DOCUMENT RESUME SO 028 322 ED 415 165 Wilkes, Shelley AUTHOR The Apartheid Struggle, Curriculum Module. Fulbright-Hays TITLE Summer Seminar Abroad 1996 (South Africa). Center for International Education (ED), Washington, DC. INSTITUTION 1996-00-00 PUB DATE 11p.; Some materials may not photocopy well. NOTE Teacher (052) Classroom Guides PUB TYPE MF01/PC01 Plus Postage. EDRS PRICE *African Studies; *Apartheid; Black Studies; Foreign DESCRIPTORS Countries; Instructional Materials; Peace; *Racial Discrimination; *Racial Segregation; Secondary Education; Social Studies Peace Education; *South Africa IDENTIFIERS ABSTRACT This curriculum unit is designed for secondary students in twentieth-century history and peace studies. The unit contains three activities from which students gain a better understanding of the dimensions "Racial of apartheid in South Africa. The activities are entitled: (1) Separation," an activity that gives students the opportunity to identify and research three distinct levels of social separation practiced in South Africa--"petty apartheid," "urban segregation," and "grand apartheid"; (2) "Images of Defiance," an activity where students are shown samples of Soweto Day posters and are asked to design and produce their own student protest "South Africa: Free at Last!" an activity where students posters; and (3) read an article concerning the triumph and challenges of South Africa's new multiracial government and then respond to questions. (EH) ******************************************************************************** Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. ******************************************************************************** U.S. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION Office of Educational Research and Improvement EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC) it This document has been reproduced as received from the person or organization originating it. Minor changes have been made to improve reproduction quality. Curriculum Module Points of view or opinions stated in this "THE APARTHEID STRUGGLE" document do not necessarily represent official OEM position or policy. Shelley Wilkes, Atlantic High School Standard social studies curriculum content areas that these activities relate to: twentieth-century history and peace studies. Racial Separation Introduction: This activity will give students the opportunity to identify and research the 3 distinct levels of racial separation practiced in South Africa under the apartheid system. Activity: Assign groups to search for examples of: 1) "petty apartheid" (social segregation) examples: separate recreational facilities, transport, and churches 2) urban segregation (Group Areas Act-sought to segregate place of residence and commerce. South African cities were redesigned as non-whites were moved out of the urban centres to leave zones for whites) examples: District Six [Cape Town] and Cato Manor [Durban] 3) "grand apartheid" (the forced resettlement and restriction of blacks to the new homelands, thereby, excluding the majority of the population from South Africa's political process) homelands: Ciskei, Bophuthatswana, Gazankulu, KwaZulu, Lebowa, KwaNdebele, Qwaqwa, Kangwane, Transkei, and Venda. Ask students to report their findings in a classroom presentation. Sources: Christopher, A.J. The Atlas of Apartheid. New York: Witwaterstrand University Press, 1994. PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE AND DISSEMINATE THIS MATERIAL HAS BEEN GRANTED BY District Six. Capetown: SA National Gallery, 1995. KWA MUHLE MUSEUM (pamphlet) Durban. S TO THE EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC) 2 BEST COPY AVAIIABLE Images of Defiance Introduction: Posters are a powerful way of conveying information, provided they are simple and to the point. Throughout the decade of the 1980s, posters in South Africa played a crucial role in expressing the demands and beliefs of communities suffering under apartheid. Background: On 16 June 1976 secondary school students of Soweto decided that they would not submit to the imposition of Afrikaans as a medium of instruction. They had also had enough of racist and inferior education. Under the banner of the "Action Committee" of the South African Students Movement (SASM) pupils