Enzymes in the Valorization of Waste Enzymes in the Valorization of Waste: Next-g en Technological Advances for Sustainable Development of Enzyme-b ased Biorefinery focusses on key enzymes which are involved in the development of integrated biorefinery. It highlights the modern next-g en technologies for promoting the application of sustainable and greener enzymatic steps at industrial scale for the development of futuristic and self- sustainable “consolidated/integrated biorefinery/enzyme- based biorefinery.” It also deals with technological advancement for improvement of enzyme yield or specific- ity, conversion capability, such as protein and metabolic engineering and advances in next generation technologies, and so forth. Features: • Explores all modern- day technologies that can potentially be used in enzyme- based biorefinery conversion of wastes to value- added products. • Covers technological, economic, and environmental assessments of enzyme- based biorefinery prospects. • Deliberates all possible products that can be generated from wastes including biofuel and essential chemicals. • Illustrates techniques for enhanced yield and properties to be used in various industrial applications. • Reviews advanced information of relevant sources and mechanism of enzymes. This book is aimed at graduate students, researchers and related industry profession- als in biochemical engineering, environmental science, wastewater treatment, bio- technology, applied microbiology, biomass- based biorefinery, biochemistry, green chemistry, sustainable development, waste treatment, enzymology, microbial bio- technology, and waste valorization. Novel Biotechnological Applications for Waste to Value Conversion Series Editors: Neha Srivastava, IIT BHU Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India and Manish Srivastava, IIT BHU Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India Solid waste and its sustainable management is considered as one of the major global issues due to industrialization and economic growth. Effective solid waste management (SWM) is a major challenge in the areas with high population density, and despite significant development in social, economic and environmental areas, SWM systems is still increasing the environmental pollution day by day. Thus, there is an urgent need to attend to this issue for green and sustainable environment. Therefore, this proposed book series is a sustainable attempt to cover waste management and their conversion into value added products. Utilization of Waste Biomass in Energy, Environment and Catalysis Dan Bahadur Pal and Pardeep Singh Nanobiotechnology for Safe Bioactive Nanobiomaterials Poushpi Dwivedi, Shahid S. Narvi, Ravi Prakash Tewari and Dhanesh Tiwary Sustainable Microbial Technologies for Valorization of Agro-Industrial Wastes Jitendra Kumar Saini, Surender Singh and Lata Nain Enzymes in the Valorization of Waste Enzymatic Pre-treatment of Waste for Development of Enzyme based Biorefinery (Vol I) Pradeep Verma Enzymes in the Valorization of Waste Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Waste for Development of Value-added Products (Vol II) Pradeep Verma Enzymes in the Valorization of Waste Next-Gen Technological Advances for Sustainable Development of Enzyme based Biorefinery (Vol III) Pradeep Verma Biotechnological Approaches in Waste Management Rangabhashiyam S, Ponnusami V and Pardeep Singh Agricultural and Kitchen Waste Energy and Environmental Aspects Dan Bahadur Pal and Amit Kumar Tiwari For more information about this series, please visit: www.routledge.com/Novel- Biotechnological-Applications-for-Waste-to-Value-Conversion/book-series/NVAWVC. Enzymes in the Valorization of Waste Next-gen Technological Advances for Sustainable Development of Enzyme-based Biorefinery Edited by Pradeep Verma First edition published 2023 by CRC Press 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300, Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 and by CRC Press 4 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, LLC © 2023 selection and editorial matter, Pradeep Verma; individual chapters, the contributors Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors and publishers have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. If any copyright material has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint. Except as permitted under US Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers. For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, access www.copyright.com or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978- 750-8400. For works that are not available on CCC please contact [email protected] Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. ISBN: 978-1-032-03517-8 (hbk) ISBN: 978-1-032-03518-5 (pbk) ISBN: 978-1-003-18772-1 (ebk) DOI: 10.1201/9781003187721 Typeset in Times by SPi Technologies India Pvt Ltd (Straive) Contents Preface ......................................................................................................................vii Acknowledgments .....................................................................................................ix Notes on the Editor ....................................................................................................xi List of Contributors .................................................................................................xiii List of Abbreviations ................................................................................................xv Chapter 1 Fundamentals of Enzyme-based Biorefinery for Conversion of Waste to Value-added Products ........................................................1 Pinku Chandra Nath, Biplab Roy, Tarun Kanti Bandyopadhyay, Biswanath Bhunia, and Muthusivaramapandian Muthuraj Chapter 2 Valorization of Biowaste to Biowealth Using Cellulase Enzyme During Prehydrolysis Simultaneous Saccharification and Fermentation Process ..........................................................................25 Akansha Bhatia, Ankur Rajpal, Bhaskar Jyoti Deka, A.A. Kazmi, and Vinay Kumar Tyagi Chapter 3 Enzyme-associated Bioconversion of Agro-waste Materials via Macrofungi Cultivation for Sustainable Next-gen Ecosystem ...........................................................................................39 Bhaskar Kalita and Sanjukta Patra Chapter 4 Extremophilic Bacteria and Archaea in the Valorization of Metalloids: Arsenic, Selenium, and Tellurium ...................................65 Devika Nagar, Judith M. Braganca, and Irene J. Furtado Chapter 5 Enzyme Purification Strategies ...........................................................81 Dixita Chettri, Manswama Boro, and Anil Kumar Verma Chapter 6 Overview of the Enzyme Support System of