily represent official OERI position or policy. 0 PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE AND DISSEMINATE THIS MATERIAL HAS BEEN GRANTED BY WICKWIR PaV NEALLOR Editor TO THE EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC) 1 Official Publication coag Development Association Counseling California agod gog' AVAILABLE BEST COPY CACD JOURNAL California Association for Counseling and Development 2555 East Chapman Avenue, Suite 201, Fullerton, CA 92831 (714) 871-6460 Editor Pat Nellor Wickwire The Nel lor Wickwire Group Hermosa Beach, CA 90254-2216 Assistant Editor Associate Editor Martin G. Brodwin John Bancroft, Emeritus California State University San Bernardino Valley College Los Angeles Yucaipa Production Editor Richard Hoover CACD, Fullerton Editorial Review Board Joan Blacher, Emerita Jackie M. Allen California Lutheran University Allen Consulting Associates Thousand Oaks Fremont Nils Carlson, Jr. Dale Burklund, Retired California State University Santa Clara County Schools Bakersfield Cupertino Cynthia S. Johnson, Emerita Margaret Cooney California State University California State University Long Beach San Bernardino Mark Pope Lisa Lee University of Missouri EdITS St. Louis San Diego Eleanore M. Robinson Benjamin Reddish, Jr. Career Consultant Edison High School Pine Mountain Stockton Peggy Smith Marcelino Saucedo San Francisco State University Cerritos College San Francisco Norwalk William H. Wright, Jr. Elizabeth Stebbins Consultant Services Hinton Career Strategists Whittier Aliso Viejo The CACD Journal (ISSN 1052-3103), official publication of the California Association for Counseling and Development, is indexed by ERIC. CACD members receive the CACD Journalas a benefit of CACD membership. Single copies are $4.00 for members and $8.00 for non-members. Address correspondence to CACD Publication Sales. The CACD Journal invites manuscripts about the profession for the professional, including articles about theory and practice, research, trends, issues, and ideas. Guidelines for authors are included in each issue of the CACD Journal. Address correspondence to CACD Journal Editor. Copyright is held by the CACD Journal to protect authorship. Permission must be requested in writing for the reproduction of 300 or more words. Address correspon- dence to CACD Journal Editor. Advertising space is available in the CACD Journal, subject to the principles of law and ethics. Address correspondence to CACD Journal Advertising. Undelivered copies of the CACD Journal resulting from lack of notification of address change are not replaced. Address correspondence to CACD Address Changes. The CACD Journalis printed by Bixby Knolls Printing & Graphics, Fullerton, CA 92832. 3 California Association for Counseling and Development CACD JOURNAL 2000 Volume 20 TABLE OF CONTENTS The Editor's Message 3 Pat Nellor Wickwire The CACD President's Message 5 Joseph Dear Career Education in the Information Age 7 Kenneth B. Hoyt Coercive Treatment for Clients with Substance Use Disorders 15 Douglas L. Polcin School Counselors' Use of Assessment and Its Relationship to Their Training 21 Joan H. Blacher, Mildred Murray-Ward, and Gail E. Uellendahl Just Different: Helping Teachers Work with Not Broken Children with Attention-Deficit Disorders 27 Joan Astigarraga and Adriana G. McEachern The Grief Process: Helping Adolescents Cope with Grief and Loss 35 Paul A. Rodriguez Emerging Roles of Counselors in On-Line Counseling 41 Jo Ann Oravec FEATURE Professional Practices in Counseling Standards-Based Counseling in the Middle School 49 Mary Ellen Davis The Passion of Writing: Becoming an Acceptable, Accepted, and Exceptional Writer 55 Martin G. Brodwin Drama, Drawing, and Double Meanings: Addressing the Needs of Developing Counselors through Creative Work 57 Rhonda McCalip FEATURE The Personal Side of Counseling Counseling:The Future Is Now 63 Benjamin Reddish, Jr. CACD Journal, 2000, Vol. 20 4 1 Being a Professional Counselor In a Counseling Profession 65 Donald G. Hays CACD Journal Guidelines for Authors 69 CACD Leadership Team Directory 70 © 2000 by the California Association for Counseling and Development 2 CACD journal, 2000, Vol. 20 THE EDITOR'S MESSAGE Pat Nel lor Wickwire This issue of the CA CD Journal reflects exploration and discovery toward contin- ued progress in the counseling profession. Positive differences are occurring in theory and practice, as sought in 1999-2000 CACD President Joseph Dear's program theme, "California Counselors Making a (Big) Difference in 2000." The wide span of profes- sional interests and achievements in those positive differences is clearly evident in the accounts of the authors. Kenneth B. Hoyt stresses the increasingly closer relationships between education and work, and reinforces career education as viable education reform. Douglas L. Polcin presents the results of a pilot study of coercive treatment for clients with sub- stance abuse disorders. Joan H. Blacher, Mildred Murray-Ward, and