organized a protest march. Groups from the different Soweto schools gathered and moved towards Orlando stadium to hold a mass meeting. Units of South African Police moved in swiftly, firing live ammunition. This protest and the resulting deaths marked the beginning of an uprising which spread rapidly throughout South Africa; hundreds of school students were killed. Education had become a terrain of violence, and has remained so. Activity: Students will be shown samples of Soweto Day posters then will be asked to design and produce their own student protest posters. Education: Each one, teach one.. . By 1985, 16 June had become a de facto public holiday, reluctantly called Soweto Day by the white establishment, and officially proclaimed South African Youth Day by the liberation movement inside and outside the country. The posters of the 1980s continually affirm the significance of this day for students and youth throughout the country. Samples: 1984: The Alexander Youth Congress held a printing workshop at its annual general meeting; one of the posters produced marked the death of Hector Peterson, the first person to die in the Soweto uprising in 1976. 1985: Paying homage to the struggle of 16 June and celebrating organization and unity under the banner of the UDF (United Democratic Front). 1985: The call for a democratic education system. 1985: Namibian students demand an end to Afrikaans as the medium of instruction at schools. 1985: NUSAS (National Union of South African Students) campaign poster quotes Hitler as a comment on South Africa. 1986: The UDF commemorated the tenth anniversary of Soweto Day, 16 June, when Soweto students rose up against bantu education and the system of apartheid. 1986: NUSAS notes that there is nothing to celebrate after 25 years of a white racist republic. 1986: English, Afrikaans and Xhosa poster recalls the significance of 16 June. 1987: Announcing a NUSAS national campaign. 1987: A joint UDF and COSATU (Congress of South African Students) stayaway on 16 June commemorates the death of Hector Peterson and others in 1976. Source: Images of Defiance: South African resistance posters of the 1980s. Johannesburg: Raven Press, 1991. SAMPLE/Posters will be scanned from. book for a PowerPoint presentation 4 , -1 Tir."1".. 90 1986. The UDF commemorates the tenth anniversary of Soweto Day, 16 June. when Soweto students rose up against bantu education and the system of apartheid. Offset litho poster produced by S7'P for the UDF, Transvaal Black, red and yellow 106 BEST COPY AVAILABLE 5 South Africa: Free at Last! Introduction: From April 26 to 28, 1994, millions of voters lined up at the polls to vote in South Africa's first all-race election. On May 2, 1994, Nelson Mandela claimed victory. The death of apartheid marked one of the most stunning high points of 1994. Activity: Students will read "South Africa: Free at Last!" (an article concerning the triumph and challenges of South Africa's new multiracial government) then respond to the questions that follow. Source: Knauer, Kelly, editor. Annual Update. Massachusetts: D. C. Heath and Company, 1995. '4 4 A %* - 149. -% - At k °11NL. 1N'REVIEW IN REVIEW 4001 ON IN REVIEW- IN'REVIEVI( .... TIME TIME TIME South Africa Free at Last! spring. In a series of astonishing "Today is a day like no other day before it. Voting in our first free and fair episodes, beginning with all-race election has begun. Today marks the dawn of our freedom." With these words, voting from the Limpopo to the Nelson Mandelathe symbol of black South African libertyannounced Cape of Good Hope, the old South the beginning of South Africa's first all-race election. From April 26 to 28, Africa of segregation and oppres- millions of voters lined up at the polls. On May 2, with two-thirds of the votes sion peacefully dissolved itself and tallied, Mandela proclaimed victory. As he danced onstage to accept the pres- re-emerged tentatively as a hope- ful, newly democratic nation. On idency, Mandela urged followers to shout a single phrase from the rooftops: Wednesday the 27th at 12:01 a.m., "Free at last!" the old order formally ended, as The death of apartheid, the legalized separation of races, marked one of cheering crowds in the nine new the most stunning high points of 1994. But even Mandela worried