DOCUMENT RESUME ED 364 142 HE 026 939 AUTHOR Andersen, Charles J. Enrollment and Baccalaureates at Public Universities, TITLE 1970 & 1990. INSTITUTION American Council on Education, Ws...shington, D.C. aiv. of Policy Analysis and Research. PUB DATE 93 NOTE 10p. AVAILABLE FROM American Council on Education, Div. of Policy Analysis and Research, One Dupont Circle, Washington, DC, 20036 (published 8 times yearly; $58 for 1 year; $105 for 2 years; $149 for 3 years; ACE members, 10% discount). PUB TYPE Serials (022) Collected Works ACE Research Briefs; v4 n3 1993 JOURNAL CIT EDRS PRICE MF01/PC01 Plus Postage. *Bachelors Degrees; College Students; Differences; DESCRIPTORS Doctoral Programs; *Enrollment Trends; Geographic Regions; Higher Education; Institutional Characteristics; *Public Colleges; Regional Characteristics; School Demography; *State Universities; Trend Analysis; Universities ABSTRACT Th4s research brief reviews trends over two decades Nccalaureate degrees at public universities that in enrollment anc _assification definition for "doctorate-granting" meet the Carnegie and "comprehensive." Opening highlights note that public universities comprise nearly 25 percent of the nation's four year colleges and universities and that these institutions saw an enrollment increase of 38 percent between 1970 and 1990. A side-bar covering a full page explains the Carnegie institutional classification system and the definitions of comprehensive and doctorate-granting universities. Sections on enrollment, baccalaureates, and numbers and distribution (1) there were 459 of institutions follow. Some findings are: doctorate granting and comprehensive public universities in 1987; (2) geographic distribution of these institutions shows a pattern repeated in the enrollment and earned degree data with 65 percent of (3) geographic distribution of universities east of the Mississippi; public universities' 5.5 million students in Fall 1990 mirrors the distribution of the nation's population; (4) the share of national enrollments accounted for by public universities has not changed significantly in the 1970-1990 period; and (5) of the 5.5 million students at public universities 52 percent are enrolled in doctorate-granting institutions and 48 percent at comprehensive institutions. A conclusion section suggests that institutions in areas where a decline in the traditional student population is predicted should carefully examine their clientele populations and missions. (Contains nine references.) (JB) *********************************************************************** * * Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made * * from the original document. *********************************************************************** RESEARCH a* BRIEFS * J. J. J. J. J Volume 4, Number 3 1993 I I II .1. 4.1. Rola J I J Jor dm I 1 1 Old11111$ Jeaeho...k. sh. As I 1111 Jae,. GO_ J. alio Division of Policy Analysis and Research I I II American Council on Education, Washington, D.C. Enrollment and Baccalaureates at Public Universities, 1970 & 1990 Charles J. Andersen public universities, that is, public This brief reviews trends in enrollment and baccalaureate degrees at for "doctorate-granting" and "comprehen- institutions that meet the Carnegie Classification definitions less than 500, but enroll two-thirds of the sive" institutions (see page 2). These institutions number data for 1970 and 1990, beginning and ending students attending four-year institutions. The report shows moderate increases in both enrollments and degrees after the rapid years of a twenty-year period that saw growth of the 1950s and 1960s. "PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE THIS U.S. DEPARTNENT Or itoucATRIN MATERIAL HAS BEEN GRANTED BY Oelles al SAICSIUMOIMMIONCh end Improve/ewe EOUICARONRI. RESOURCES INFORMATtON Div of Policy Analysis CENTER IERICI boon iterothicoel so 0 The ebowiNN mo Wowed born Mit Denton or areerloUltien &f Research, ACE at FRPROIWR/ ermettor Ceetepi neve boon mods to Improve e i 'deduction wanly TO THE EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES Itte Iseelo eit woe of oenertselotod INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC). moat do not MIPOONSIMI.repteeent OfteCoP OEM deelten ts "Obey 2 RESEARCH J. Jo. J. J. 4. ja BRIEFS III Volume 4, Number 3 I 1993 $ IIII je- . da a J. J.. IIIIIIIIIII mai, IIIIIIIIII a J. J. al. J.. Jae a ...fa J. J. J. J. J..P. J.. Division of Policy Analysis and Research American Council on