DOCUMENT RESUME EA 028 826 ED 411 612 Snyder, Thomas D.; Hoffman, Charlene M.; Geddes, Claire M. AUTHOR Digest of Education Statistics, 1997. TITLE National Center for Education Statistics (ED), Washington, INSTITUTION DC. NCES-98-015 REPORT NO ISBN-0-16-049343-9 ISBN 1997-00-00 PUB DATE 619p.; For 1996 report, see ED 402 679. NOTE U.S. Government Printing Office, Superintendent of AVAILABLE FROM Documents, Mail Stop: SSOP, Washington, DC 20402-9328 Numerical/Quantitative Data (110) PUB TYPE MF03/PC25 Plus Postage. EDRS PRICE Academic Achievement; Degrees (Academic); *Demography; DESCRIPTORS Education Work Relationship; *Educational Attainment; *Educational Finance; Elementary Secondary Education; *Enrollment; Expenditures; Federal Aid; Federal Programs; Foreign Countries; Higher Education; Income; *School Personnel; Student Financial Aid; Tables (Data) *National Center for Education Statistics IDENTIFIERS ABSTRACT This 1997 edition of the "Digest of Education Statistics" is the 32nd in a series of publications initiated in 1962. Its primary purpose is to provide a compilation of statistical information covering the broad field of American education from kindergarten through graduate school. The digest includes data from many government and private sources, and draws especially on the results of surveys and activities carried out by the National Center for Education Statistics (NCES). The publication contains information on a variety of topics, including the number of schools and colleges, teachers, enrollments, graduates, educational attainment, finances, federal funds for education, employment and income of graduates, libraries, and international education. Supplemental information is provided on population trends, attitudes on education comparisons, education characteristics of the labor force, government finances, and economic trends. The digest is divided into seven chapters: "All Levels of Education," "Federal "Elementary and Secondary Education," "Postsecondary Education, Programs for Education and Related Activities," "Outcomes of Education," "International Comparisons of Education," and "Learning Resources and Technology." The introduction includes a brief overview of current trends in American education. The data show that in the fall of 1997, about 75 million people were involved, directly or indirectly, in providing or receiving formal education. Assessment data indicate that there have been improvements in mathematics and science performance between 1986 and 1996. A higher proportion of high school graduates are going on to college. Yet, wide variations in student proficiency from state to state and mediocre mathematics scores of American students in international assessments pose challenges. The appendix contains a guide to tabular presentation, a guide to sources, definitions, 12 tables, and an index. Thirty-three figures and 422 tables comprise the bulk of the document. (AA) It NATIONAL CENTER FOR EDUCATION STATISTICS Digest of Education Statistics 1997 U S DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION Office of Educational Research and Improvement ED ATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC) This document has been reproduced as received from the person or organization originating it Minor changes have been made to improve reproduction quality Points of view or opinions stated in this document do not necessarily represent official OERI position or policy . II - ID . . . - 1 5 BEST COPY AVAILABLE 2 NATIONAL CENTER FOR EDUCATION STATISTICS Digest of Education Statistics 1997 Thomas D. Snyder Project Director Charlene M. Hoffman Production Manager Claire M. Geddes Program Analyst Department of Education U.S. Office of Educational Research and Improvement NCES 98-015 3 U.S. Department of Education Richard W. Riley Secretary Office of Educational Research and Improvement Ricky T. Takai Acting Assistant Secrete!), National Center for Education Statistics Pascal D. Forgione, Jr. Commissioner The National Center for Education Statistics (NCES) is the primary federal entity for collecting, analyzing, and reporting data related to education in the United States and other nations. It fulfills a congressional mandate to collect, collate, analyze, and report full and complete statistics on the condition of education in the United States; conduct and publish reports and specialized analyses of the meaning and significance of such statistics; assist state and local education agencies in improving their statistical systems; and review and report on education activities in foreign countries. NCES activities are designed to address high priority education data needs; provide consistent, reliable, complete, and accurate indicators of