E L S E V I E R E R G O N O M I C S B O O K S E R I E S V O L U M E 1 Ergonomics Guidelines and Problem Solving ELSEVIER SCIENCE INTERNET HOMEPAGE http://www.elsevier.nl (Europe) http://www.elsevier.com (America) http://www, elsevier.jp (Asia) Consult homepage for full catalogue information on all books, journals and electronic products and services ELSEVIER TITLES OF RELATED INTEREST BOOKS Cushman and Rosenberg / Human Factors in Product Design Gale et al/Vision in Vehicle Series Helander et al/Handbook of Human-Computer Interaction Scott et al/Global Ergonomics Vink et al / Human Factors in Organizational Design and Management Series JOURNALS Accident Analysis &: Prevention Applied Ergonomics Cognition Computers in Human Behaviour Computers in Industry Design Studies Human Movement Science International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics Journal of Safety Research Performance Evaluation Safety Science E L S E V I E R E R G O N O M I C S B O O K S E R I E S V O L U M E 1 Ergonomics Guidelines and Problem Solving Edited by Anil Mital Asa Kilbom Shrawan Kumar USA Sweden Canada ERGONOMICS SERIES EDITORS A. Mital, M.M. Ayoub & K. Landau Consulting Editor: T. Leamon 2000 ELSEVIER Amsterdam Lausanne New York Oxford Shannon Singapore Tokyo ELSEVIER SCIENCE Ltd The Boulevard, Langford Lane Kidlington, Oxford OX5 1GB, UK (cid:14)9 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. This work is protected under copyright by Elsevier Science, and the following terms and conditions apply to its use: Photocopying Single photocopies of single chapters may be made for personal use as allowed by national copyright laws. Permission of the Publisher and payment of a fee is required for all other photocopying, including multiple or systematic copying, copying for advertising or promotional purposes, resale, and all forms of document delivery. Special rates are available for educational institutions that wish to make photocopies for non-profit educational classroom use. 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PREFACE A science, or field of science, is not truly defined until it has a set of guidelines or standards that can be referred to. This book is the outcome of three different invited symposia on ergonomics guidelines and problem solving held between 1991 and 1996. The First Invited International Symposium on Ergonomics Guidelines and Problem Solving was held in Lake Tahoe, USA in June 1991. The Second Intemational Symposium on Ergonomics Guidelines and Problem Solving was held in Copenhagen, Denmark in June 1993. The Third Intemational Symposium on Ergonomics Guidelines and Problem Solving was held in Zurich, Switzerland in July 1996. All symposia were sponsored by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) of the United States Department of Health and Human Services. The first two symposia were also co-sponsored by Sweden's National Institute for Working Life (formerly, the National Institute of Occupational Health). The last symposium was further co-sponsored by the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) and the Integrated Fumiture Solutions - EckAdams of the United States. The primary purpose of these invited symposia was to provide time-tested and applied information to ergonomics practitioners (managers, production system designers, shop supervisors, occupational safety and health professionals, union representatives, labor inspectors, production and industrial engineers, industrial hygienists, ergonomists and all those interested in workplace productivity and efficiency, and worker health and safety). The organization of these symposia also reflected the gradual realization that there is an urgent need to disseminate ergonomics "know-how". Nearly 75 intemational experts participated in one or more of the symposia. These experts, all invited, felt that it was important to provide useable guidelines to practitioners now, even if the information was based on limited scientific data, rather than to wait until all questions can be completely and conclusively answered. It was felt that these Guidelines would provide valuable assistance in alleviating the problems. Intemational experts were invited from around the World and Guidelines on various topics were discussed. The topics were chosen by the. symposia organisers (Asa Kilbom and Anil Mital for the first two symposia and Anil Mital and Shrawan Kumar for the third symposium) according to the following criteria: - need to address pervasive ergonomics problems, - availability of reasonable research knowledge, and - lack of up-to-date guidelines. Experts in the areas selected were approached to write draft Guidelines. These draft Guidelines were circulated to the symposium participants and other experts for their comments ahead of the symposium. Each Guideline was also sent to several prominent workers in the field for their comments and criticisms. These comments and criticisms were utilized in revising the Guidelines. The revised Guidelines were presented at one of the symposiums and discussed by the participants. An expert in the area of the guideline was asked to coordinate the critique and consolidate the comments. The Guidelines were further revised and reviewed by various experts, with the final version appearing in three separate issues of the International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics. For the first time this book consolidates all these Guidelines and the scientific basis on which the Guidelines are based. The readers and the users of these Guidelines should realize that even though the information contained herein has been subjected to extensive discussion and review and are based on available scientific data, in no way these are endorsed by the symposia sponsors. In other words, vi these Guidelines do not have the status of official documents representing the views of any sponsoring organization or group. These Guidelines are the product of individual researchers, who, after extensive feedback from other experts in the field have developed the Guidelines based on their review of scientific literature. Each Guideline is endorsed by a number of individuals in their personal capacity. Each Guideline is divided into two parts. Part I contain Guidelines for practitioners and Part II provides the scientific basis or knowledge base for the Guideline. Such separation of the applied and theoretical content is designed