Infectious Disease Forfurthervolumes: http://www.springer.com/series/7646 · T. Ramamurthy S.K. Bhattacharya Editors Epidemiological and Molecular Aspects on Cholera 123 Editors T.Ramamurthy S.K.Bhattacharya NationalInstituteofCholeraandEnteric IndianCouncilofMedicalResearch Diseases NewDelhi110029,India P-33C.I.T.RoadSchemeXM [email protected] Kolkata700010,India [email protected] ISBN978-1-60327-264-3 e-ISBN978-1-60327-265-0 DOI10.1007/978-1-60327-265-0 SpringerNewYorkDordrechtHeidelbergLondon LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2010936274 ©SpringerScience+BusinessMedia,LLC2011 Allrightsreserved.Thisworkmaynotbetranslatedorcopiedinwholeorinpartwithoutthewritten permission of the publisher (Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, 233 Spring Street, New York, NY10013,USA),exceptforbriefexcerptsinconnectionwithreviewsorscholarlyanalysis.Usein connectionwithanyformofinformationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware, orbysimilarordissimilarmethodologynowknownorhereafterdevelopedisforbidden. Theuseinthispublicationoftradenames,trademarks,servicemarks,andsimilarterms,eveniftheyare notidentifiedassuch,isnottobetakenasanexpressionofopinionastowhetherornottheyaresubject toproprietaryrights. Whiletheadviceandinformationinthisbookarebelievedtobetrueandaccurateatthedateofgoing to press, neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for anyerrorsoromissionsthatmaybemade.Thepublishermakesnowarranty,expressorimplied,with respecttothematerialcontainedherein. Printedonacid-freepaper SpringerispartofSpringerScience+BusinessMedia(www.springer.com) Preface Morethan150yearsagothecholera-causingpathogenVibriocholeraewasdiscov- eredandknowledgeonitscharacteristics,biochemistry,physiologyandgeneticsis growing incessantly. Many of its unique features give feast for research and frus- tration in managing the disease. Though our understanding of the features and behaviour of V. cholerae are remarkable, suffering from its infection in the form ofcholeraisstillcontinuing,mostlyinAsianandAfricancountries.Owingtolack ofsurveillanceandtimelyreportingofcholerainendemicregionsduetoeconomic andotherdisincentives,theoverallcholerascenariohasnotchangedsubstantially. (cid:2) Theraisondêtreofitspersistenceinnatureismainlyattributedtoageoldfactors suchascontaminatedorinadequatewatersupply,sanitaryconditions,congregation of people due to natural calamities or political unrest and by and large the poor healthpractises. During the last three decades, intensive research has been made to understand the virulence properties of the organisms, genes that support the colonization and survival in the gut as well in the environments and their contribution in the epi- demiologyofcholera.Howcholeraspreadsaroundtheglobeandwhatdetermines its seasonal peaks in endemic areas are not well known. These features of cholera have been hypothesized primarily due to the biotic and abiotic environmental fac- torsandsuchfindingsareacknowledgedallovertheworld.However,utilizationof suchimportantinformationstillremainsagrayarea. Recently,studieshavealsobeenmadeontheadaptivemechanismsofV.cholerae intheenvironments.ThephenotypicandgeneticstudiesshowedthatV.choleraeis relentlessly flex, resulting in instantaneous adaptation to the environment as well as in the human host. Detection of strain diversity at the molecular level and its impact of disease dynamics are the other important components in the molecular epidemiology. This field of research is growing fast facilitated by recent techno- logical developments. However, on account of its broad spectrum of pathogenic potential,V.choleraestillremainsasaparadigmofhumanpathogen. Manycholeramonographshavebeenpublishedinthepastdescribingthehistory ofthediseaseanddevelopmentsintheresearchduringthattime.Wehavekeptaway oursightsonthiserstwhileinformationtoavoidredundancyandtofocusoncurrent developments.Wehopethatthisbookwillbeanabridgmentforresearchersinthe v vi Preface fieldofcholeraandotherentericdiseases.Weacknowledgethegeneroustimeand effort that the authors have devoted for their manuscripts and also for patience to seetheirgreatchaptersinprint. Kolkata,India T.Ramamurthy NewDelhi,India S.K.Bhattacharya Contents 1 GeneralIntroduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 T.RamamurthyandS.K.Bhattacharya 2 AsiaticCholera:MoleHillsandMountains . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 AsishK.MukhopadhyayandT.Ramamurthy 3 EndemicandEpidemicCholerainAfrica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 SambaSow,MartinAntonio,JoeO.Oundo, InacioMandomando,andT.Ramamurthy 4 PhenotypicandMolecularCharacteristicsofEpidemic and Non-epidemic Vibrio cholerae Strains Isolated in Russia and Certain Countries of Commonwealth ofIndependentStates(CIS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 ElenaV.Monakhova 5 TheRe-emergenceofCholeraintheAmericas . . . . . . . . . . . 79 GabrielaDelgado,RosarioMorales,JoseLuisMendez, andAlejandroCravioto 6 TheEvolutionofVibriocholeraeasaPathogen . . . . . . . . . . . 97 JohnJosephMekalanos 7 MolecularEpidemiologyofToxigenicVibriocholerae . . . . . . . 115 ShahM.Faruque,G.BalakrishNair,andYoshifumiTakeda 8 DiversityandGeneticBasisofPolysaccharideBiosynthesis inVibriocholerae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 ShanmugaSozhamannanandFitnatH.Yildiz 9 Significance of the SXT/R391 Family of Integrating ConjugativeElementsinVibriocholerae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161 VincentBurrus 10 SmallMoleculeSignalingSystemsinVibriocholerae. . . . . . . . 185 RupakK.Bhadra,SangitaShah,andBhabatoshDas vii viii Contents 11 VibriocholeraeFlagellarSynthesisandVirulence . . . . . . . . . 203 KhalidAliSyedandKarlE.Klose 12 FilamentousPhagesofVibriocholeraeO1andO139 . . . . . . . . 213 MasahikoEharaandM.JohnAlbert 13 PathogenicPotentialofNon-O1,Non-O139Vibriocholerae . . . . 223 AmitSarkar,RanjanK.Nandy,andAsokeC.Ghose 14 Proteases Produced by Vibrio cholerae and Other PathogenicVibrios:PathogenicRolesandExpression . . . . . . . 245 SumioShinoda 15 ToxinsofVibriocholeraeandTheirRoleinInflammation, Pathogenesis,andImmunomodulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259 KaminiWaliaandNirmalKumarGanguly 16 VibriocholeraeHemolysin:AnEnigmaticPore-Forming Toxin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277 KalyanK.BanerjeeandBudhadityaMazumdar 17 Integron-MediatedAntimicrobialResistanceinVibrio cholerae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291 AmitGhoshandT.Ramamurthy 18 AquaticRealmandCholera . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311 AnwarHuq,ChrisJ.Grim,andRitaR.Colwell 19 ManagementofCholera . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341 P.Dutta,D.Sur,andS.K.Bhattacharya SubjectIndex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355 Contributors M.JohnAlbertDepartmentofMicrobiology,FacultyofMedicine,Kuwait University,Safat,Kuwait,[email protected] MartinAntonioMedicalResearchCouncilLaboratories,Banjul,TheGambia, [email protected] KalyanBanerjeeDivisionofBiochemistry,NationalInstituteofCholeraand EntericDiseases,Kolkata700010,India,[email protected] RupakK.BhadraInfectiousDiseasesandImmunologyDivision,IndianInstitute ofChemicalBiology,4RajaS.C.MullickRoad,Jadavpur,Kolkata700032,India, [email protected] S.K.BhattacharyaIndianCouncilofMedicalResearch,V.Ramalingaswami Bhawan,AnsariNagar,NewDelhi110029,India,[email protected] VincentBurrusDépartementdebiologie,UniversitédeSherbrooke,2500 boulevarddel’Université,Sherbrooke,QC,CanadaJ1K2R1, [email