Immobilization for Enhanced Efficiency and Reuse of Enzymes ................................97 Cecil Antony, Praveen Kumar Ghodke, and Saravanakumar Thiyagarajan v vi Contents Chapter 7 Nanobiotechnology in Enzyme-based Biorefinement and Valorization of Waste........................................................................129 John M. Pisciotta and Azar E. Saikali Chapter 8 Bioinformatics Integration to Biomass Waste Biodegradation and Valorization ................................................................................177 Chhavi Thakur and Jata Shankar Chapter 9 Cell Surface Engineering: A Fabrication Approach Toward Effective Valorization of Waste ........................................................205 Anupama Binoy, Satyam Singh, and Sushabhan Sadhukhan Chapter 10 Economics of the Biochemical Conversion-based Biorefinery Concept for the Valorization of Lignocellulosic Biomass ................231 Praveen Kumar Ghodke, Sumit Dhawane, and Cecil Antony Index ......................................................................................................................257 Preface The modern era can be called an era of waste. Rapid population growth has increased the needs of people and accommodating these requirements of a modern, fast-p aced life has led to the generation of huge amounts of waste. Different anthropogenic activities result in generation of waste from non- biodegradable plastics to biodegrad- able organic or biological products (for example from agriculture, animal product processing, forest product processing, marine and municipal waste, and food, feed, textile, pulp, leather processing industries etc.). Waste disposal has been considered one of the most critical issues in current times. Nevertheless, humankind always surprises with a great ability to turn a crisis into an opportunity. With this aim in the past few decades, several processes have been developed to convert these wastes into value-a dded compounds such as: biobutanol, bioethanol, and other high-v alue essential compounds. Several physical and chemical methods have been developed to facilitate these conversions and resource recoveries from waste. But the cost involved, environmental concerns and the non-s ustainable nature of physical and chemical methods has led the focus to shift towards biological meth- ods. Among several biological methods, the role of enzymes in these important steps of bioconversion of waste to value has been critical. Waste-b ased biorefineries focus on an integrated system for complete valorization of wastes by generation of value-a dded compounds. The waste biomass consists of lignin, hemicelluloses, cellulose, starch, pectin, lipids, and so on that can be used as precursor compounds for generation of several building block chemicals, as well as fuels. The production of suitable liquid or gaseous fuel and value-a dded compounds occurs through a series of steps. The role of different enzymes is important to the biorefinery concept with a critical role in the two most rate- limiting steps of biorefin- ery: pretreatment and hydrolysis. These enzymes, by their action on different compo- nents of the waste, can lead to generation of specific oligomers and monomers. These oligomeric and monomeric compounds can be subsequently converted to biofuels, or can be used as the building blocks for commercially important chemicals. In order to understand the role of enzymes in these two critical steps, their source, structural and mechanistic properties, and technological advancements in the field of enzymology for their application in waste- to- value generation need to be understood. Thus, this book entitled Enzymes in the Valorization of Waste: Next- gen Technological Advances for Sustainable Development of Enzyme- based Biorefinery as a part of the book series Novel Biotechnological Applications for Waste-t o- Value Conversion consists of ten chapters under the thematic areas associated with next-g eneration advances in enzyme- based biorefinery. This book provides insight into a wide range of recent next- generation advances in enzyme-m ediated biorefinery, starting with the basics of enzyme- based biorefinery for conversion of biowaste to value- added products. This book also provides insight into creation of biowealth from biowaste using advanced biotechnological and bioprocessing technologies, with special emphasis on advanced enzyme purification strategies, immobilizations strategies, nanotechnological approaches, and cell surface engineering. Further, this book presents a detailed vii viii Preface overview of next- generation approaches available for integration of bioinformatics to waste biomass degradation and valorization. Additionally, this book provides insight into the economics of biochemical conversion based biorefinery. This book will be helpful to researchers, students, academicians, scientists, and professionals in plan- ning their future strategies for waste biomass valorization. Acknowledgments First, I would like to convey my gratitude to the series editors, Dr. Neha Srivastava and Dr. Manish Srivastava for inviting us to submit this book entitled Enzymes in the Valorization of Waste: Next-g en Technological Advances for Sustainable Development of Enzyme based Biorefinery in the book series Novel Biotechnological Applications for Waste- to- Value Conversion. I am thankful to CRC Press for accepting my pro- posal to act as editor for the current book volume. The current volume of this book series is only possible because of the support from all the researchers and academi- cians who contributed to this book, therefore I am thankful for their contributions. I would also like to thank my PhD Scholar, Dr. Bikash Kumar, currently working as Post Doctoral Researcher at Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati. For providing me with editorial assistance and technical support during all stages of book develop- ment. I am also thankful to the Central University of Rajasthan (CURAJ), Ajmer, India for providing infrastructural support and a suitable teaching and research envi- ronment. The teaching and research experience at CURAJ has provided the neces- sary understanding of the needs of academicians, students, and researchers. This was greatly helpful during the development of this book. I am also thankful to the Department of Biotechnology for providing me with funds through sponsored proj- ects (Grant No. BT/304/ NE/TBP/2012 and BT/PR7333/PBD/26/373/2012), for setting up my laboratory: the Bioprocess and Bioenergy Laboratory. I am always thankful to God and my parents for their blessings. I also express my deep sense of gratitude to my wife and children for their support, both during the development of this book and in life. ix