DOCUMENT RESUME CS 216 112 ED 414 592 Mallett, Sandra-Lynne J. AUTHOR Some Men's Daughters: Teaching D. H. Lawrence's "The Horse TITLE Dealer's Daughter." PUB DATE 1997-00-00 NOTE 24p. Opinion Papers (120) Classroom PUB TYPE Teacher (052) Guides EDRS PRICE MF01/PC01 Plus Postage. Classroom Techniques; *Discussion (Teaching Technique); DESCRIPTORS *English Literature; Higher Education; *Literary Criticism; *Literary Devices; Literature Appreciation; *Twentieth Century Literature *Horse Dealers Daughter (The); Lawrence (D H); Literary IDENTIFIERS Settings; Points of View (Writing); Theme (Literary) ABSTRACT "The Horse Dealer's Daughter" is usually taught as being about love's redeeming power. Usual interpretations of this story, however, ignore its title. It is also about a woman who discovers and uses her sexual power. To begin discussion, students are asked how many have ridden a horse and whether they have ever bought or sold a horse at auction. Then Mabel's predicament is discussed--her father has just died, and her options are to babysit for her sister or to find a husband. Using the technique of an imaginary flight over the story's landscape, students can enter into Mabel's mind. She picks out an eligible doctor, Fergusson, and exerts all her forces to marry him. Will they live happily-ever-after? Both people in this romance are needy--the doctor sees Mabel wade into a dank pond and rushes to save her. Although Fergusson is almost lost along with the unconscious Mabel, a transformation takes place where he is "merely and entirely male" and she is "merely and entirely female." Questions remain for class discussion: the animal imagery used to describe Mabel and her brothers; the symbolism of the dunking--a return to the womb for Mabel, a baptism for Fergusson; Lawrence's use of a shift in point of view--omniscient in the beginning, then from Mabel's point of view (the seller), and from the first eye contact, from Fergusson's point of view (the purchaser). A feminist appraisal would be in order for the students, and a comparison of Mabel with other pre-liberation women in literature who needed to get a husband might also clarify the meaning. (NKA) ******************************************************************************** Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. ******************************************************************************** Sandra-Lynne J. Mallett Some Men's Daughters: Teaching D.H. Lawrence's "The Horse Dealer's Daughter" Abstract: This story is usually taught as being about the restorative, redeeming power of love. As a summary of one of its themes, this is only partly true. The story is about a seduction. Mabel uses all her feminine wiles, or certainly her female instincts, to get herself a husband. The usual interpretations of this story ignore its title, and if attention is paid to the title, the story's meaning becomes clear. This interpretation includes a teaching strategy for helping students find the meaning in the story. The interpretation is presented here in much the same way as it is used in the classroom. Teachers may find this useful. U.S. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION Office of Educational Research and Improvement "PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE THIS EDU ATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION MATERIAL HAS BEEN GRANTED BY CENTER (ERIC) This document has been reproduced as received from the person or organization originating it. Minor changes have been made to improve reproduction quality. Points of view or opinions stated in this document do not necessarily represent TO THE EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES official OERI position or policy. INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC)." 2 COPY AVEMBLE 1 Some Men's Daughters: 8648 words. Teaching "The Horse Dealer's Daughter" This story by D.H. Lawrence is prefaced in several anthologies with editorial remarks that the story is about "the redemptive powers of love." This summary of the story is only partly true. The story is about more than the power of love. It is also about a woman who discovers and uses her sexual power. While some of the questions posed in the anthologies are helpful, some almost mislead the students. The same applies to the comments in several instructor's manuals. Helping students to understand this story requires offering them a little narratio and engaging students in this story requires bringing their experience to bear in an , imaginative reconstruction of the text. What follows is my interpretation of the story and the approach I take in teaching D.H. Lawrence's story "The Horse Dealer's Daughter." This story seems, at first, to be far from first year students' experience. They require a little background. Teaching this story requires offering some footnotes: explaining draft horses to some students, explaining horse dealer's tricks, and explaining the plight of women before our liberation (can any mother read Pride and Prejudice and not ache a little for Mrs. Bennet and how her concerns are mocked?). It also requires asking the students to recall the tactics they have used or seen used in romantic relationshipsfor some reason they need reminding of these and once they begin to recall them, the story gains relevance for them. The story is about Mabel, an unmarried woman whose life has just been turned upside down because her father has died and left the family in debt. Mabel and her brothers must leave the family home. The horses, the stock in trade of the family are being taken in debt, and the three brothers are setting off, as in a fairy tale, for adventures