Education, Washington, D.C. Enrollment and Baccalaureates at Public Universities, 1970 & 1990 Charles J. Andersen This brief reviews trends in enrollment and baccalaureate degrees at public universities, that is, public institutions that meet the Carnegie Classification definitions for "doctorate-granting" and "comprehen- sive" institutions (see page 2). These institutions number less than 500, but enroll two-thirds of the students attending four-year institutions. The report shows data for 1970 and 1990, beginning and ending years of a twenty-year period that saw moderate increases in both enrollments and degrees after the rapid growth of the 1950s and 1960s. HIGHLIGHTS graduate students in Fall 1990; twenty years Public universities comprise nearly one quarter of earlier, public institutions had enrolled 70 percent the nation's 4-year colleges and universities. of such students. Public universities enrolled nearly two-thirds (65 Doctorate-granting institutions represent less than percent) of all students attending 4-vear institu- one-third (29 percent) of all public universities, but tions of higher education in the fall of 1990; twenty enroll just over half (52 percent) of the students years earlier, public universities had enrolled the attending such institutions same share of students. The average public doctorate-granting university Enrollment at public universities increased by more hau a 1990 enrollment of 21,500 students in contrast than one-third (38 percent) between 1970 and 1990. tO the average public comprehensive institution's Growth at public universities has been uneven enrollment of about 8,100 students. geogiaphically, and appears to be related to demo- Public universities awarded nearly two-thirds (64 graphic changes. percent) of the baccalaureates awarded in aca- In the Southeast, public universities increased demic year (AY) 1988-89; twenty years earlier, they enrollment bv 69 percent between 1970 and 1990. had awarded 62 percent of the baccalaureates. In the Southwest, enrollment increased by 49 In the Great Lakes region, doctorate-granting percent. universiites award twice as many baccalaureates as do comprehensive institutions. enroll- -- In the Great Lakes and Plains regions, ment increased by 26 and 22 percent, respec- In New England, comprehensive universities a w a rd tively. more baccalaureates than doctorate-granting universities. Public institutionsenrolled 64 percent of the nation's Charles I. Andersen is a Senior Staff Associate at the American Council on Education. 3 Carnegie Classifications 5.5 Schools of business and management The Carnegie classifications were developed /0 by the Carnegie Commission on Higher in 5.6 Schools of art, music, and design Education for use in its several analyses of higher 5.7 Schools of law education in the U.S. An institutional list was first published in 1973 under the title, A Classifi- 5.8 Teachers colleges cation of Institutions of Higher Education; it was 5.9 Other bpecialized institutions based on the U.S. Office of Education's report Fall Enrollment in Higher Education, 1970. In 1970, in order to qualify as doctorate-grant- A second list, A Classification of Institutions of ing, an institution had to have awarded 10 Ph.D.s Higher Education, Revised Edition, was published of a few or more in 1969-70, with the exception in 1976, and a third list was published as the 1987 then-new institutions that were expected to show edition. At present, a fourth edition is in the increas Ni doctoral awards in the near future. Founda- process of preparation by the Carnegie tion for the Advancement of Teaching. The first Comprehensive universities and colleges were in- and third lists provide the bases for the analyses stitutions that did not qualify as doctorate-grant- in this research brief. ing but offered liberal arts programs and at least such one professional or occupational program, The Carnegie classification system divides the Some of these as teacher education or nursing. institutional universe into five general categories institutions had limited doctoral programs. Most and several subcategories. offered master's degrees. Size was also a factor in 1. Doctorate-granting universities this cateory so it included no public institution reporting enrollment of less than 1,000 and no 1.1 Research universities I independent institution with an enrollment of 1.2 Research universities H less than 1,500. 