Gail E. Uellendahl report the results of a pilot study of the use of assessment by school counselors. Joan Astigarraga and Adriana G. McEachem discuss a perspective toward working with teachers who work with students diagnosed with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorders. Paul A. Rodriguez informs of theoretical and functional approaches in bereave- ment counseling with adolescents. Jo Ann Oravec discusses innovations in on-line counseling, and presents related professional issues and concerns. In the continuing feature "Professional Practices in Counseling," Mary Ellen Davis presents an overview of the national standards for school counseling and their applica- tions to the middle school. Martin G. Brodwin offers suggestions for authors to make rewarding and productive contributions to professional literature. Rhonda McCalip proposes the use of creative work, including experiential, visual, and bibliotherapeu- -tic techniques, in counselor education and supervision. In the continuing feature "The Personal Side of Counseling," Benjamin Reddish, Jr., issues a call for counselors to reaffirm their professional commitment. Donald G. Hays calls for the professional commitment of professional counselors. You, too, through your professional interests and achievements, are making posi- tive differences in theory and practice in counseling and in human development. You, too, are strongly encouraged to write for the CACD Journal, and, thus, to become a contributor to continued progress in the counseling profession. You, too, can write. 3 CACD Journal, 2000, Vol. 20 THE PRESIDENT'S 41.* MESSAGE Joseph Dear 111L It gives me great pleasure to provide my message to this issue of the CACD Jour- nal for the year 2000. As we enter into a new millennium, counselors, counselor educators, and other mental health professionals in all areas of focus will be challenged to meet the needs of the various constituencies we serve. Even though the day after December 31, 1999, brought on a major and very notice- able change in the year, other major changes in the counseling field have been on the horizon for the past 10 or so years. Several of the topics in which those changes have occurred are covered in this issue of the journal. Career education, for example, has reached far into the information age like never before. Many, many changes have already been made in the areas of substance abuse, the grieving process, and attention- deficit disorders. With the advent of computers and other electronic technology, men- tal health professionals now have access to sources on these and other topics that were much more limited 10 years ago. The waiting period to acquire information has been practically eliminated. Among the many challenges today will include the setting of priorities, organizing data and other sources, and making discriminating and appropri- ate decisions about how, when, and where to use certain information. The challenges that have always been with mental health (and other) professionals are the personal and individual behaviors we display as we practice our trade. Among the many behaviors we might keep in mind would include such things as a positive attitude; how to listen to others and respond with sensitivity; how we learn from the mistakes we make and how hard we work to not repeat those same mistakes; how we balance our own lives in areas of mental and physical health, social, financial, spiri- tual, professional, and family concerns; how we model the behavior we want to see in others and thus practice what we preach; and how we work at keeping a healthy sense of humor, limit (or eliminate) the stress in our lives, and strive to stay humble. To the extent we can do these things will be the extent we will prosper in the new millennium. Articles in this issue of the CACD Journal will move the reader closer to those very ideals. Joseph Dear, 1999-2000 President, California Association for Counseling and Devel- opment. 5 CACD Journal, 2000, Vol. 20 Career Education in the Information Age Kenneth B. Hoyt The emergence of the information society has made it clear that relationships between education and work are becoming closer and closer. Some kind of education reform that recognizes this is obviously needed. Career education is proposed as the educa- tion reform with the greatest potential for meeting this need. The career education concepts of work, students and teachers as workers, the classroom as a workplace, infusion, collaboration, and career development are viable. Career education was first promoted as a proposal for education reform by Sidney P. Marland, Jr., (1974) while he was serving as U.S. Commissioner of Education. It remained the top federal proposal for education reform during the entire decade of the 1970s, with a total of $130 million appropriated for career education during that pe- riod (Hoyt, 1981). Brodinsky (1979) referred to career education as alive and well during the 1970s and as the decade's