in new worlds. Mabel, however, has only two possibilities: to be a skivvy in someone else's household or to go to live with her married sisterand no doubt be a skivvy there in return for room and board. In despair about her prospects, she attempts suicide and is rescued by Dr. Fergusson who falls- more as in a tumble down a flight of stairs than as in a skydiver's free fall-- in love with her, 2 and we can imagine the organ and church bells that would accompany a film version of this story as it concludes with promises of marriage. This story is usually taught as a sexual awakening, but what is needed is a look at how Mabel and Fergusson's sexual awakening began. I think of our trip through the story as a flying lesson in a small plane and I use several approaches, literally, to teach this story. Like student pilots, we fly circuits to try "touch and go" landings and takeoffs before going for a little ride through the story. Teaching the story also requires a mixture of historical and psychoanalytical perspectives and a little mini drama. I like to pose several questions, with out allowing opportunities for responses, to focus our discussion. We work our way to the answers. As a sort of flight plan, my goal in this day's flying exercise is to investigate the specific settings- -the terrain-- and the plot of the story. Only a minimal flight plan is filed for the students. We will just take a quick trip through the story. The question I want to work towards is how genuinely spontaneous were Mabel's actions. Almost all texts and teacher's guides point out that Lawrence believed in living "spontaneously." He thought his own generation a bunch of stilted people, unable to loosen up and enjoy life. They were too busy with issues of "decorum" and "rules of etiquette" and "what the neighbours think" and they were too Victorian in their thinking to even enjoy sex. Fergusson, for instance, is briefly concerned at one point with what the men, Mabel's brothers, will think of his leap into marriage, but by that point, fortunately or unfortunately, he is too occupied or involved to be deterred by such thoughts. It is Mabel's actions, however, which need to be examined in regards to Lawrence's belief in living "spontaneously." In his comments on this story in his Instructor's Handbook to his Norton Anthology of Short Stones, R.V. Cassill notes D.H. Lawrence's belief in "spontaneity" and adds that "we might look to the whole bulk of Lawrence's writing and thought" to understand Lawrence's meaning of "the 'gulf' and the 'all' that the doctor has now [at the end of the story] abandoned." (p. 109). Cassill goes on to define the gulf as "the false education and civilized manners that separate people from their natural lives"(p. 109). I'm not sure of the extent to which this 4 3 applies in "The Horse Dealer's Daughter." I'm also not sure that "The primitive (and surely Lawrence would say the best) part of [Mabel] has been exposed by her ordeal. (p 108)" . . . But the comment of Cassill's that most needs consideration is his next one: Regarding Mabel's asking Fergusson "Do you love me then?" Cassill says that "The earlier parts of the story have prepared us to understand that she is not playing a trick by asking this." Mabel isn't playing a trick at this moment, but we are not prepared to understand this all that easily, because this is a story about tricksa whole bag of them. Cassill's note that "What is happening in [Mabel] is happening mindlessly" is true. However, behind that mindless persistence is a biological drive as compelling as any mindful plan might be--a survival instinct. Mabel is her father's daughter and she has learned a few tricks of his trade and she makes good use of them. In trying to ordering our discussion questions effectively, I work toward the question of Mabel's spontaneity. This is one question I do not ask as we begin our examination of the story. For this story, I begin in a way that no doubt appears evasive. I prefer not to introduce our discussion with any background biographical material on Lawrence, not to consider his philosophy, not to ask the students initially to write out a plot summary (though for a study of most works of fiction a cause and effect plot summary usually establishes a lot), and not to discuss the point of view. The flight plan is my choice. I prefer to save discussion of the story's point of view for the post-flight debriefing. "The Horse Dealer's Daughter" is two-sided. Lawrence's tactic of beginning the story at a distance so we can see Mabel's plight objectively and then shifting, half way through, to Fergusson's perspective, when he's lost perspective, when he becomes "involved" in Mabel's story, is notable. This shift in perspective is a central clue to understanding this story. Most readers note this dual -controlled point of view and interpret the story on that basis. Not only is the point of view a dual one, but the story is dual purpose. It is neither simply a love story, nor simply a story of a poor girl trapping herself a husband as a way out of her predicament. Mabel's plight needs to be considered as that of many early twentieth century women, women who lived in an era when they needed a husband for security. But the "love story" elements 5 4 need examination too. The two elements support each other. Mabel's problem, or plight, is solved because Fergusson does freely "plight his troth." In a way we are voyeurs from our bird's eye view following first Mabel and then Fergusson. We first briefly consider the title. Like the points of view Lawrence chose, his title is a major clue to understanding the story, and one that is neglected. And it is a logical