1.3 Doctorate-granting universities I By 1987, the classification criteria had changed somewhat. Classification as a doctorate-grant- 1.4 Doctorate-granting universities II ing university required, at the minimum, the 2. Comprehensive universities and colleges annual award of 20 doctorates in at least one discipline or 10 or more doctorates in three or 2.1 Comprehensive universities and colleges I more disciplines. 2.2 Comprehensive universities and colleges II Comprehensive universities and colleges were those that did not qualify as doctorate-granting, 3. Liberal arts colleges but did award more than half of their baccalaure- 3.1 Liberal arts colleges I ates in two or more occupational or professional disdplines, such as engineering, the natural sci- 3.2 Liberal arts colleges II Most of these ences, or business and management. 4. Two-year colleges and institutions institutions offered graduate programs and awarded master's degrees. All of them had an 5. Specialized schools and other specialized least 1,500 stu- average 1982-84 enrollment of at institutions dents. 5.1 Theological seminaries, Bible colleges, In this research brief, all category 1 and 2 and other institutions offering degrees institutions are counted as universities. in religion. Over the years, the Carnegie counts have not 5.2 Medical schools and medical centers agreed with the U.S. Office/Department of 5.3 Other separate health prolessional Education's totals largely because of differences schools in the way separate campuses of multicampus institutions are counted. 5.4 Schools of engineering and technology 2 Public Universities: Figure A How Many and Where Number of 4-Year Institutions, by Type, 1987 Public universities numbered 459 in 1987.1 They represented 23 percent of the approximately 2,000 Public Doctorate-granting (134) 4-year colleges and universities identified in the Public Carnegie Foundation's 1987 report, and 83 percent Comprehensive (325) of public 4-year institutions (see Figure A). 134 were classified as doctorate-granting uni- Other Public (93) versities (29 percent); Independent (1,440) 325 were classified as comprehensive universi- ties and colleges (71 percent). Between 1970 and 1987, 25 public institutions moved to doctorate-granting status. Most of these Fiaure B institutions had been classified as comprehensive Number and Percentage of universities in 1970. Public Universities, by Region, 1987 The geographic distribution of these institutions shows a pattern that will be repeated in the enroll- Great Lakes ment and earned degree data (see Figure B). 2 Mideast Rocky 14early two-thirds (65 percent) of the universi- Mountain ties are east of the Mississippi River; Far 3 Plains 73 25 West 42 16% 20 percent are in the Southwest and Far West. 5% 46 65, 14% New 9% 10% England 15 percent are in the Rocky Mountains and 26, 6% Plains. Southeast Sou hwest 135, 30% A "south-southwest arc," comprised of the Far 47, 10% Total U.S. West, Southwest and Southeast regions ac- 459 counted for almost half of the nation's 459 100% public universities. Figure C Enrollment Enrollment, by Type and Control of Institution, 1950, 1970, 1990 World At mid-twentieth centurvvrith many War 11 veterans still in collegeme nation's institu- million tions of higher education enrelled 2.3 Two-Year Institutions students. Ninety percent ot the enrollment was in Institutions 4-Year Independent 4-year institutions, and nearly half of that was at o Public 4-Year Institutions publicly con`rolled institutions. Twenty years later, in the fall of 1970, 8.5 million students were enrolled. The percentage attending and of 4-year institutions had dropped to 73 percent, those, the share who attended pubiic 4-year institutions had increased from 47 to 68 percent. During this twenty college had developed years, the two-year community 1990 1970 and was serving about one-quarter of the postsec- 1950 ondary education student body. the the District of Columbia identified by the Carnegie Foundation for This is the number of public universities in the 50 states and 1 brief may differ from those in the Foundation's publications which Advancement of Teaching in its 1987 classification list. Totals in this outlying jurisdictions of the U.S.. include data from institutions in Puerto Rico, Guam and other New Department of Commerce's Bureau of Economic Analysis. They are: 2 The regions used in this paper are those identified by the U.S. VA, P A; Southeast: AL, AR, FL, GA, KY, LA, MS, NC, SC, TN, England:CT, ME, MA, NH, RI , VT; Mideast: DE, DC, MD, NI, NY , MO, NE, ND, SD; Southwest: AZ, NM, OK, TX; Rocky Mountains: WV; Great Lakes: IL, IN, MI, OH, WI; Plains: IA, KS, MN, the Bureau of OR, WA. Note that this regional grouping differs from that used by CO, ID, MT, LIT, WY; Far West: AK, CA, HI, NV, administrative regions. the Census and from the Department of Education's Mississippi River but are included in the Southeast region totals. Part of Louisiana and all of Arkansas are west of the .3 5 3 Figure Figure D E Public Universities Enrollment in Distribution of Population Percentage of All 4-year Enrollments, Age in 4-Year Public as a Percentage 18-24/Enrollment 1990 Universities New England 40% New England 5/5 Great Lakes Great Lakes Mideast Mideast Rocky Rocky Mountain Mountain Far Far Plains Plains 79% 3/5 West West 67% 7/9 72% 16/13 69% 17/19 Southeast hwest Southeast Sou Southwest 75% 25/24 81% 10/11 Total U.S. 65% Figure F Enrollment in Public Universities by Type of Institution and Region, Fall 1990 Great Lakes i Southwest I Rocky Mountains Plains Southeast New England Comprehensive E I I Far West Doctorate Granting I Mideast 4III 700 800 400 600 300 500 200 100 0 Enrollment (in thousands) students at 4-vear institutions and 93 percent of the In the next twenty years, growth continued so students in all public 4-vear colleges and universi- that in the fall of 1990, 13.7 million students were ties. enrolled. The share at 4-year institutions dropped to 62 percent, but the share of those students who Doctorate-granting universities enrolled nearly attended public institutions remained unchanged 2.9 million students, just over half (52 percent). at 68 percent (see Figure C). Comprehensive universities enrolled 2.6 mil- Differences appear, however, when the several lion students, the remaining 48 percent. levels of enrollmentundergraduate, graduate, and first-professionalare examined separately. In Fall The geographic distribution of these 5.5 million 1990, public 4-year institutions accounted for students generally mirrors the distribution of the nation's population (see Figure D). 70 percent of the undergraduate enrollment; 3.4 million (62 percent) are in regions east of 64 percent of the graduate enrollment; the Mississippi River; 41 percent of the first-professional enrollment. 1.3 million (24 percent) are in the Southwest and Far West regions combined; In Fall 1970, the percentages were .8 million (14 percent) are in the two "interior" 68 percent of the undergraduate enrollment, regionsthe Plains and Rocky Mountains. 70 percent of tile graduate enrollment, 2.7 million public university students, repre- 44 percent of the fi.-st-professional enrollment. senting almost half (49 percent) of the total were enrolled in the "south-southwest In Fall 1990, public Itniversities enrolled 5.5 mil- arc." lion students. This represented 65 percent of the 4 Just as the share of national enrollments accounted for by public universities has not changed greatly in the Figure G 1970-90 period, the public's share in the various regions has not changed materially either (see Figure E). Number and Percentage Distribution Twenty years ago, in New England the Mid- of Baccalaureates Awarded by Public east, the share of students at public universities Universities, by Region, AY 1988-89 stood at 38 and 43 percent, respectivelythe lowest shares reported by the 8 regions. New England 31K, 5% In 1990, those regions again showed the low- Great Lakes 130K, 20% est percentages, and the public sector's shares had increased by two percentage points to 40 Mideast Rocky and 45 percent, respectively. These are the Mountain Far only regions that report less than half of their Plains 26K West 4-year enrollments in public universities. 60K 4% 95K 9% The two regions with the largest proportion of 14% their 4-year college students at public universities Southeast Sou hwest were the same in 1990 as in 1970the Southwest 150K, 23% 69K, 11% and Rocky Mountain regions. Total U.S. In 1970, their shares stood at 81 and 77 percent, 655K respectively. 