to facilitate rapid incorporation of these Guidelines into practice. Finally, the editors wish to express their gratitude to the authors and reviewers who lent their expertise and time in the development of these Guidelines. We sincerely hope that these Guidelines will provide users with a practical tool to enhance workplace productivity and safety, and will be conducive in preserving the health of workers. Anil Mital Asa Kilbom Shrawan Kumar Cincinnati, USA Solna, Sweden Edmonton, Canada vii CONTENTS Preface ................................................................................................. v Task analysis: Part I- Guidelines for the practitioner .............................................. K. Landau, W. Rohmert and R. Brauchler Task analysis: Part II - The scientific basis (knowledge base) for the guide ..................... R. Brauchler and K. Landau Allocation of functions to humans and machines in a manufacturing environment: Part I- Guidelines for the practitioner ........................................................................ 33 A. Mital, A. Motorwala, M. Kulkarni, M. Sinclair and C. Siemieniuch Allocation of functions to humans and machines in a manufacturing environment: Part II- The scientific basis (knowledge base) for the guide ................................................ 61 A. Mital, A. Motorwala, M. Kulkarni, M. Sinclair and C. Siemieniuch Occupational and individual risk factors for shoulder-neck complaints: Part I- Guidelines for the practitioner ......................................................................................... 79 J. Winkel and R. Westgaard Occupational and individual risk factors for shoulder-neck complaints: Part II- The scientific basis (literature review) for the guide ................................................................ 83 J. Winkel and R. Westgaard Human muscle strength definitions, measurement, and usage: Part I - Guidelines for the practitioner ............................................................................................. 103 A. Mital and S. Kumar Human muscle strength definitions, measurement, and usage: Part II- The scientific basis (knowledge base) for the guide ...................................................................... 123 A. Mital and S. Kumar Repetitive work of the upper extremity: Part I- Guidelines for the practitioner ................. 145 A. Kilbom Repetitive work of the upper extremity: Part II - The scientific basis (knowledge base) for the guide ................................................................................................... 151 A. Kilbom viii Contents The reduction of slip and fall injuries: Part I- Guidelines for the practitioner .................. 179 T.B. Leamon The reduction of slip and fall injuries: Part II- The scientific basis (knowledge base) for the guide ................................................................................................... 183 T.B. Leamon Job design for the aged with regard to decline in their maximal aerobic capacity: Part I - Guidelines for the practitioner ........................................................................ 189 J. Ilmarinen Job design for the aged with regard to decline in their maximal aerobic capacity: Part II - The scientific basis for the guide .......................................................................... 199 J. Ilmarinen Design, selection and use of hand tools to alleviate trauma of the upper extremities: Part I- Guidelines for the practitioner ........................................................................ 213 A. Mital and A. Kilbom Design, selection and use of hand tools to alleviate trauma of the upper extremities: Part II- The scientific basis (knowledge base) for the guide ................................................ 217 A. Mital and ,~. Kilborn Equipment design for maintenance: Part I- Guidelines for the practitioner ..................... 233 S.N. Imrhan Equipment design for maintenance: Part II - The scientific basis for the guide ................. 241 S.N. Imrhan Designing warning signs and warning labels: Part I- Guidelines for the practitioner ........... 249 M.R. Lehto Designing warning signs and warning labels: Part II- Scientific basis for initial guidelines... 257 M.R. Lehto Vision at the workplace: Part I - Guidelines for the practitioner .................................. 281 S. Konz Vision at the workplace: Part II- Knowledge base for the guide ................................. 285 S. Konz Evaluation and control of industrial inspection: Part I- Guidelines for the practitioner ........ 301 T.J. Gallwey Evaluation and control of industrial inspection: Part II - The scientific basis for the guide .... 313 T.J. Gallwey Contents ix Evaluation and control of hot working environments: Part I- Guidelines for the practitioner.. 329 J.D. Ramsey, T.E. Bernard and EN. Dukes-Dobos Evaluation and control of hot working environments: Part II - The scientific basis (knowledge base) for the guide .................................................................................... 337 T.E. Bernard, EN. Dukes-Dobos and LD. Ramsey Cold stress: Part I - Guidelines for the practitioner ................................................ 347 I. Holm~r Cold stress: Part II - The scientific basis (knowledge base) for the guide ........................ 357 I. Holm~r Noise in the office: Part I- Guidelines for the practitioner ........................................ 367 A. Kjellberg and U. Landstr6m Noise in the office: Part II - The scientific basis (knowledge base) for the guide ............... 371 A. Kjellberg and U. Landstr6m Work/rest: Part I- Guidelines for the practitioner .................................................. 397 S. Konz Work/rest: Part II - The scientific basis (knowledge base) for the guide ......................... 401 S. Konz Managing stress in the workplace: Part I- Guidelines for the practitioner ....................... 429 A.M. Williamson Managing stress in the workplace: Part II - The scientific basis (knowledge base) for the guide 437 A.M. Williamson Economic evaluation of ergonomic solutions: Part I- Guidelines for the practitioner .......... 463 E.R. Andersson Economic evaluation of ergonomic solutions: Part II- The scientific basis ...................... 473 E.R. Andersson Author Index ........................................................................................... 479