DOCUMENT RESUME CG 025 299 ED 367 927 CACD Journal, Volume 13, 1992-93. TITLE California Association for Counseling and INSTITUTION Development, Fullerton. PUB DATE 93 70p.; Published annually, for 1990-91 and 1991-92, NOTE see CG 025 297-298. CACD, 2555 East Chapman Ave., Fullerton, CA 92631 ($4 AVAILABLE FROM members, $8 non-members). Serials (022) Collected Works PUB TYPE CACD Journal; v13 1993 JOURNAL CIT MF01/PC03 Plus Postage. EDRS PRICE Acculturation; Asian Americans; Career Choice; Career DESCRIPTORS Counseling; Counseling Techniques; Counseling Theories; Counselor Client Relationship; *Counselors; Counselor Training; *School Counselors; Student College Relationship Americans with Disabilities Act 1990; Sex Offenders; IDENTIFIERS Spinal Cord Injuries ABSTRACT Along with messages from the editor and CACD's (1) "Counselors in Therapy: Who Heals president, this issue offers: (2) "Early Intervention to Facilitate the Healer?" (Priest); Employment of Persons with Spinal Cord Injury" (Orange, Brodwin and (3) "Cultural Constraints and Career Choices of Johnson); (4) "Survival of Asian-American Students: A Workshop Series" (Cheng); (5) "The the School Counselor: A Workshop" (Gill-Wigal and Martinek); Longitudinal Relationship of Congruency Between Initial and Final Selection of Major, Persistence, and Graduation of College Students" (6) "Course Characteristics of (Patrick, Niles, Margetiak, Cunning); CACREP Community Counseling Entry-Level Core Areas" (Cowger). The "Features" section includes: (1) "Embracing the Buddha: Reflections (2) "Using the Mental Status on the Emergence of Eclecticism" (Webb); (3) "Three Kinds Exam in Counseling" (Austin, Partridge and Bitner); of Patients Who Need Confrontation, With Emphasis on Sex Offenders" (Eisenman); (4) "New Look in Counseling and Guidance for the '70s and the Twenty-First Century: A Background Paper" (Rickman and Mitchell); (5) "Touch Someone" (Teal). Bibliographies are included. (BF) *********************************************************************** * * Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made * * from the original document. *********************************************************************** Col OD "PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE THIS U S DEPANTMENT OF EDUCATION MATERIAL HAS BEEN GRANTED BY Office of EduCatronal Re Smirch and improvernont CACP EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC) 0 This document haS been reprOduced as received from the person or organization onginahng 0 Mrnor changes have been made to improve coprOduCttOn Quality TO THE EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES Points of view or opinroos Stated in this dOCu ment dO nOt neceSaanly represent official INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC). OE RI positron or pOliCy BEST CACD JOURNAL An Official Publication of the and Development California Association for Counseling Suite 201 2555 East Chapman Avenue, Fullerton, CA 92631 (714) 871-6460 Editor PAT NELLOR WICKWIRE The Nel lor Wickwire Group Hermosa Beach Production Editor Associate Editor RICHARD HOOVER DONALD G. HAYS CACD University of La Verne Fullerton La Verne Editorial Review Board DALE BURKLUND, Retired JOHN BANCROFT, Emeritus Santa Clara County Schools San Bernardino Valley College Cupertino Yucaipa MARY HONER MARGARET COONEY Garden Grove School District California State University Garden Grove San Bernardino MARK POPE CYNTHIA S. JOHNSON Career Decisions California State University San Francisco Long Beach BEN REDDISH KAY RAGAN Edison High School Mt. San Antonio College Stockton Walnut J. LEONARD STEINBERG Maw. MARCELINO SAUCEDO California State University Cerritos College Los Angeles Norwalk JEAN THOMAS E. W. (BUD) STUDE Foothill College California State University Los Altos Hills Fresno the California Association 1052-3103) is the official lournal of The CACDJournal(ISSN Journal as a CACD members receive the CAC() for Counseling and Development. each to members, Single copies are available at $4.00 benefit of CACD membership. about membership to non-members. Address correspondence and at $8.00 each to Membership. CACD, Attention: CACD for the professional, manuscripts about the profession The CACD Journal invites experimental research, and practice, applied and including articles about theory applications. Guidelines for and innovative ideas and current trends and issues, correspondence about manu- CACD Journal. Address authors are included in the CACD Journal Editor. scripts to CACD, Attention: principles ot law and CACI, Journal, subject to the Advertising space is available in the Attention: CACD Journal about advertising to CACD, ethics. Address correspondence Advertising. notification of address Journal resulting from lack of Undelivered copies of the CACD changes of address to Address Correspondence about change are not replaced. CACD: Address Changes. manuscripts for the Journal, for the protection of the Copyright is held by the CACD reproduction of 300 or more requested in writing for the