about a provincial capitals hailed the low- postelection "hangover," the letdown when some expectations go unfulfilled. ering of apartheid's blue-white- The triumph and challenges of South Africa's new multiracial government form and-orange flag and the raising of a the subject of this article. banner with six colors symbolizing the people, their blood, their land, the polling station in Guguletu, When history delivers some- the gold under the ground, the one of the toughest and grimiest of thing that looks like a miracle (the skyand white for peace. the black townships around Cape fall of the Berlin Wall, for example, At the same Town. Minutes later he emerged, United We Stand. or the collapse of Soviet commu- country became the moment, beaming. "I never thought I would nism), the mind experiences a kind whole again. Abolished were the 10 see this day," he said. of electricity, the thrill of begin- black homelands, including four Those very words echoed in mil- ning, of seeing a new world. That that had pretended to indepen- lions of minds across South Africa was what it felt like to watch South dence, designed by apartheid archi- during one memorable week in the Africa in May of 1994. Here was a spectacle of true transformation. South first the For time, Africans of all races were citizens. Apartheid was gone, reduced to ItitS lS rubble, as if in one of those slow- ItTratRA r motion demolitions that bring Liail, TAT's Mot So WeVE down obsolete monstrosities to iw-vg make way for new construction. `. WONG 5% / Nelson Mandela, imprisoned for 7b DMIsl 41,4111G VOTELr 27 years by the white regime for 300 vat u his staunch advocacy of equal irgt.t4it;m0v.- rights for all South Africans, was elected the first black President of his country. A First Vote. White-haired, bearded Cronje Tshaka is older than the 82-year-old African Na- tional Congress (A.N.C.). Now he has outlived apartheid. Clutching his identity book in one hand and his cane in the other, Tshaka, 95, waited patiently in line to vote like all South Africa's black citi- Three out of four voters in South Africa's first all-race election were newly zens, for the first time in his life. enfranchised blacks. How does this cartoon illustrate the effect of decades of He shook off offers of help, walk- ing unsteadily but unaided into racial inequality in South Africa? 7 2 1994 BEST COPY AVAILABLE IN REVIEW "Economically and socially we still suffer under apart- ranks, the vast majority of urban blacks continue to live in heid." So said black South African journalist Yazeed Fakier tiny houses, packed sardine-like into sprawling townships in early 1994. The effects of nearly 50 years of discrimi- such as Soweto (above). More than 80% of these homes have nation still cast a shadow over South Africa's blacks. no electricity. What problems do you think the legacy of Today, even as more blacks enter the professional apartheid will create for Nelson Mandela's government? tects as places of exile for surplus leap forward for peace." More bers of the neo-Nazi Afrikaner people with black skin. The armed than 20,000 citizens had died in Resistance Movement services became the South African the previous 10 years in South Voters, especially blacks eager National Defense Force, and would Africa, most of them not in the to embrace the day of their li- begin to absorb former enemies between black tensions and beration, were not deterred. The from guerrilla armies like the white, but in the rivalry between election, astonishingly peaceful, A.N.C.'s Spear of the Nation. Inkatha and the A.N.C. succeeded beyond all expecta- Most surprising of all in this Fury on the Right. Extremist tions. Lines of determined voters string of surprises was the unex- whites did not follow the Zulus' stretched a mile and more at pected last-minute cooperation of lead. A group of bloody-minded polling places. Many polls opened Zulu Chief Mangosuthu Buthelezi, white rightists triedand failed hours late or ran out of ballots or whose Inkatha Freedom Party to disrupt the process of change. the invisible ink used to mark the had threatened to boycott the In the last few weeks before the hands of those who had already election. Only seven days before election, they launched a campaign made their choice. the polls were to open, the