DOCUMENT RESUME RC 019 511 ED 368 516 Russell, George AUTHOR The American Indian Digest. TITLE ISBN-1-881933-01-6 REPORT NO PUB DATE 93 NOTE 68p. Thunderbird Enterprises, 8821 N. First Street, AVAILABLE FROM Phoenix, A2 85020. Classroom Use Information Analyses (070) Guides PUB TYPE Instructional Materials (For Learner) (051) MF01/PC03 Plus Postage. EDRS PRICE American Indian Education; *American Indian History; DESCRIPTORS American Indian Reservations; *American Indians; American Indian Studies; *Demography; *Federal Indian Relationship; Genealogy; Racial Bias; Study Guides; Treaties; Tribal Sovereignty; *Tribes ABSTRACT This guide provides a basic source of historical and contemporary Indian information from an American Indian perspective and includes study questions at the end of each section. The primary function of this guide is to be a quick-study reference handbook. Basic questions essential to understanding current problems and issues of Americdn Indians are addressed including: (1) How many (2) How many tribes exist?; Indians are there in the country?; (3) How many reservations are there?; and (4) What are the size and location of the population, tribes and reservations? The first chapter presents an overview of American Indian history beginning with the arrival of Columbus, and discusses myths and misconceptions concerning American Indians, antagonism between White settlers and American Indians including genocide and slavery of American Indians, and violation of government treaties. The second chapter provides demographic data on American Indians, including information on tribes and reserva_ions for the past 500 years illustrating the constant transition of the American Indian population. This chapter also includes a map of federally recognized American Indian Nations and information on the gross acreage, trust land, total population, Indian population, and enrolled tribal population of Indian Nations. The third chapter addresses health, education, and economic welfare issues facing American Indians and concludes that most government programs have not successfully aided American Indians. The last chapter describes an individual's plan of action stressing the importance of education, political unity, and economic independence among American Indians. Also included are further references, catalogs of Indian publications, information on how to conduct a genealogy search, and locations of Bureau of Indian Affairs area offices. Contains maps and graphs. (LP) *********************************************************************** * * Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made * * from the original document. *********************************************************************** THE !American Indian DIGEST ....... U S DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION Office of Educational Research and Improvement EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC) "PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE THIS eZ'his document has been reproduced as MATERIAL HAS BEEN GRANTED BY received from the perSOn or organization a originating it L CI Minor changes have been made to improve reproduction quality K. tEsseA Points of view or opinions stated in this docu . ment do not necessarily represent official OERI position or policy TO THE EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC)." Are American Indians This Digest is a alive and well? valuable source of Is there danger of information with regard to extinction by blood quantum requirements? contemporary American What will be the Indian Indian population, 4e- experience in two generations? reservations, tribes and How to begin a also provides a basis to genealogical search for address these issues: your Indian identity. 1 BEST COPY OWE 2 THUNDERBIRD ENTERPRISES 8821 N, 1st Street, Phoenix, AZ 85020 Until America comes to terms with the condition and unresolved issues of American Indians, questions will continue to haunt the nation's conscience. If the Indians lose...we all lose. "The American Indian Digest" Copyright ©1993 by George Russell All rights reserved Printed in the USA No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any from or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system now known or invented, without permission in writing from the author or publisher. 3 Kalkaska, Michigan "The Transition" is a pencil drawing by Indian artist Lyle James. Lyle James was born in and charcoal and is a member of the Ottawa Tribe. He is a multi-talented artist who works in pencil, pen, ability to pastels as well as watercolors and acrylic paintings. One of Lyle's particular talents is the work, artistically transfer the face from a photograph to an Indian portrayal. He is also skilled in leather methods. carving and clothing design. He is self taught and has maintained the integrity of traditional Carter, Bob Lyle is internationally known for his artwork. People who have acquired his work are President Hope, Phyllis Diller, Senator Jackie Vaughn, and Pat Paulson. He has paintings on display at Michigan State University, in the Voyage Room at the Kellog Center. Lyle James can be contacted by calling Thunderbird Enterprises. 2 4 BEST WV AULlic TABLE OF CONTENTS FOREWORD 4 Global Perspective 5 Racism 6 Digest Synopsis CHAPTER 1 .,. HISTORICAL SYNOPSIS 7 500 Year Chronology 8 Myth And Misconception 9 America's Holocaust 15 Groundless Treaties 17 Vanquished Indians INDIANOLOGY CHAPTER 2 18 Demographic Guidelines 19 Population 26 Tribes 28 Reservations 32 Map of American Indian Nations 34 Indian Nations Roster CHAPTER 3 4. DISENFRANCHISED 43 American Indians Today 45 American Indian Reality 49 Divide ez Conquer 52 Summation PLAN OF ACTION CHAPTER 4 54 Indian Image 55 A Ten Year Agenda 57 Parting Words BIB LIOG RAPHY 58 Material Reference List Catalogs Listing Indian Publications 61 62 Genealogy Resources 63 STA Area Offices 64 Order Form 5 FOREWORD Global Perspective The escalating technology curve is nearly vertical. Fiber optics and virtual reality will have a significant impact on daily life in some communities by 1994. More information will be assimilated and dissemi- nated in the next decade than during all of previous history. Some anthropologists claim that humans use It appears that man only 10% of their brain capacity. will have the opportunity to test that theory. Carl Sagan and space shuttles have provided a glimpse into the foreseeable future as scientist ex- amine and analyze the potential of the galaxy. Space International business is technology has provided the springboard for a quan- conducted daily across oceans as easilu as between domestic tum leap in global evolution. states. trans- dramatically have Telecommunications formed the world into a global community. A global community is a global market. Cost effective telecom- munications are a reality. International business is conducted daily across oceans as easily as between domestic states. Competitive national participation is required in the global market for economic survival. The role of American Indians in the marketplace has traditionally been as a local source of arts and crafts products. Indian arts and crafts are a multi-bil- lion dollar business with domestic and global markets. It is time for Indians to make the transition from sup- plier to entreprenuer in those markets. 