moderate success story. The Career Education Incentive Act (P.L. 95-207) was repealed in 1981, thus offi- cially ending federal involvement in career education. In 1983, the National Commis- sion on Excellence in Education (1983) published A Nation at Risk: The Imperative for Education Reform. Partially as a result of that publication, a variety of proposals for education reform were advocated during the decade of the 1980s. Career education was not one of the reform proposals put forth in the 1980s. During the 1990s, several kinds of career development programs received federal funds, including: (a) work-based learning, (b) school-to-work, (c) tech prep, and (d) work incentive. Some of these programs, and especially tech prep, have been pictured by their advocates as new versions of career education. The emergence of the information society has made it Clear that relationships be- tween education and work are becoming closer and closer. Some kind of education reform that takes this into account is obviously needed. Career education is proposed here as the education reform with the greatest potential for meeting this need. The purpose of this document is to identify the essential components of career education needed in the information age. The Concept of Work The four-letter word "work" is the bedrock for the career education movement. Until and unless work is defined and understood, there is no easy-to understand way of defining and describing the career education movement. In career education, work is defined as "intentional effort, other than that whose primary purpose is either coping or relaxation, aimed at producing benefits for oneself and/or for oneself and others" (Hoyt, 1975, p. 3). The requirements for a particular activity to be defined as work include: (a) intentional means the activity is something the individual has chosen to doit is not forced on him or her; (b) effort means some degree of difficulty is involved in the activityit can't just happen accidentally; (c) producing means that some outcome is being sought; (d) benefits means the recipient of work must be better off in some way after work has taken place; and (e) the worker Kenneth B. Hoyt, University Distinguished Professor, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, and Director of Career Education, US. Office of Education, 1974-1983. 7 CACD Journal, 2000, Vol. 20 8 is better off in some way for having worked, and, very often, others benefit as well. People value work for a variety of reasons, including: (a) work is a way of defining oneself to oneself and to others, (b) work is a way of demonstrating one is needed by others for something, (c) work is a way any individual has for making the world a better place, (d) work is a way through which the individual can excel in something, (e) work is a way of doing things that are of great interest to the individual, (f) work is a constructive way for spending at least some of one's leisure time, (g) work is a means of accumulating finances, and (h) work is a way of finding others with similar interests and functioning together as a team. Taken together, these reasons become one's work values that can be applied, to some degree, in any occupation as opposed to occupational values that represent rea- sons the individual chooses one occupation as opposed to others. The information age is making it necessary for many persons to change occupations several times during their working years. While this is likely to involve large changes in occupational val- ues, it will often require little or no change in one's work values. With this definition, it is clear that work can be either paid or unpaid. It certainly covers much more than paid employment. Almost two in five new jobs predicted to exist during the 1996-2006 period will require no more than one month of training to perform ("OCChart," 1997-1998, Winter). Instead, they are likely to be low-level, dead-end, boring jobs that require the worker to repeat the same actions over and over again. Some workers will find ways of incorporating their work values into these kinds of jobs. Many others will not and will find it necessary to meet their human need to work through activities in which they engage during their leisure time. Other kinds of activities such as, for example, Boy Scout leader or full-time home- maker, meet all the requirements for being called work but are not being paid for in money. This concept applies to a wide variety of kinds of volunteer work, and seems likely to increase in both frequency and importance as we move further and further into the information age. Career education is, above all else, dedicated to helping each individual want to work and to succeed in working. The career education principle of emphasizing both paid and unpaid work appears to have been widely accepted in a variety of the educa- tion-work projects currently being funded at the federal/state levels. The definition of work proposed here appears to