authors. Permission must be regarding permission to repro- Address correspondence words of the CACD Journal. Journal Editor. to CACD, Attention: CACD duce CACD Journal content Fullerton, CA 92632. by Couch's Printing, The CACD Journal is printed 3 BEST COPY AVAILABLE Counseling and Development California Association for CACD Journal 1992-93 Volume 13 1 The Editor's Message Pat Nellor Wickwire 3 The CACD President's Message Richard Gonzales 5 Healer? Counselors in Therapy: Who Heals the Ronnie Priest of Persons Early Intervention to Facilitate Employment 11 with Spinal Cord Injury Sharon Johnson Leo M. Orange, Martin G. Brodwin, and of Cultural Constraints and Career Choices 19 Asian-American Students: A Workshop Series W. David Cheng 29 Survival of the School Counselor: A Workshop Jan Gill-Wigal and Sherry A. Martinek Between The Longitudinal Relationship of Congruency and Initial and Final Selection of Major, Persistence, 33 Graduation of College Students Margetiak, John Patrick, Spencer Niles, Charlene and Tineke J. Cunning Counseling Course Characteristics of CACREP Community 39 Entry-Level Core Areas Ernest L. Cowger, Jr. FEATURES Professional Practices in Counseling Emergence Embracing the Buddha: Reflections on the 47 of Eclecticism Dwight Webb 53 Using the Mental Status Exam in Counseling Joe Bitner J. Sue Austin, Elizabeth Partridge, and Three Kinds of Patients Who Need Confrontation, 57 With Emphasis on Sex Offenders Russell Eisenman Building the Counseling Profession '70s New Look in Counseling and Guidance for the 61 Paper and the Twenty-First Century: A Background Geraldine Rickman and Leonard Mitchell The Personal Side of Counseling 67 Touch Someone Josie Teal 69 CACD Leadership Team Directory 71 CACD Journal Guidelines for Authors and Development ©1993 by the California Association for Counseling 4 THE EDITOR'S MESSAGE Pat Nel lor Wickwire The 1992-93 CACD theme, "Human Rights: Counselors' Concern for the Future," is reflected throughout this issue of the CACD Journal. Caring and concern are clearin articles about the development of clients and counselors, and about the enhancement of professional theory and prac- tice. CACD President Richard Gonzales lauds the CACD Journal as a medium for growth, contribution, and recognition, and invites readers to appreciate and enjoy. Ronnie Priest discusses unique considerations that arise when counselors becomes clients of counseling, and presents the possibilities of both positive and negative outcomes. Leo M. Orange, Martin G. Brodwin, and Sharon Johnson emphasize the essential participation of rehabilitation counselors in the vocational planning and development of clients with disabilities, and stress early intervention by the professional team. W. David Cheng describes the processes and the results of a workshop series with Asian-American college students, with special emphasis on the interrelationships of cultural adjustment and career choice. Jan Gill-Wigal and Sherry A. Martinek describe the rationale, goals, and content of a graduate workshop for school counselors, and identify public relations and promotional skills for development. John Patrick, Spencer Niles, Charlene Margetiak, and Tineke J. Cun- ning report research on the relationship of the congruency of initial and final selections of college majors, persistence, and graduation rates. Ernest L. Cowgcr, Jr., discloses the results of a survey of the ways in which CACREP-accredited community counseling programs meet entry-level re- quirements. Three special CACD Journal feature sections are continucd. In "Profes- sional Practices in Counseling." Dwight Webb notes th..: contemporary use of eclecticism in counseling, and contrasts this with past professional prac- tice. J. Sue Austin, Elizabeth Partridge, and Joe Bitner describe the use of the Mental Status Exam in counseling. Russell Eisenman discusses the in counseling, specifically usefulness of confrontation with some clients drug users, sex offenders, and prisoners. In "Building the Counseling Profession." Geraldine Rickman and Leonard Mitchell, in an article reprinted from a special theme issue of the 1971- CACD Journal, 1992-93, Vol 73 1 72 CPGA Journal (CACD Journal), identify special efforts for counseling skills expansion and project a profession of human development ecology for the twenty-first century. In "The Personal Side of Counseling," losie Teal reminds us to reach out and touch someone with concern and caring, in keeping with the 1992-93 CACD theme of human rights. Counselors are invited to read this issue with pride and enjoyment, and to contribute to future issues. CACO Joutnal, 1992.93, Vol. 13 2 CACD PRESIDENT'S MESSAGE Richard Gonzales The California Association for Counseling and Development offers a variety of personal and professional development activities and programs. The CA CD Journal provides a forum for members to contribute to each other's personal and professional growth, as well as to be recognized for making an important contribution to the counseling field. This is the thirteenth