100% En 1990 their shares were 81 and 79 percent, respectively. Of the 5.5 million students at public urn versifies, 52 percent are enrolled in doctorate-granting universities B Accalaureates and the remaining 48 percent are at comprehensive institu- tions. But there are major variations in these proportions in In the academic year ending in June 1989, all the several geographic regions (see Figure F). public institutions awarded 676,000 baccalaureate Doctorate-grantinguniversitiesenroll the larger share degrees. This was 66 percent of all such awardsa of students in the Great Lakes, Southwest, Rocky slightly smaller share than the sector's 68 percent Mountain, and Plains regions. share of enrollments. Nearly all (97 percent) of the publicly awarded degrees were from the universi- Comprehensive universities account for the larger ties, either doctorate granting or comprehensive. proportion of enrollments in New England, the Mideast, and Far West regions. The share of earned degrees awarded by all pub- lic 4-year institutionslike the share of enroll- In the Southeast, the two types of institution enroll mentshas changed very little in the last 20 years. essentially equal numbers of students. In 1988-89, all public institutions awarded As noted previously, there are fewer doctorate-granting universities than comprehe:sive institutions, although the 66 percent of the baccalaureates; twenty years former enroll more students. earlier, the figure had been 63 percent. Doctorate-granting institutions represent less than 58 percent of the master's degrees; twenty one-third (29 percent) of all public universities, but years earlier the share had been 65 percent; enroll just over half (52 percent.) of the students 41 percent of the 1st professional degrees; attending such institutions. twenty years earlier the share had been 42 Comprehensive universities represent nearly percent; and three-quarters (71 percent) of public universities, 64 percent of the doctorates; twenty years be- but enroll only 48 percent of their students. fore the share had been 63 percent. This, of course, means that there is a big difference The regional distribution of the university-awarded in the average size of the two types of institution. degrees follows the population and enrollment patterns The average doctorate-granting university described previously (see Figures D and G). enrolled 21,500 students in the fall of 1990, up from Institutions east of the Mississippi River an increase 0116 percent. 18,600 in 1970 awarded 404,000 (62 percent) of the univer- Tne average comprehensive university was about sity-awarded baccalaureates in AY 1989 one-third the size of the doctorate-granting institu- Institutions in the Southwest and Far West tion, enrolling 8,100 students in the fall of 1990. regions awarded 164,00 baccalaureates (25 This represents a 29 percent increase from the 1970 percent); average size of 6,300. 5 7 Institutions in the two interior regionsthe Figure H Plains and Rocky Mountainsawarded a total of 86,000 degrees (13 percent). Baccalaureates Awarded by Public Public universities in states comprising a Universities as a Percentage of All "south-southwest arc" awarded 314,000, or Baccalaureates, AY 1988-89 nearly half (48 percent) of the baccalaureates New England 38% awarded by the nation's public universities. Great Lakes Mideast Rocky The share of baccalaureates awarded by public Mountain Far universities within each of the several regions fol- PlainS 73% West lows the previously noted enrollment patterns (see 65% 74% 68% Figures E and H). /In New England, only slightly more than one Southeast Southwest third (38 percent) of the baccalaureates were 73% 78% awarded by public universities. In the Mideast, just under half of the baccalau- reates (47 percent) were awarded by public universities. Total U.S. 64% The Southwest was the region in which the largest share of baccalaureates (78 percent) was awarded by public universities. In the Great Lakes, Southwest, and Rocky Within the public university sector, doctorate- Mountain regions approximately two-thirds granting institutions awarded a slightly greater of the university-awarded baccalaureates were number of baccalaureates than did the comprehen- awarded by doctorate-granting institutions. the sive universities, even though, as noted above, latter outnumber the former. Fifty-five percent of In the Southeast and the Plains states, just over from the university-awarded baccalaureates came half (55 percent) of the baccalaureates came doctorate-granting universities. This share is from doctorate-granting universities. slightly larger than their 52 percent share of univer- In the Mideast, New England, and Far West sity enrollments. regions, slightly more than half of the bacca lau- comprehensive rea tes were awarded by These shares vary by region, however (sc.: institutions. Figure I). Figure I of Institution BaccalaureatesAwarded by Public Universities by Type and Region, AY 1988-89 Great Lakes Southwest Rocky Mountains Plains Southeast wilmari New England Gl Comprehensive