starting place for discussion. Mabel's father gets title billing in this story and this deserves attention. The question is how much does her father matter to this story? What do we learn from our fathers? My father was a dentist. One impact of this on me, thanks to hearing his lectures about taking care of my teeth, is that I dutifully pay annual visits to the dentist, and take my children. Without intending to, I also take notice of a person's teeth when I meet someone new to me. What might Mabel have learned from her father? Maybe she learned from dinner conversation how to judge a good piece of horse flesh. Mabel has a problem, is rescued, and she and Fergusson plan to marry and live happily ever after. But what is the connection of this plot to the title Lawrence gave this story? I raise this question, but I ask it only rhetorically. We work our way to the answer. To begin discussion of this story, I ask how many students have ridden a horse. Lots of hands usually go up. (Sometimes, depending on how enthusiastic their response is, we establish that horses have different personalitiessome are frisky, some are nervous, some are dopey, sneezy, grumpy. Some are easy to train to carry a rider or to break to a harness; some are skittish.) We note that the horses on Mabel's farm are draught horses, beasts of burden, work horses, and worth going out of one's way to see. We describe the grand stature (16 hands) of Clydesdales, Percherons, and Shires. At country fairs on the prairies, one can still see contests of strength with draught horses, pulling tractors or logs. Real horse power. Then I ask: Has anyone here bought or sold a horse or attended a horse auction? Usually someone answers yes. I ask those students to try to recall if any of the horse sales were later found not to be good I suggest those students can have a moment to think about this and promise to return bargains. to it in a minute. This is also a good moment to state that Lawrence uses horses in several of his 6 works as symbols for sexuality, as in "St. Mawr." As we taxi down the runway and await clearance, I switch to discussing used car deals. This is like checking the weather conditions. Q. Anyone ever buy a lemon? Ever sell one? What measures does one take to try to turn a profit in selling anything? A. Wash it, tidy or dress it up. Q. What are some gimmicks used by real estate agents to sell a house? Usually students know a few of these: putting a drop of perfume on a light bulb, leaving a lamp on in the living room, trimming the lawn, etc. One student reported that no prospective buyer took a second look at her family's house until a couple came to view it while she was baking peanut butter cookies, and they bought itsigned the deal on the spot while eating the warm cookies. We're off. At this point I return to the students who have experienced a horse auction or sale to have them tell about any less than scrupulous deals. One student said she'd paid thousands of dollars for a horse that proved unridable. Another said, rather blurting it out, that his uncle, aware that his horse had a terminal disease, had sold the horse as perfectly sound. The horse gradually declined to the new owner's dismay, and within a few months it died. If the students can't supply any further stories, I tell a few. How and why horses are drug tested at the track daily during racing season. Students are employed and paid well to collect urine samples from the horses and a couple of RCMP do the tests each morning because drugs are used to alter horses' performance. Apparently buyers of horses are frequently easily gulled. One outrageous story was told me recently by a student. A buyer in a small city was interested in purchasing a horse, so a seller loaded his brown mare, with a white marking down its face, into his one-horse trailer and drove it to the city. The seller and prospective buyer met in the parking lot of a motel, where the horse was unloaded from the small, single-horse trailer. The buyer looked at the horse, said it looked fine, and asked the price. The seller said "I was hoping to get around $600 for her." The prospective buyer looked dismayed. "My friends told me a good horse sells for around $8 or 900." The seller turned to his friend who had accompanied him. " Take this horse back to the trailer and bring out the other one," he said. 6 While the seller occupied the buyer with a little small talk, the friend led the horse to the rear of the trailer, rattled the ramp a little, and returned a moment later with the same horse. The buyer quickly agreed to purchase this horse and happily handed over the cash$800. He clearly believed, as Robert B. Cialdini notes in Influence most of us do, that "expensive equals good." At this point we swing around and land again. On our next takeoff, we discuss ideas "in the air" in Lawrence's time. Q. Who were the major thinkers at the beginning of the century? What major ideas were in the air? A. Darwin the survivors of a species are those that adapt; Marx -class differences and pressures; and Freudthe notion of the subconscious, of unconscious motivations, having some control over our actions. If I suggest they think of other disciplines, the students come up with these three names. I also remark that some feminist critics do not think kindly of Lawrence's treatment or depiction of women and ask the students to ponder that idea in relation to Mabel. We save this topic for discussion later. (I like to tantalize a littlenot bare all, but suggest more will be revealed.) And up we go again. I remind them on this takeoff of a warning I issued before they read the story: to remember that it is set in