volume of the CA CD Journal, the third under the leadership of Pat Nel lor Wickwire. With each issue, more and more kudos Board's hard work come Pat's way for a job well done. Pat and her Editorial continues to insure that we have an excellent publication for the 1992-93 Volume 13. The issue before you represents a well-rounded co.lection of articles with value for all counseling professionals. They provide you, the counselor, with information, insights, and opinions which run the gamut of counseling and human development concerns. I am highly impressed with their vitality, impressed. scope, and quality. I'm sure that you will be similarly Read and enjoy. Richard Gonzales is a Community College Counselor at Foothill College in Los Altos Hills, California. CACD Journal, 7992-93, Vol 13 3 Counselors in Therapy: Who Heals the Healer? Ronnie Priest Counselors as clients of counseling may bring unique issues and considera- tions into therapy. Variables that may impact on possible therapeutic out- comes and dilemmas that may confront therapists who have counselors as clients are addressed. Engaging a counselor in therapy as a client may present an array of unique challenges. Counselors bring with them distinct characteristics that may have far-reaching ramifications for both the counselor and the counselor as pa- tient (Freudenberger, 1990). In this article the counselor receiving therapy is identified as the counselor- client and the practitioner providing the therapy is identified as the counselor. Norcross, Strausser-Kirtland, and Missar (1988) determined that 504 (71%) of 710 psychotherapists reported at least one occurrence of receiving counseling from a practitioner. Garfield and Kurtz (1976) found that 539 (63) of 855 therapists had entered counseling. Similar results werc obtained by Deutsch (1985), with 174 (66%) of 264 therapists in his study reporting counseling. The typical counselor-client, according to Garfield and Kurtz (1976), is more likely to be female, with presenting problems that include relationship difficulties and/or depression. In this study counselor-clients also presented to therapy with possible manifestations of substance abuse. Unique Challenges Fleischer and Wissler (1985) suggested that the counselor and the counsel- or-client may frequently collude in their relationship in order to sustain a therapeutic environment similar to that of the traditional counselor-patient relationship. They also suggested that counselor-clients may selectively ig- nore the dilemma(s) they pose for therapists. Similarly, counselors may be reluctant to admit feelings of vulnerability in therapeutic relationships with professional colleagues. Since both parties are invested in maintaining con- fidentiality, there is a paucity of research concerning this crucial relation- ship. Existing research (Fleischer & Wissler, 1985) has identified four signifi- cant areas of potential difficulty in conducting counseling with counselor- clients: boundary issues, motivations, conflicts associated with being a client, and unique goals. Boundary Issues Norcross, Strausser, and Faltus (1988) suggested the counselor-client may tend to initiate a relationship with the counselor that is heavily based on camaraderie. The selection of a counselor outside of the immediate profes- sional circle may minimize this possibility. Ronnie Priest is Assistant Professor. Department of Counseling and Profes- sional Services. Memphis State University, Memphis, Tennessee. C A(L) lournal, 112.91, Vol 11 5 Motivations The motivations of both the counselor and the counselor-client may war- rant close scrutiny. For the counselor-client, the motivation to enter coun- seling may be based on reasons ranging from an opportunity for continuing education to the resolution of personal problems. In addition to the obvious counselor motivation of desiring to help, being a counselor to a counselor- client may have narcissistic appeal. It is incumbent on all parties concerned to make honest evaluations of possible sources of difficulty. Conflicts Associated With Being a Client The counselor-client's discomfort with being a client may be centered around his or her desire to retain a sense of control or a fear of the loss of professional integrity. Assuming the role of counselor-client may serve as a source of concern for one usually seen as a healer. The counselor-client's sense of conflict or concern may be heightened if this counselor expects a greater degree of self-awareness and disclosure than she or he would from a client who is not a counselor (Fleischer & Wissler. 