Zulu of small bombings against railways, The ballots, printed weeks leader suddenly announced he power lines and A.N.C. offices in before, did not include the late- had "decided to make compromis- the conservative farm region west entering Inkatha Freedom Party, es to avoid a great deal More of Johannesburg. Then, as the elec- and had to be updated with paste-on bloodshed and carnage." He tion drew closer, they detonated stickers; to further ensure fairness dropped his demand for an powerful car bombs in downtown Chief Buthelezi demanded a fourth autonomous province that he Johannesburg, in neighboring day of voting. While exasperated could dominate and settled for Germistown and at the internation- thousands waited, election workers constitutional recognition of the al airport, killing a total of 21 people gave puzzled first-timers impromptu Zulu kingdom. The Zulus' partici- and injuring more than 150. By the lessons in how to mark a ballot pation in the election, claimed end of the week the police had a Mandela said some of the ballot jubilant Nelson Mandela, "is a rounded up 34 suspects, all mem- shortages looked like outright "sab- 1994 IN REVIEW 3 8 THE DOING-AND UNDOING-OF APART TIME TABLE: South Africa severs ties with Great Britain 1961 Dutch East India Company establishes 1652 over the issue of apartheid; A.N.C. forms first white settlement on what is now the a guerrilla wing. Cape of Good Hope. Nelson Mandela and seven other A.N.C. 1964 British seize "Cape Colony" from Dutch. 1806 leaders receive life sentences. Dutch farmers (Boers) organize "Great 1836 South Africa expelled from Olympics for 1970 Trek" north into Zulu and Xhosa lands. its all-white team. Boers establish two Independent 1850s. Unarmed student protesters and police 1976. republicsthe Transvaal and the Orange clash in black township of Soweto. Free State. Black Consciousness Movement forms; 1977 Diamonds discovered in the Transvaal. 1879 Stephen Biko, leader of the movement, is 1886 Gold discovered in the Transvaal. beaten to death allegedly by police. 1899-1902 British defeat Boers in Anglo-Boer War. P.W. Botha implements gradual reforms of 1978 British establish Union of South Africa. 1910 apartheid. $84 1912 Black South Africans organize African Archbishop Desmond M. Tutu wins Nobel National Congress (A.N.C.). Peace Prize for efforts in bringing about a nonviolent end to apartheid. Blacks prohibited from living in towns 1923 unless whites require their service. Black uprisings lead South African govern- 1986 ment to declare state of emergency; '1934 Union of South Africa becomes a self- Western nations announce boycott of governing member of the British South Africa until apartheid is lifted. Commonwealth. Botha resigns, and F.W. de Klerk 1989 °1948 Afrikaner Nationalist Party takes becomes Prime Minister. control of government; legal apartheid De Klerk lifts 30-year ban on A.N.C. and 1990 begins. frees Mandela. 1950 Groups Area Act is passed, dividing 1991 South Africa readmitted for Olympic 13.7 % of South Africa's land into "homelands" (bantustans) for the black competition. population. De Klerk and Mandela share Nobel Peace 1993 Prize;' De Klerk agrees to South Africa's 1955 More than 3,000 South African delegates first all-race election. attend a ."Congress of the People"; dele- gates unanimously adopt "The Freedom Zulu leaders threaten to boycott South 1994 Charter," protesting apartheid. Africa's first all-race election; violence erupts between Zulu protesters and A.N.C. 1956 Organizers of Congress of the People arrested and tried for treason. Zulus agree to participate in election; 1994 Mandela elected first President of new 1960 A.N.C. is banned; Sharpeville Massacre South Africa; homelands abolished. occurs. Hatred. The Zimbabwe because 5 million for- of Heritage otage," and he too called for anoth- surprise was not that the elec- mer rulers are not leaving. er day of polling. At last the election had whites Africa's South tion was carried out peacefully, but officials requested and got a one- methodically segregated blacks, that it happened at all. Here was a day extension of the voting in sever- white government, still with a paid them a pittance, ignored their al parts of the country. , housing and barely pretended to Neither the terrorists' bombs