protected] RitaR.ColwellMarylandPathogenResearchInstitute,UniversityofMaryland, CollegePark,MD20742,USA,[email protected] AlejandroCraviotoInternationalCentreforDiarrhoealDiseasesResearch, Dhaka,Bangladesh,[email protected] BhabatoshDasInfectiousDiseasesandImmunologyDivision,IndianInstituteof ChemicalBiology,Kolkata,Jadavpur,India,[email protected] GabrielaDelgadoDepartmentofPublicHealth,FacultyofMedicine,Universidad NacionalAutónomadeMéxico,MexicoCity,Mexico, [email protected] P.DuttaNationalInstituteofCholeraandEntericDiseases,Kolkata,India, [email protected] ix x Contributors MasahikoEharaDepartmentofBacteriology,InstituteofTropicalMedicine, NagasakiUniversity,1-12-4Sakamoto,Nagasaki852-8523,Japan, [email protected] ShahM.FaruqueMolecularGeneticsLaboratory,InternationalCentrefor DiarrhoealDiseasesResearch,Dhaka1212,Bangladesh,[email protected] NirmalKumarGangulyIndianCouncilofMedicalResearch,Ansarinagar, NewDelhi,India,[email protected] AsokeC.GhoseNationalInstituteofCholeraandEntericDiseases,P-33,CIT Road,Scheme-XM,Beliaghata,Kolkata700010,India,[email protected] AmitGhoshNationalInstituteofCholeraandEntericDiseases,Kolkata700010, India,[email protected] ChrisJ.GrimMarylandPathogenResearchInstitute,UniversityofMaryland, CollegePark,MD20742,USA,[email protected] AnwarHuqMarylandPathogenResearchInstitute,UniversityofMaryland,3132 BioscienceResearchBuilding#413,CollegePark,MD20742,USA, [email protected] KarlE.KloseDepartmentofBiology,UniversityofTexasSanAntonio,One UTSACircle,SanAntonio,TX78249-1644,USA,[email protected] InacioMandomandoCentroInvestigaçãoemSáudeManhiça(CISM);and InstitutoNacionaldeSáude,MinistériodaSáude,Maputo,Mozambique, [email protected] BudhadityaMazumdarDivisionofBiochemistry,NationalInstituteofCholera andEntericDiseases,Kolkata700010,India,[email protected] JohnJ.MekalanosDepartmentofMicrobiologyandMolecularGenetics,Harvard MedicalSchool,200LongwoodAvenue,Boston,MA02115,USA, [email protected] JoseLuisMendezDepartmentofPublicHealth,FacultyofMedicine,Universidad NacionalAutónomadeMéxico,MexicoCity,Mexico,[email protected] ElenaV.MonakhovaResearchInstituteforPlagueControl,Rostov-on-Don, Russia,[email protected] RosarioMoralesDepartmentofPublicHealth,FacultyofMedicine,Universidad NacionalAutónomadeMéxico,MexicoCity,Mexico,[email protected] AsishK.MukhopadhyayNationalInstituteofCholeraandEntericDiseases, Kolkata,India,[email protected] G.BalakrishNairNationalInstituteofCholeraandEntericDiseases,Beliaghata, Kolkata,India,[email protected] Contributors xi RanjanK.NandyNationalInstituteofCholeraandEntericDiseases,Kolkata 700010,India,[email protected] JoeO.OundoCenterforDiseaseControlKenya,Nairobi,Kenya, [email protected] T.RamamurthyNationalInstituteofCholeraandEntericDiseases,Kolkata, India,[email protected] AmitSarkarDepartmentofMicrobiology,BoseInstitute,Kolkata700054,India, [email protected] SangitaShahInfectiousDiseasesandImmunologyDivision,IndianInstituteof ChemicalBiology,Jadavpur,Kolkata,India,[email protected] SumioShinodaFacultyofScience,OkayamaUniversityofScience,1-1 Ridai-cho,Okayama700-0005,Japan,[email protected] SambaSowCenterforVaccineDevelopment,Bamako,Mali, [email protected] ShanmugaSozhamananGenomicsDepartment,BiologicalDefenseResearch Directorate,NavalMedicalResearchCenter,SilverSpring,MD,USA, [email protected] D.SurNationalInstituteofCholeraandEntericDiseases,Kolkata,India, [email protected] KhalidAliSyedSouthTexasCenterforEmergingInfectiousDiseasesand DepartmentofBiology,UniversityofTexasSanAntonio,SanAntonio,TX78249, USA,[email protected] YoshifumiTakedaNationalInstituteofCholeraandEntericDiseases,Beliaghata, Kolkata,India,[email protected] KaminiWaliaIndianCouncilofMedicalResearch,Ansarinagar,NewDelhi, India,[email protected] FitnatH.YildizDepartmentofEnvironmentalToxicology,Universityof California,SantaCruz,CA,USA,[email protected]