Far West Doctorate Granting Mideast 1 100 80 60 40 20 0 Thousands of Baccalaureates 6 CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Enrollment growth in public universities has Between the 1970 and 1987, there was relatively varied by region. In the Southeast and Southwest little change in the composition of the lists of public enrollment increased at a faster pace than in other universities in the Carnegie classifications. regions. In the country's midsection, the Great Lakes Six percent of the "comprehensive" institutions and the Plains regions have shown relatively slow of 1970 moved into the "doctorate-granting" uni- growth, although each reported larger enrollments versity categories. in 1990 than in 1970. Although half of the puAic institutions classified For the next decade, population growth in the as liberal arts colleges in 1970 moved into the traditional college age group (ages 18-24) is pro- "comprehensive" category by 1987, this change jected to grow only in the western part of the coun- involved only 16 institutions. try, i.e. in the Southwest, Rocky Mountains, and Far West regions. Even in those areas, growth is ex- The balance in enrollment between public doctorate- pected to be modest. Public universities in the states awarding institutions and comprehensive universities with reduced 18-24 year old populations need to showed little change between 1970 and 1990. Each cat- examine their clientele populations and missions egory accounted for approximately half of all public carefully as they move through the 1990s. university enrollments in both years. RESOURCES education that would be more useful for pur- 1. The U.S. Department of Education's National poses of analysis than existing classifications." Center for Education Statistics (NCES) gathers data annually from the nation's institutions of In 1973, the commission published the first list- higher education. It publishes annually the Di- ing of institutions according to its system which gest of Education Statistics that provides data con- has come to be called the Carnegie classification cerning all levels of education and The Condition system. The publication's title was A Classifica- of Education that provides additional statistical tion of Institutions of Higher Education. data and interpretive text and commentary. NCES conducts surveys on many aspects of higher edu- In 1976, after the demise of the Carnegie Com- cation including institutional characteristics, mission on Higher Education, a successor activ- opening fall enrollments, and earned degrees ity, the Carnegie Council on Policy Studies in conferred. In the past, publications containing Higher Education, published a revised listing. statistical data from such surveys were published That second publication was titled, A Classifica- in monograph form. Currently, the surveys are tion of Institutions of Higher Education, Revised still conducted as part of NCES' Integrated Post- Edition. secondary Education Data System (IPEDS) and In 1987, the current listing was published by the the results are now made available through com- Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of puter tapes and reports issued in the EDTabs Teaching (CFAT) under the title, A Classification series. Queries concerning data tapes may be of Institutions of Higher Education, 1987 Edition. directed to Office of Educational Research and Improvement, Information Technology Branch, That publication is now out-of-print, however, 555 New Jersey Ave., N.W., Washington, DC CFAT is currently working on another revision. 20208-5725; telephone (202) 219-1847/1522. Pub- The foundation's address is 5 Ivy Lane, Princeton, lications are a vailable for sale from the Govern- Telephone: 452-1780. (609) 08540. NJ ment Printing Office. To receive assistance in ordering the publications and data tapes, contact the Education Information Branch, NCES, 1-800- 3. The U.S. Department of Commerce's Bureau of 424-1616 the Census is a principal source of population data. It provides national population estimates 2. The Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement regularly and, from time to time, publishes pro- of Teaching in 1987 published a listing of the jections of the population by sex, race, age, and nation's institutions of higher education ac- state in its Current Population Reports, Series P-25. cording to a classification system that had first In Current Population Reports, Series P-20, the been devised in 1970 by the Carnegie