education status and trends; and report timely, useful, and high quality data to the U.S. Department of Education, the Congress, the states, other education policymakers, practitioners, data users, and the general public. We strive to make our products available in a variety of formats and in language that is appropriate to a variety of audiences. You, as our customer, are the best judge of our success in communicating information effectively. If you have any comments or suggestions about this or any other NCES product or report, we would like to hear from you. Please direct your comments to: National Center for Education Statistics Office of Educational Research and Improvement U.S. Department of Education 555 New Jersey Avenue NW Washington, DC 20208-5574 December 1997 The NCES World Wide Web Home Page is http://nces.ed.gov Suggested Citation Digest of Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. National Center for Education Statistics. 1997, NCES 98-015, by Thomas D. Snyder. Production Manager, Charlene M. Hoffman. Program Analyst, Claire M. Geddes. Washington, DC: 1997. For sale by the U.S. Government Printing Office Superintendent of Documents, Mail Stop: SSOP, Washington, DC 20402-9328 ISBN 0 -16- 049343 -9 FOREWORD This 1997 edition of the Digest of Education Statis- comes of Education," "International Comparisons of tics is the 33rd in a series of publications initiated in Education," and "Learning Resources and Tech- 1962. (The Digest has been issued annually except nology." To qualify for inclusion, material must be na- for combined editions for the years 1977-78, 1983- tionwide in scope and of current interest and value. 84, and 1985-86.) Its primary purpose is to provide The introduction includes a brief overview of current a compilation of statistical information covering the trends in American education, which supplements the broad field of American education from kindergarten tabular materials in chapters 1 through 7. Information on the structure of the statistical tables is contained through graduate school. The Digest includes a se- in the "Guide to Tabular Presentation." The "Guide lection of data from many sources, both government to Sources" provides a brief synopsis of the surveys and private, and draws especially on the results of used to generate the tabulations for the Digest. Also, surveys and activities carried out by the National a "Definitions" section is included to help readers un- Center for Education Statistics (NCES). The publica- derstand terms. To make analyses more convenient tion contains information on a variety of subjects in for researchers, many new Digest tables include the field of education statistics, including the number standard errors. In addition to updating many of the of schools and colleges, teachers, enrollments, and statistics that have appeared in previous years, this graduates, in addition to educational attainment, fi- edition contains a significant amount of new material, nances, federal funds for education, employment and including: income of graduates, libraries, and international edu- cation. Supplemental information population on Findings from the Third International Math and trends, attitudes on education, education characteris- Science Study, the largest comparison of inter- tics of the labor force, government finances, and eco- national achievement ever undertaken, tables 395 nomic trends provides background for evaluating to 402; education data. Although the Digest contains impor- tant information on federal education funding, more Percent of students in grades 4, 8, and 12 at var- detailed information on federal activities is available ious math and science proficiency levels in 1996, from federal education program offices. For example, tables 119 and 124; the Office of Bilingual Education and Minority Lan- Percent of public schools and school classrooms guages Affairs supports the National Clearinghouse with Internet access, table 415. on Bilingual Education, which compiles information on students and teachers involved in bilingual edu- Martin E. Orland cation. Associate Commissioner, The Digest is divided into seven chapters: "All Lev- Data Development and Longitudinal Studies els of Education," "Elementary and Secondary Edu- Group cation," "Postsecondary Education," "Federal Pro- National Center for Education Statistics grams for Education and Related Activities," "Out- December 1997 iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Many people have contributed in one way or an- Information Services, Robert Le Grand provided edi- other to the development of the Digest. Thomas D. torial assistance and Phil Carr designed the cover. Snyder was responsible for the overall development Jerry