4 Racism An American paradox: one source of the nation's strength, its cultural diversity, is also the source of one of its most severe social problems, racism. Like it or diverse races are inseparable constituents of not American society, and America is an inseparable con- stituent of a global community. Everyone has some type and degree of prejudice. Racial prejudice is a human instinct from eons of evolution when it was necessary for survival. Physical characteristics evolved as man learned to walk upright, lost some body hair and became a social creature. Human mental evolution has not keep pace with We hold these truths to be physical evolution. selretrident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with Racism is socially archaic, retarded, maliciously ig- certain unalienable rights, that It's an insidious mental norant and non-productive. among these are Life, Liberty of the carrier stunted. cancer that leaves the mind and the pursuit of Happiness." When viewed from a telescoping galaxy perspective, Declaration of Independence - 1776 The next generations of insignificant. racism is Americans will have many more important matters to deal with than the blood composition of their neigh- bors. America must resolve the issues of domestic racism before undertaking the problems of a multicul- tural global market. America is only 5% of the world market and cannot afford racism. Indians must be conscious and wary of practicing insidious racism. Dissension and prejudice premeate This is the same nearly every aspect of Indian life. racism that Indians have endured for hundreds of the peoplc into years. The same racism that oppressed Indians near extinction. The same racism that has kept divided, vulnerable and manageable. 5 t-r Digest Synopsis When Indians are mentioned, the perceptions that usually come to mind are historical and cultural. These areas of interest are very important and have been cultivated to the point of saturation, while con- temporary information has essentially been excluded. The American Indian Digest presents a historical synopsis, but shifts attention to the dynamics of American Indian contemporary demographics. The Digest presents a view of the Indian condition from an To understand current problems Indian perspective. and issues of America's native people, it is essential to know the answers to such basic questions as: The primanjfunction of the there in the country? . How many Indians are Digest is to be a handbook, a convenient source of basic 4. How many tribes exist? Indian information. . How many reservations are there? What are the size and location of the population, tribes and reservations? The primary function of the Digest is to be a quick-study reference handbook, a convenient source of basic Indian information. A secondary function is to list addresses and telephone numbers of reference materials. Hopefully, some fact, thought or question will encourage the reader to look beyond the facade of Indian myth and misconception. and museums contain universities Libraries, voluminous resources that chronicle every aspect of two conflicting cultures the fascinating as epic engaged in a violent and savage struggle for survival. For American Indians the struggle continues. 6 CHAPTER 1 + HISTORICAL SYNOPSIS 1 Chronology This abbreviated roster of historical events significantly influenced the course of Indian destiny and provides a sense of chronological perspective. Arrival of Columbus to the New World. 1492 1607 Jamestown was founded. Pilgrims land at Plymouth Rock. 1620 First major Indian retaliation. 1622 1744 The Treaty of Lancaster. American Revolutionary War begins. 1775 1776 US Declaration of Independence. First treaty between US & Indians. 1778 1783 American Revolutionary War ends. 1803 US Louisiana purchase for $15 million. BIA established under Dept. of War. 1824 Indian Removal Act. 1830 First gold strike in the West. 1848 1850 US eliminates all foreign land claims. Indian Appropriation Act. 1854 Civil War begins. 1861 Railroad Act. 1862 Civil War ends. 1865 Fort Laramie peace conference. 1868 Treaties end between US & Indians. 1871 1887 General Allotment Act. (Dawes Act) 1917 US enters World War I. 1919 World War I ends with Treaty of Versailles. Indian Citizenship Act. 1924 US enter World War II after Pearl Harbor attack. 1941 National Congress of American Indians. 1944 World War II ends with the atomic bomb. 1945 Indian Claims Commission Act. 1947 Indians allowed to vote in Arizona. 1948 Liquor Prohibition repealed for Indians. 1953 Indians allowed to vote in New Mexico. 1962 Indian Civil Rights Act. 1968 Indian Education Act. 1972 Indian Self-Determination Act. 1975 American Indian Religious Freedom Act. 1978 Indian Gaming Regulatory Act. 1988 7 9 Myth & Misconception The prevalent theory is that, at least 12,00 years ago, In- dian ancestors crossed the frozen Bering Straits, fanned out from Alaska and became the sole inhabitants of two con- cultures and They established civilizations, tinents. religions based on their acknowledged dependence on the environment. 'They are artless and generous with what they haveWith 50 men we could subjugate them all and make them do whatever we want." Columbus - 1493 From the arrival of Columbus to the present, the truth about Indians has been obscured by myth and misconcep- tion. Columbus accidently landed in the Carribean Islands while seeking a new trade route to the Far East. He was historically given recognition for "discovering" America. First - Columbus was not the first to explore the new world. Second - Aztec, Mayan, Mound Builders, Pueblos and other existing Indian civilizations were comparable, and in some respects superior, to those of Europe. Regard- less of the circumstances, the arrival of Columbus was a historical accomplishment of the first magnitude which in- itiated a chain of events that changed the world forever. Columbus was convinced that he had landed in India and called the native inhabitants "Indians." The "Indian" misnomer has been accepted to the extent that it is synonymous with all indigenous people in the western hemisphere. 8 0 AtviaME BEST WY