1986). This can be further compounded if the counselor is reluctant to accept the frailties of the counselor-client. Unique Goals The counselor-client's therapeutic goals may be dramatically different from those of traditional clients. In addition to personal problem resolution, the counselor-client may see thc counseling sessions as an opportunity for exploration of the appropriateness of his or her career choice. The reasons counselors furnish for entering or not entering counseling provide insights into the distinct issues associated with having counselors as clients. Norcross (1990) expressed concern that counselors frequently entered counseling as the results of training requirements as opposed to voluntarily seeking counseling. Norcross (1990) found, however, that 55% of the psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors in his study had entered counseling for personal concerns. The next largest cate- gory (35%) cited personal and professional growth as the reason for en- tering counseling. In a survey of psychotherapists (Deutsch, 1985) the prominent concerns expressed by counselor-clients were relationship difficulties (82 e.;), depres- sion (57;), substance abuse (1r), suicide ideations or attempts (5), and other personal problems (14":), with some respondents reporting multiple personal issues. Norcross (1990) reported similar results, determining the three most frequently mentioned issues to be marital conflict (20';), depres- sion (13":), and anxiety (l n). An unanticipated finding (Deutsch, 1985) was that counselor-clients fre- quently have difficulty getting their significant others or spouses to enter counseling because of the perception that the counselor will ally with the counselor-client in a shared professional perspective. An additional inter- esting finding of the Deutsch (1985) study was that, while men and women counselors reported equal incidences of problems, women were more likely to pursue counseling. Although the actual incidence of burnout seems relatively low (2'; - 6`; among counselors (Farber, 1990), the extreme negative impact clearly war- 01 11 ( A( ()Ioulnal 1,1.11 .4) 6 11. rants counselor intervention. Farber (1990) determined that the prevailing reported cause of burnout involved a situation where the counselor felt she or he was expending an amount of effort and energy that did not traneme to the successful resolution of client concerns. Raquepaw and Miller (1989) suggested that counselors who work in agency settings arc at greater risk for burnout than counselors who do not work in such settings. One possible explanation suggested for this phenomenon was the extensive client case- loads counselors in agency settings carry. Agency counselors frequently engage chronic and resistant clients in counseling, which may lead to a diminshed sense of efficacy (Farber, 1990). The reasons counselors do not seek therapy may also be illuminating. The five most frequently reported reasons for not entering counseling (Deutsch, 1985) were: no acceptable counselor nearby that was respected or not already known (19e;); help and support found from friends, family, or co-workers (18c;) problem resolved before counseling was initiated (17'); fear of exposure, concerns about confidentiality, and fear of professional censure (IT) : and belief that the counselor should be able to work things out by himself or herself (9). Maslach (1982) suggested another possible cause for counselors' avoidance of counseling may be thc implication that they arc not emotionally or psychologically healthy. Counselor Selection Grunehaula (1983) identified four main criteria used by counselor-clients when choosing a counselor. The first criterion identified was that the coun- selor must be perceived as competent. Second was that the counselor be outside thc social and professional network of the counselor-client. The third characteristic wos that the counselor possess qualities of acceptance, caring, and support. The fourth consideration was that the counselor furnish feedback during counseling. Buckley, Karasu, and Charles (1981) stated that the required counselor quality most pervasively a ported by counselor-clients was that of feeling that the counselor liked them. This finding seemingly places a premium on counselors being able to demonstrate empathy. Norcross, Strausscr, and Fal- tus (1988) corroborated the findings of Buckley et al. (1981) and Grune- baum (1983) with thc results of their research showing that counselor com- petence, clinical experience, professional reputation, and personal warmth were the prominent counselor attributes desired by counselor-clients. Benefits of Counseling Norcross, Strausser-Kirtland, and Missar (1988) identified an increased appreciation of life, increased perceptions related to conducting therapy, diminished personal stress factors that allow the counselor-client to become a more effective counselor, personal validation of the counseling process, learn from and model the increased empathy, and the opportunity to counselor's methods and skills as benefits consistently reported as being de- rived from counseling by counselor-clients. Norcross (1990) reported that counselors related improvements in self-esteem, work functioning, social life, and characterological conflicts after personal counseling. A careful examination of research literature does not furnish specific in- sight into the "hest" or "most effective" theoretical approach for the coun- CACI) Inumat, 1992.93, Vol 7 13