Fairbanks of the U.S. Government Printing Of- and preparation of this Digest which was prepared fice managed the typesetting. under the general direction of Mary Frase. This year's edition of the Digest has received ex- Charlene M. Hoffman provided technical assist- tensive reviews by individuals within and outside the ance in all phases of its preparation and was respon- Department of Education. We wish to thank them for sible for Chapter 4, "Federal Programs for Education their time and expert advice. In the Office of Edu- and Related Activities," and for tables on degrees Research and Improvement (OERI), W. cational conferred. Claire Geddes developed the text for Vance Grant and Duc-Le To reviewed the entire chapter introductions and was responsible for mate- manuscript. Rosemary Clark (U.S. Bureau of the rials dealing with higher education enrollment, fi- Census) also reviewed the entire document. Ellen nance, and faculty characteristics. William Bradburn of the Education Statistics Services Insti- Sonnenberg provided statistical computing consulta- tute reviewed substantial portions of the document. tion on all phases of the report. Celestine Davis pro- OERI staff who reviewed portions of the manuscript vided statistical assistance on materials dealing with were: Sam Barbett, Jonaki Bose, Patricia Q. Brown, attainment and educational student assessment. Shelley Burns, Adrienne Chute, Mike Cohen, Mary Debra Gerald and William Hussar prepared projec- Frase, Debra Gerald, Steven Gorman, Kerry Gruber, tions of school enrollment and finance statistics. Frank Johnson, Andrew Malizio, Marilyn McMillen, A number of individuals outside the Center also Frank Morgan, Shi-Chang Wu, and Linda Zimbler. expended large amounts of time and effort on the Di- Agency reviews were conducted by the Office of Bi- gest. Sherrie Aitken, Irma Alemar, Judy Blake, Ismail Michael fro, Neimat, lingual Education and Minority Languages Affairs, the William Scarbrough, Linda Shafer, and Patricia Thomson of CSR, Inc., provided Office of Vocational Adult Education, Planning and research and statistical assistance. In the Office of Evaluation Service, and Budget Service. 6 Contents Page Foreword iii Acknowledgments Introduction 1 Chapter 1. All Levels of Education 5 Chapter 2. Elementary and Secondary Education 43 Chapter 3. Postsecondary Education 173 College and University Education 180 Vocational and Adult Education 369 Chapter 4. Federal Programs for Education and Related Activities 375 Chapter 5. Outcomes of Education 415 Chapter 6. International Comparisons of Education 433 Chapter 7. Learning Resources and Technology 457 Appendix Guide to Tabular Presentation 469 Guide to Sources 471 Definitions 503 Index of Table Numbers 517 vii CONTENTS viii Figures 7 The structure of education in the United States 1. Enrollment and total expenditures in current and constant dollars, by level of 2. 8 education: 1960-61 to 1996-97 9 Years of school completed by persons 25 years old and over: 1940 to 1996 3. Years of school completed by persons 25 to 29 years of age: 1940 to 1996 9 4. 10 Highest level of education attained by persons 25 years and older: March 1996 5. Items most frequently cited by the public as a major problem facing the local public 6. 10 schools: 1980 to 1996 Preprimary enrollment of 3- to 5-year-olds, by attendance status: 7. 46 October 1970 to October 1996 Enrollment, number of teachers, pupil/teacher ratios, and expenditures in public 8. 47 schools: 1960-61 to 1996-97 Percentage change in public elementary and secondary enrollment, by state: 9. 48 Fall 1991 to fall 1996 Average annual salary for public elementary and secondary school teachers: 10. 48 1969-70 to 1996-97 Sources of revenue for public elementary and secondary schools: 11. 49 1970-71 to 1994-95 Current expenditure per pupil in average daily attendance in public elementary and 12. 49 secondary schools: 1970-71 to 1996-97 Enrollment, degrees conferred, and expenditures in institutions of higher education: 13. 176 1960-61 to 1996-97 Percentage change in total enrollment of institutions of higher education, by state: 14. 177 Fall 1990 to fall 1995 177 Enrollment in institutions of higher education, by age: Fall 1970 to fall 2007 15. Full-time-equivalent students per staff member in public and private institutions of 16. 178 higher education: 1976 and 1993 Trends in bachelor's degrees conferred in selected fields of study: 17. 178 1984-85,1989-90, and 1994-95 179 Sources of current-fund revenue for public institutions of higher education: 1994-95 18. Sources of current-fund revenue for private institutions of higher education: 19. 179 1994-95 385 Federal on-budget funds for education, by agency: Fiscal year 1997 20. Federal on-budget funds for education, by level or other educational purpose: 21. 