Commis- Bureau of the Census provides data concerning sion on Higher Education. The list was created as population characteristics, including a report on a result of the commission's recognition of the school enrollment at all levels and social and "need for a classification of institutions of higher 7 BIBLIOGRAPHY economic characteristics of students. The enroll- annually, ment report is published sometimes American Association of State Colleges and Uni- sometimes, biennially. versities (AASCU). A Challenge of Change: Public, Current Population Reports, Series, P-20 and P-25 Four-year Higher Education Enrollment Lessons from from the Su- the 1980s for the 1990s. Washington, DC: AASCU, are available through subscription perintendent of Documents, U. S. Government 1992. Printing Office (GPO), Washington, DC 20402. Carnegie Commission on Higher Education. A Clas- Copies of individual issues are also for sale. sification of Institutions of Higher Education. GPO's order desk teleplzone number is (202) 783- Princeton, NJ: The Carnegie Foundation for the 3238. Advancement of Teaching (CFAT), 1973. Colleges and 4. The American Association of State Carnegie Council on Policy Studies in Higher Edu- Universities (AASCU) is a major higher educa- Higher cation, A Classification of Institutions of colleges tion association that represents state Education, Revised Edition. Princeton, NJ: CFAT, and universities throughout the country. It pro- 1976. vides a wide range of services to its 370 mem- Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teach- bers, and it sponsors and publishes research on a Educa- ing, A Classification of Institutions of Higher educa- wide range of issues concerning higher tion, 1987 Edition. Princeton, NJ: CFAT, 1987. of Change: tion. Its recent publication4 Challenge Les- Public, Four-Year Higher Education Enrollment U.S. Department of Education, NCES. Digest of Education provides a thor- sons from the 1980s for the 1990s, Statistics. Washington, DC: GPO, annually. ough examination of changes in the recent past. Cen- U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Asso- For further information, contact American the United States. Wash- One sus. Statistical Abstract of ciation of State Colleges and Universities, ington, DC: GPO, annually. telephone: Dupont Circle, Washington, DC 20036; (202)293-7070. Current Populations Reports, Series P- . 25, No. 1059. Projections of the Voting-age Popula- Universities 5. The National Association of State tion, for States: November 1990. Washington, DC: edu- and Land-grant Colleges is a major higher GPO, 1990. nation's cation association that represents the land-grant colleges and other major state univer- Edu- U.S. Office of Education, National Center for and Higher sities. Its activities address higher education cation Statistics (NCES). Fall Enrollment in scientific issues as they relate to federal and state Education, 1970, Supplementary Information, Sum- postsecondary Government Print- governments and other sectors of mary Data. Washington, DC: Na- education. For further information, contact ing Office (GPO). 1971. Lar.d- tional Association of State Universities and Earned Degrees Conferred,1968-69, Parts Washington, grant Colleges, One Dupont Circle, . A and B. Washington, DC: GPO, 1971. DC 20036; telephone: (202)778-0818. American Council on Education The ACE Research Briefs Series Executive Committee, 1993 The Division of Policy Analysis and Research at the Ameri- Dame, Edward A. Malloy, CSC, President, University of Notre the ACE Research Brief can Council on Education publishes Chair timely and Series, a collection of short papers exploring Brownsville, Juliet V. Garcia, President, University of Texas at include pertinent issues in higher education. Current topics Vice Chair trends in liberal arts colleges, the status of women in higher pub- Hoke L. Smith, President, Towson State University, education, and growth in the public sector. The series is Immediate Past Chair lished eight times a year and is available for $58 for one year, ACE members Secretary years. $106 for two years, or $149 for three James E. Lyons, Sr., Pident, Jackson State University, receive a 10 percent discount. Thomas Ehrlich, President, Indiana University Vice President, Policy Analysis and Research Elaine El-Khawns, Ofelia Garcia, President, Rosemont College College Ebo Otuua, Editor, Research Briefs Series Thomas Gonzales, President, Front Range Community President H. Atwell, American Council on Education, Robert