monopoly grip on political power, educate them. Blacks were not sec- handing over control of the country nor the confusing logistical snarls ond-class citizens, but third or to the black majority it had held in had a significant effect on the vot- fourth class. Yet after a relatively servitude for 300 years. It was an ers' turnout or their enthusiasm. short period of negotiations be- event without historical precedent Unsurprisingly, Mandela's party tween President F.W. de Klerk and won by a large margin, and the in the days of sweeping decoloniza- Nelson Mandela, the whites stepped new President quickly named a tion in Africa three decades before, back and passed the government to or even in 1980 when the former coalition Cabinet that included that eager but ill-prepared majority. British colony of Rhodesia became key members of all parties. 1994 4 IN REVIEW THE LEADER a word, Mandela climbed into a BMW sedan and "Nelson Mandela's talent for leadership traC headed for his first public appearance in more back to his tribal heritage as the son of a roSiat, than 27 years, at a massive rally in the heart of family of the Thembu tribe of the Zhosa Cape Town. Outside city hall, hundreds of thou- After earning a law degree from the University of sands of blacks gathered just to catch a glimpse the Witwatersrand, he joined the African National, of the leader many had never seen... . Congress. With classmate Oliver TambO, heset :up A bulky 200-pounder when the prison doors the first black law practice in South AfriCa closed behind him, Mandela is now a slim, white- 1952. Defiantly working from a whites-Ohli,-dOWil- haired statesman of 71.... He has been planning town heighbOrhood, they. specialized iiqe a long time for this day, and blacksand many senting blaCkS Who failed to carry the P00,§C.;. whiteseagerly await his guiding hand to lead were, reqUir ed of blaCksifi White; neighbOrhO the nation toward a resolution of their racial aridela'and TanibO helped form the1761i antagonism. In his home township of Soweto, . leeag4p. in 1944, and three: yea.rsJater set.tip$' despite steady rain and long hours of waiting, grainOE action calling for Strikek boycottS":4i excited crowds of young people danced and acts of Civil diSobedienCez:-Iii 1955 they supPi;ite, chanted around Mandela's house. Children sang, the Freedom an economic credo mail 'Mandela is coming! Mandela is coming!' corisideredlO. be socialist. But Mandela abah: TIME February 19, 1990 dohedPea4efufrrietliodSafter the Sharpe Ma:S.Sacie in 1960, in whiCh poliCe killed 69'1),1 a proteSteis. When Tambo left 'to establish liead2. , quarters in'exile, Mandela stayed behind to set uP the A:N.C.'s underground military wing, Unkhonto we Sizwe (Spear of the Nation) and launch a campaign of sabotage. After 17 Months on the run, was caught in 1962. He was con-, he, victed in June 1964 of attempting to overthrow the government along with seven others in the Rovinia trial. His sentence: life in prison. Mandela endured years of hard labor on RobberiIsiand,,:41ienal,colonY across from Cape,..; Town Harboi*Iierehe was incarcerated for near: ly two deCadeS;s:liefdre he was moved to the viCtor Verster Prison Finn Outside Cape Town. For the first 10 of his 27.Years inPrison, Mandela swung i' pickai in a liMeStaiie quarry, breaking boulders into gravel. But the harsh punishment only I strengthened his resolve, and he directed his anger into a crusade for better prison -conditions ." . . TIME February 5,1990 MARCH TO FREEDOM "At 4:15 p.m. local time on Sunday, Feb. 11, 1990, In ,1958, Nelson Mandela startled, <W Onie Nelson Mandela walked out of the Victor Verster poposab:,`Yoiiki*ere dikzela with a strange Prison farm near Cape Townfree at last. . As :a WOnad'idresimaker,.yin.mia gi14440lie , . . r. the solemn, unsmiling nationalist leader emerged She Is going to Make your .weddiiielgoiiiiV,NOW04 hand in hand with his wife Winnie, throngs of many bridesmaids would you like iii-'::harei:"S: supporters broke into a thunderous cheer. Then a yeaes later; :-1n 1964, s.Mandela's,CO_MICtiote broad smile lighted his face, and he raised a tenced the couple to a life aUart:ifili,jibliteiliOWs' clenched fist in the sign of victory. Without saying the couple on the day of Mandela'S'414' BEST COPY AVAILABLE 1994 IN REVIEW 5