386 1965 to 1997 386 Department of Education outlays, by type of recipient: Fiscal year 1997 22. Labor force participation of persons 16 years old and over, by age and highest level 23. 416 of education: 1996 CONTENTS ix Unemployment rates of persons 25 years old and over, by highest degree attained: 24. 1996 417 Labor force status of 1995-96 high school dropouts and graduates not enrolled in 25. college: October 1996 417 Median annual income of persons with income 25 years old and over, by highest 26. degree attained and sex: 1995 418 Salaries of recent bachelor's degree recipients year after graduation, by field: 27. 1 1987,1991, and 1994 418 Percentage change in enrollment, by area of the world and level of education: 28. 1980 to 1994 435 Public expenditures for education as a percentage of gross national 29. product: Selected countries, 1993 436 Bachelor's degree recipients as a percent of population for selected countries, by 30. sex: 1994 436 31. Nations' average mathematics performance compared to the United States: 1995 437 32. Nations' average science performance compared to the United States: 1995 437 Percent of all public schools having or expecting Internet access between fall 1994 33. and 2000 458 Tables 1. All Levels of Education Enrollment, Teachers, and Schools Estimated number of participants in elementary and secondary education and in 1. higher education: Fall 1997 11 Enrollment in educational institutions, by level and control of institution: 2. Fall 1980 to fall 2005 11 Enrollment in educational institutions, by level and by control of institution: 3. 1869-70 to fall 2007 12 Teachers in elementary and secondary schools, and senior instructional staff in 4. institutions of higher education, by control of institution: Fall 1970 to fall 2007 13 Educational institutions, by level and control of institution: 1978-79 to 1995-96 5. 14 Enrollment Rates Percent of the population 3 to 34 years old enrolled in school, by age: 6. April 1940 to October 1996 15 Percent of the population 3 to 34 years old enrolled in school, by race/ethnicity, sex, 7. and age: October 1975 to October 1996 16 Educational Attainment Years of school completed by persons age 25 and over and 25 to 29, 8. by race/ethnicity and sex: 1910 to 1996 17 Highest level of education attained by persons age 18 and over, 9. by age, sex, and race/ethnicity: March 1996 18 CONTENTS x Number of persons age 18 and over who hold a bachelor's or higher degree, 10. by field of study, sex, race, and age: Spring 1993 19 20 Educational attainment of persons 25 years old and over, by state: April 1990 11. Educational attainment of persons 25 years old and over, by state and race/ethnicity: 12. April 1990 21 Educational attainment of persons 25 years old and over, for the 25 largest states: 13. 22 March 1995 Educational attainment of persons 25 years old and over, for the 15 largest 14. 22 metropolitan areas: March 1995 Population Estimates of resident population, by age group: July 1, 1970 to July 1, 1996 23 15. Estimates of school-age resident population, by race and sex: 16. July 1, 1970 to July 1, 1996 23 24 Estimated total and school-age resident populations, by state: 1970 to 1996 17. Characteristics of Families with Children 25 Families, by family status and presence of own children under 18: 1970 to 1995 18. Characteristics of families with own children under 18, by family status and 19. 26 race/ethnicity: 1995 27 Household income and poverty rates, by state: 1990, 1994, and 1995 20. Poverty status of persons, families, and children under 18, by race/ethnicity: 21. 28 1959 to 1995 Opinions on Education Average grade that the public would give the schools in their community and in the 22. nation at large: 1974 to 1995 29 Items most frequently cited by the general public as a major problem facing the local 23. 29 public schools: 1970 to 1996 Public opinion of public and private school choice: 1989 to 1996 30 24. Parental involvement in 8th graders' school-related activities, by selected parental 25. 30 characteristics: 1988 Teachers' opinions about the most important goals for education, by type and control 26. of school: 1990-91 31 Teachers' perceptions about serious problems in their schools, by type and control 27. of school: 1990-91 and 1993-94 31 Teachers' perceptions about teaching and school conditions, by type and control of 28. 32 school: 1993-94 Public's level of confidence in various institutions: 1994 and 1996 33 29. Charitable Contributions Percentage of households contributing to education and other charitable 30. organizations and average annual donation, by type of charity: 33 1989, 1991, 1993, and 1995 C