England, not, for example, in Texas or Montana or the Canadian West. Q. The title: the horse dealer's daughter. Why a horse dealer? Often there is no response. Prompt: British people often use different words like "petrol" for "gas", and "boot," "bonnet" and "headlamp" for other car part names. What do we, in North America, call a person who deals in horses? If the students can't answer this, I ask, "What is the name of the weekly auto sales publication?" A. The Auto Trader. Now we are into horse trades and traders, but back we go in our circuits to used cars or "Previously owned vehicles" as a local dealership calls them. We talk about the risks in buying a used car that the car might have hidden undercarriage damage, that the odometer might have been turned back (one student explained that if the numbers on the odometer do not line up in an even straight line, someone has tampered with it)-- unless the buyer takes precautionshas the car checked out by another mechanic, gets the name of the previous owner and call him/her, does a careful test 7 drive, and so on. I add that a horse deal is a final sale with no refund, no exchange. On this circuit we consider the relationship presented in the title. Why the horse dealer's daughter? Mabel's father is not in the story. He has already died. In what way could the relationship be more important than just helping to set up a predicament for Mabel a good manager now out of a job? Before they can answer this I tell a few very old (turn of the century) and very weak jokesnot good for a laugh, but good to make a point: She was only a butcher's daughter, but she knew all the joints. (Note the pun relies on the British term for a roast of meat.) She was only a mathematician's daughter, but she knew how to figure. She was only a geometer's (any such word?) daughter, but she knew all the angles. In desperation to avoid having to hear any more of these shabby excuses for humour, someone usually rescues the class with "Maybe Mabel knows a few of her father's tricks of the trade." (There are many of these jokes and most of them are rather salty; e.g. "She was only a vicar's daughter but she knew how to curate." A war veteran refused to share any of them with me, for fear of giving offense.) It is worth remembering these jokes when studying Joyce's stories "The Dead" and "The Boarding House." Lily, who opens the door in "The Dead," and who has discovered, unsettling Gabriel's complacency, that "The men that is now is only all palaver and what they can get out of you" is "the caretaker's daughter." And Mrs. Mooney in "The Boarding House" is, we are told at the outset, a butcher's daughter. These women are "in the know" about the ways of the world. Ibsen's Hedda Gabler is also called "her father's daughter, and in "A Doll's House" Ibsen asks if the children of Krogstad and of Nora be like their parents, as well as asking if Nora is like her slightly shady father. Like father, like daughter is the idea. It is also very likely that those old jokes were known to all three writers since the jokes were part of their time. Why has the horse dealer's business declined? The story was first printed in 1922. Why would a horse dealer's family have slipped into poverty? A. the replacement of horses with automobiles and tractors. Mabel's father had taken another step to try to fend off poverty: 9 8 "The old man had married a second time to retrieve his fortunes." It is also possible that a few of Mabel's father's recent deals, maybe made in desperation, were less than satisfactory and his reputation has slipped too. We are almost ready to just ride the wind. But first we must do one practice "stall of the engine." I ask who has brothers or sisters. Many do. I pick one male and ask him to think of his sister. I ask, do you always treat your sister with loving kindness? Some of the responses to this are almost alarmingly honest. I offer a scenario: you've got permission to have the family car for this Saturday night, but your sister had asked for it too. Ask her, since you should show interest, but without caring much at all, how she is going to get to work. (Most of the men in the classroom will volunteer to do this, believe it or not.) Feel a little smug and imagine spitting on the floor. Now read Joe's line. Poor Mabel. None of her brothers really care what she does. Engine restarted. I ask. "Who came to the university in September from out of the city and left behind your home and family?" Then, "What do you have an urge to do when you feel sad? What did you do at the end of the first week of universitywhen you were feeling lost on the campus and feeling alone in large crowds, paying too much for textbooks, seeing how much work you were expected to do, and wondering if you ought to be here at all?" A. Called home, if not went home. I tell them on bad days I still say, "I want my mother." I want that person who will say "There, there, it will be all right." Where does Mabel go? And, yes, before leaving town she should tidy the grave; she has a useful reason. Mabel is very close to despair. She's had fairly good times, then hard times, having had to "demean herself. going into shops and . . buying the cheapest food." But this is the lowest she has felt. No one cares what happens to her. Whatever her fate will be, when she sets off to the cemetery on "the grey, wintry day", we are told "She would not cast about her. She would follow her own way just the same. She would always hold the keys of her own situation." No one alive cares for her, except that Fergusson, coming to say his goodbyes to her brothers, his buddies, did seem to care. Certainly, when he asked "What are you going to do