have been accepted but not enthusiastically endorsed by most career education practitioners. Much remains to be done before the bedrock importance of work is recognized and endorsed by a majority of those engaged in career education efforts. It is vital that this be done soon. The Concept of Students and Teachers as Workers and the Classroom as a Workplace Real education reform cannot occur until and unless changes occur in the class- rooms where students and teachers interact. The career education concept contends that such changes are most likely to occur in places where classrooms are regarded as workplaces and both teachers and students are regarded as workers. If this concept is desirable, then the basic rules for increasing productivity in the workplace can be applied to classrooms just as to other kinds of workplaces. Further- more, they apply both to teachers as workers and to students as workers. These rules include: (a) help the worker understand the importance of the tasks he or she is being asked to perform, (b) reward the use of positive work habits when they occur, (c) assure variety in the work tasks so that workers don't do only one thing all the time, (d) 8 CACD Journal, 2000, Vol. 20 9 reward excellence in work by giving special rewards for the best work, (e) establish and use systems of working in teams where workers will produce better products be- cause they learned to work together, (f) evaluate workers under arrangements that will motivate each worker to improve his or her work performance, and (g) establish work goals that can reasonably be met by workers who are motivated to work. Many teachers will be initially motivated to try making these changes when they become convinced their students are likely to improve their academic performance. Most teachers will continue to do so only if their "What's in it for me?" questions are answered. To answer these questions, two things have to happen: (a) beginning and end-of-year student achievement measures must be used and reported, and (b) teach- ers whose students have advanced or surpassed expected goals should receive some kind of reward from their school district and/or from others. If students are to learn more as a result of education reform, the question they ask most oflen"Why should I learn this?"must be answered. In far too many school districts, the typical answer they are given is "You're going to need it next year." That answer is, for most students, not good enough. In career education, students are helped to learn some reasonable answers to this question by talking about various kinds of work that are possible for persons possessing this knowledge. This needs to be done from the standpoint of both work values and occupational values. The rationale for defining (a) both students and teachers as workers, and (b) the classroom as a workplace lies at the heart of viewing career education as a proposal for education reform. Some evidence has been reported that a career education approach in the classroom can increase student achievement. One of the clearest examples is included in a report produced by the Kentucky Valley Educational Cooperative in Hazard, Kentucky (Collins, 1980). This report provides standardized achievement results for (a) students exposed to a career education approach, and (b) students not exposed to career educa- tion. Using samples of students from grades 3, 5, and 10 in reading, language arts, and mathematics, statistically significant differences favoring the career education sample were found on five of these nine comparisons. Even where not statistically significant, mean differences favored the career education sample over the noncareer education sample on all nine comparisons. The career education concept emphasizes that, while student visits to various occu- pational sites can be helpful in increasing student understanding of the nature and significance of work, the student does not have to leave the classroom in order to experience work. This is one of the most powerful components of the career education concept. If the kinds of results found in the Kentucky example reported above were demonstrated nationwide, it seems likely career education would receive wide support and endorsements. Typically, these kinds of data have not been reported for career education efforts to date. The Concept of Infusion A key component of career education lies in its ability to be delivered as part of regular classroom procedures rather than as add-on. Career education advocates have called this behavior infusion. One example of infusion can be seen in the practice of promoting the importance of general employability skills useful in all kinds of work. This also includes emphasizing classroom work habits such as: (a) coming to work (i.e., to school) on time; (b) doing the best you can to carry out your work assign- ments; (c) finishing each task you are assigned and doing so on time; (d) following 9 CACD Journal, 2000, Vol. 20 0 .1